Na'urorin Tace Zafi: Hanyoyin Maganin Zafi Na Yau Da Kullum Don Ɗaga Sarƙoƙi
A masana'antar injinan ɗagawa, ingancin sarkar yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da amincin ma'aikata da ingancin aiki, kuma hanyoyin magance zafi suna da mahimmanci don tantance ainihin aikin sarƙoƙin ɗagawa, gami da ƙarfi, tauri, da juriyar lalacewa. A matsayin "kwarangwal" na sarkar,daidaitattun na'urori masu juyawa, tare da sassan kamar faranti na sarka da fil, suna buƙatar ingantaccen maganin zafi don kiyaye aiki mai dorewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai wahala kamar ɗaga nauyi da aiki akai-akai. Wannan labarin zai samar da cikakken bincike game da hanyoyin maganin zafi da ake amfani da su akai-akai don ɗaga sarƙoƙi, bincika ƙa'idodin tsarin aikinsu, fa'idodin aiki, da yanayi masu dacewa, yana ba wa masu aikin masana'antu shawara don zaɓi da amfani.
1. Maganin Zafi: "Mai Siffanta" Aikin Sarkar Ɗagawa
Sau da yawa ana ƙera sarƙoƙin ɗagawa daga ƙarfe masu inganci na ƙarfe (kamar 20Mn2, 23MnNiMoCr54, da sauransu), kuma maganin zafi yana da mahimmanci don inganta halayen injinan waɗannan kayan. Abubuwan sarƙoƙi waɗanda ba a yi musu maganin zafi ba suna da ƙarancin tauri da rashin juriyar lalacewa, kuma suna iya fuskantar lalacewar filastik ko karyewa lokacin da ake fuskantar damuwa. Maganin zafi da aka ƙera ta hanyar kimiyya, ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin dumama, riƙewa, da sanyaya, yana canza tsarin ciki na kayan, yana cimma "ma'aunin ƙarfi-ƙarfi" - ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don jure matsin lamba da tasirin, duk da haka isasshen tauri don guje wa karyewar karyewa, yayin da kuma inganta lalacewar saman da juriyar tsatsa.
Ga na'urorin juyawa masu daidaito, maganin zafi yana buƙatar ƙarin daidaito: a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin haɗa sarka da sprocket, na'urorin juyawa dole ne su tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin taurin saman da ƙarfin tushen. In ba haka ba, lalacewa da tsagewa da wuri na iya faruwa, wanda ke lalata daidaiton watsawa na dukkan sarkar. Saboda haka, zaɓar tsarin maganin zafi da ya dace shine sharadin tabbatar da aminci mai ɗaukar nauyi da kuma sabis mai ɗorewa don ɗaga sarƙoƙi.
II. Binciken Hanyoyi Biyar Na Maganin Zafi Na Musamman Don Ɗaga Sarƙoƙi
(I) Kashewa Gabaɗaya + Zafin Jiki Mai Tsanani (Ƙarfafawa da Ƙarfafawa): "Ma'aunin Zinare" don Aiki na Asali
Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki: Ana dumama sassan sarka (faranti masu haɗin kai, fil, rollers, da sauransu) zuwa zafin da ya wuce Ac3 (ƙarfe hypoeutectoid) ko Ac1 (ƙarfe hypereutectoid). Bayan riƙe zafin na ɗan lokaci don tabbatar da kayan, ana kashe sarkar cikin sauri a cikin wani wuri mai sanyaya kamar ruwa ko mai don samun tsarin martensite mai ƙarfi amma mai rauni. Sannan ana sake dumama sarkar zuwa 500-650°C don dumama zafin jiki mai yawa, wanda ke lalata martensite zuwa tsarin sorbite iri ɗaya, a ƙarshe yana cimma daidaiton "ƙarfi mai ƙarfi + ƙarfi mai ƙarfi."
Fa'idodin Aiki: Bayan kashewa da dumamawa, sassan sarkar suna nuna kyawawan halayen injiniya gabaɗaya, tare da ƙarfin tauri na 800-1200 MPa da ƙarfin samar da amfanin gona mai kyau da tsayi, wanda ke iya jure wa nauyin ƙarfi da tasirin da ake fuskanta a ayyukan ɗagawa. Bugu da ƙari, daidaiton tsarin sorbite yana tabbatar da kyakkyawan aikin sarrafa kayan, yana sauƙaƙa ƙirƙirar daidaito na gaba (kamar birgima na birgima).
Aikace-aikace: Ana amfani da shi sosai don inganta aikin sarƙoƙin ɗagawa matsakaici da ƙarfi (kamar sarƙoƙi na aji 80 da aji 100), musamman ga mahimman abubuwan ɗaukar nauyi kamar faranti na sarƙoƙi da fil. Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi mahimmancin tsarin maganin zafi don ɗaga sarƙoƙi. (II) Carburizing da Qunching + Low-Tempering: "Kariyar Ƙarfafawa" don Juriyar Lalacewar Sama
Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki: Ana sanya sassan sarka (masu mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haɗa ƙarfe da gogayya kamar na'urori masu juyawa da fil) a cikin wani abu mai kama da iskar gas (kamar iskar gas ko iskar gas mai fashewa da kerosene) kuma a riƙe su a 900-950°C na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin carbon su shiga saman kayan (zurfin layin carburized yawanci shine 0.8-2.0mm). Bayan haka, kashewa (yawanci ana amfani da mai azaman matsakaiciyar sanyaya), wanda ke samar da tsarin martensite mai tauri a saman yayin da yake riƙe da tsarin pearlite ko sorbite mai tauri a cikin zuciyar. A ƙarshe, rage zafin jiki a 150-200°C yana kawar da damuwa kuma yana daidaita taurin saman. Fa'idodin Aiki: Abubuwan da ke bayan carburizing da kashewa suna nuna halayen aiki mai sauƙi na "tