Kusankha njira yozimitsira moto ya unyolo wachitsulo wa 45#: magwiridwe antchito, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kufananiza
Pankhani yopanga makina, unyolo wozungulira ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lotumizira, ndipo magwiridwe ake amakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa zida zamakanika. Unyolo wozungulira wachitsulo wa 45# umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika komanso mawonekedwe ake apakati amakina, ndipo njira yozimitsira ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukweza kuuma kwake, mphamvu zake komanso kukana kuwonongeka. Kusankha njira yozimitsira kumatsimikizira mtundu wa mphamvu yozimitsira. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama njira yozimitsira yoyenera unyolo wozungulira wachitsulo wa 45# kuti ithandize ogula ndi opanga padziko lonse lapansi kukonza magwiridwe antchito azinthu ndikuwonjezera phindu la malonda.
1. Makhalidwe ndi zofunikira zozimitsira unyolo wa chitsulo wa 45#
Chitsulo cha 45# ndi chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni chokhala ndi zinthu zabwino zonse zamakanika, monga mphamvu yayikulu, kuuma ndi kulimba, komanso ukadaulo wabwino wokonza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chinthu choyenera kupanga maunyolo ozungulira. Komabe, kuuma kwake kumakhala kochepa, makamaka m'zigawo zazikulu, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kupeza kapangidwe kofanana ka martensitic panthawi yozimitsa. Chifukwa chake, kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira za maunyolo ozungulira pankhani ya mphamvu yayikulu, kukana kuvala komanso nthawi yotopa, ndikofunikira kusankha chozimitsira choyenera kuti chizizire mwachangu komanso mofanana ndikuwonjezera kuzama kwa wosanjikiza wolimba komanso magwiridwe antchito onse a ziwalozo.
2. Zida zozimitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso makhalidwe awo
(I) Madzi
Madzi ndiye njira yodziwika bwino komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri yozimitsira moto yokhala ndi liwiro lalikulu loziziritsa moto, makamaka m'dera lotentha kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti iziziritsa moto mwachangu kwa unyolo wozungulira wa chitsulo wa 45#, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga kapangidwe ka martensitic, motero zimawonjezera kuuma ndi mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pomaliza kupanga, zida zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha 45# zimamangiriridwa mwachangu ndikutumizidwa ku bafa lamadzi kuti zizimitse moto pogwiritsa ntchito makina ozimitsira moto. Kuuma kwa zida kumatha kufika pamwamba pa HRC45, ndipo palibe ming'alu yozimitsira moto, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ndi abwino kuposa achikhalidwe. Komabe, liwiro loziziritsa moto la madzi m'dera lotentha kwambiri ndi lachangu kwambiri, zomwe zingayambitse kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa kutentha ndi kupsinjika kwa kapangidwe kake pamwamba pa workpiece, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha kusweka, makamaka pazigawo za unyolo wozungulira zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kapena kukula kwakukulu.
(II) Mafuta
Kuzizira kwa mafuta kumakhala kochedwa kuposa kwa madzi, ndipo liwiro lake limakhala lofanana nthawi yonse yozizira. Izi zimapangitsa mafuta kukhala njira yoziziritsira yofatsa, yomwe ingathandize kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kuziziritsa ndi kusweka. Mafuta a mchere ndi amodzi mwa mafuta oziziritsira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yake yoziziritsira imatha kusinthidwa posintha kutentha kwa mafuta, zowonjezera, ndi zina zotero. Pazigawo zina za unyolo wachitsulo wa 45# zomwe zimakhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe ovuta, monga ma plate a unyolo, kuzimitsira mafuta kumatha kukhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino komanso mawonekedwe amakina. Komabe, kuzizira kwa mafuta kumakhala kochedwa, zomwe zingayambitse kuuma pang'ono kwa zigawo zina zazing'ono kapena zopyapyala, ndipo sizingakwaniritse zofunikira za kuuma kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.
(III) Madzi a mchere
Kuzizira kwa madzi amchere kuli pakati pa madzi ndi mafuta, ndipo makhalidwe a kuziziritsa amatha kusinthidwa mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi kutentha kwa madzi. Kawirikawiri, mphamvu yozizira ya madzi amchere imawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere, koma kuchuluka kwambiri kungayambitse kuti madzi amchere aziwononga kwambiri ndikuwononga zida zogwirira ntchito ndi zida. Mwachitsanzo, 10% ya madzi amchere ndi njira yozimitsira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwake koziziritsira kumakhala kofulumira kuposa madzi oyera ndipo kufanana kwake kuli bwino. Imatha kuchepetsa vuto la ming'alu panthawi yozimitsira madzi oyera pamlingo winawake. Nthawi yomweyo, imakhala ndi mphamvu yozizira kwambiri kuposa mafuta ndipo ndi yoyenera zigawo zina zapakati komanso zosavuta za unyolo wa chitsulo wa 45#.
(IV) Madzi a Calcium chloride
Monga njira yozimitsira yogwira ntchito bwino, yankho lamadzi la calcium chloride limagwira ntchito bwino pozimitsa unyolo wa zitsulo wa 45#. Makhalidwe ake apadera oziziritsira amatha kuziziritsa mwachangu pagawo lotentha kwambiri, ndipo liwiro loziziritsa limachepetsedwa moyenera pagawo lotentha lotsika, motero limachepetsa bwino kupsinjika kwa kuzimitsira ndikuchepetsa kusintha ndi kusweka kwa ntchito. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pozimitsa ma roller achitsulo a 45# okhala ndi yankho lamadzi la 20℃ lodzaza ndi calcium chloride, kuuma kwa ma roller kumatha kufika 56~60HRC, ndipo kusintha kwa mainchesi amkati kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, mphamvu yolimba imakhala yolimba, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wautumiki wa ma roller zitha kusinthidwa kwambiri.
3. Zotsatira za zinthu zosiyanasiyana zozimitsira magetsi pa ntchito ya unyolo wozungulira wachitsulo wa 45#
(I) Kuuma ndi mphamvu
Chifukwa cha kuzizira kwake mwachangu, kuzimitsa madzi nthawi zambiri kungapangitse unyolo wa chitsulo wa 45# kukhala wolimba komanso wamphamvu kwambiri. Komabe, ngati liwiro loziziritsa lili lachangu kwambiri, lingayambitse kupsinjika kwakukulu mkati mwa workpiece, zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwa gawo ndi kulimba kwa workpiece. Ngakhale kuuma ndi mphamvu ya kuzimitsa mafuta ndizochepa pang'ono kuposa kuzimitsa madzi, zitha kuwonetsetsa kuti workpiece ili ndi kulimba bwino komanso kusintha pang'ono. Yankho la mchere ndi yankho lamadzi la calcium chloride limatha kukhala bwino pakati pa kuuma, mphamvu ndi kulimba malinga ndi zofunikira zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa mikhalidwe yomweyi, kuuma pamwamba pa 45# chitsulo chikazima ndi yankho lamadzi la calcium chloride lodzaza kumawonjezeka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi pin ikamazima ndi mafuta a injini a 20#, ndipo mphamvu yokoka imawonjezekanso kwambiri.
(II) Kukana kuvala
Chozimitsira chilinso ndi mphamvu yofunika kwambiri pa kukana kwa unyolo wozungulira. Kuuma kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti ziwongolere kukana kwa unyolo. Kugwiritsa ntchito chozimitsira chokhala ndi kuzizira kofanana komanso kuuma bwino, monga calcium chloride aqueous solution, kungapangitse unyolo wozungulira wachitsulo wa 45# kukhala wolimba kwambiri komanso wofanana bwino, motero kumawonjezera kukana kwa unyolo. Mu ntchito zenizeni, nthawi yogwira ntchito ya unyolo wozungulira womwe umathandizidwa ndi chozimitsira choyenera imatha kukulitsidwa kwambiri pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana yogwirira ntchito.
(III) Moyo wotopa
Moyo wotopa ndi wofunika kwambiri pa unyolo wozungulira. Kugawa kwa kupsinjika kotsalira ndi kapangidwe ka bungwe komwe kamapangidwa panthawi yozimitsa kumakhudza kwambiri moyo wotopa. Kuzimitsa madzi kungayambitse kupsinjika kwakukulu kotsalira pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa moyo wotopa. Kuzimitsa mafuta ndi kuzima kwa madzi amchere kumatha kupanga kugawa koyenera kwa kupsinjika kotsalira, komwe kumathandiza kukonza moyo wotopa. Kuphatikiza apo, mukatha kuzimitsa ndi calcium chloride aqueous solution, chifukwa imatha kuchepetsa bwino kupsinjika kozungulira, chogwirira ntchitocho chimatha kupeza dongosolo lofanana komanso kugawa kotsalira kwa kupsinjika, komwe kumakhudzanso bwino moyo wotopa wa chogwirira chozungulira.
4. Zinthu zofunika kuziganizira posankha chozimitsira
(I) Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a workpiece
Pazinthu zazing'ono kapena zosavuta zozungulira zitsulo za 45#, monga ma rollers ang'onoang'ono, kuzimitsa madzi kumatha kuziziritsa mwachangu ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino zolimbitsa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo awo pamwamba ndi voliyumu. Pazinthu zazikulu kapena zooneka ngati zovuta, monga mbale zazikulu za unyolo, kuzimitsa mafuta kapena kuzimitsa madzi amchere ndikoyenera kwambiri kuchepetsa kusintha ndi kusweka. Chifukwa chakuti kuzizira kwa zinthuzi kumakhala kofanana, kumatha kupewa mavuto okhudzana ndi kupsinjika omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuzizira kwambiri.
(II) Kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi momwe bungwe lilili
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi momwe chitsulo cha 45# chimagwirira ntchito zimakhudza kwambiri momwe chimazimitsira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa kaboni ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthuzo kwasintha, zidzakhudza kuzizira kwake kofunikira komanso kulimba kwake. Pa chitsulo cha 45# chomwe chili ndi kulimba kochepa, chozimitsira chomwe chili ndi kuzizira kofulumira, monga calcium chloride aqueous solution, chingasankhidwe kuti chitsimikizire kuti pali kuya kokwanira kwa zigawo zolimba. Nthawi yomweyo, momwe zinthuzo zilili, monga ngati pali kapangidwe kolumikizidwa, kapangidwe ka Widmanstatten, ndi zina zotero, zidzakhudzanso momwe zimazimitsira ndipo ziyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
(III) Gulu la kupanga ndi mtengo wake
Pakupanga kwakukulu, mtengo ndi wofunika kuganizira. Madzi ngati chida chozimitsira ndi otsika mtengo komanso osavuta kupeza. Ndi chisankho chotsika mtengo cha zigawo zazing'ono zozungulira zopangidwa mochuluka. Komabe, popanga zigawo zolondola komanso zovuta, ngakhale mtengo wozimitsira mafuta kapena madzi amchere ndi wokwera, mtengo wake wonse ungakhale wopindulitsa kwambiri pakapita nthawi chifukwa ungachepetse bwino kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndikukweza ubwino wa chinthucho. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wokonza ndi moyo wa ntchito ya chida chozimitsira uyeneranso kuganiziridwa mokwanira.
5. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira chozimitsira moto
(I) Malangizo Ogwiritsira Ntchito
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati chozimitsira moto, samalani zinthu monga kutentha kwa madzi, ukhondo ndi kuuma. Kutentha kwambiri kwa madzi kumachepetsa kuzizira ndipo kumakhudza momwe zimazimitsira moto; zinyalala ndi kuuma kwambiri m'madzi kungayambitse mavuto monga kuchepa kwa ubwino wa pamwamba pa chinthu chogwirira ntchito ndi kukula kwa zida. Pakuzima mafuta, kutentha kwa mafuta, ubwino wa mafuta ndi zinthu zosakaniza ziyenera kulamulidwa mosamala. Kutentha kwambiri kwa mafuta kumachepetsa liwiro la kuziziritsa moto komanso kuyambitsa moto; ndipo kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kudzakhudza momwe zimazimitsira moto, ndipo ziyenera kusinthidwa ndikusefedwa nthawi zonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amchere ndi madzi a calcium chloride kumafuna kusamala kwambiri za kuchuluka, kutentha ndi njira zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri za yankho kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuziziritsa kwake kuli kokhazikika komanso kuti zipangizozo zikugwira ntchito bwino.
(II) Malo okonzera zinthu
Kuyesa pafupipafupi magawo osiyanasiyana a chozimitsira madzi, monga kuuma kwa madzi, kukhuthala kwa mafuta ndi malo owunikira, komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere ndi calcium chloride, ndiye chinsinsi chotsimikizira kuti chozimitsiracho chili bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, thanki yozimitsira madzi iyenera kukhala yoyera ndipo dothi ndi zinyalala ziyenera kutsukidwa nthawi yake. Pakuzima mafuta, njira zopewera moto ziyeneranso kutengedwa ndipo zida zozimitsira moto ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zoziziritsira ndi zoyendera madzi kungathandize kukulitsa moyo wa chozimitsira madzi ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake yozizira komanso kukhazikika.
6. Mapeto
Mwachidule, kusankha chozimitsira choyenera kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito ndikuwongolera bwino unyolo wa zitsulo 45#. Madzi, mafuta, yankho la brine ndi yankho la calcium chloride zili ndi makhalidwe awoawo. Pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera, kukula, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ka zinthu, gulu lopangira ndi mtengo wa chogwirira ntchito ziyenera kuganiziridwa mokwanira kuti zitheke bwino kwambiri. Ogula ndi opanga padziko lonse lapansi ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino makhalidwe ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa zida zosiyanasiyana zozimitsira, kulimbitsa mgwirizano ndi ogulitsa mankhwala otentha, kukonza njira yozimitsira, potero kukweza mpikisano pamsika wa unyolo wa zitsulo 45# ndikukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi kwa zida zapamwamba kwambiri zotumizira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-19-2025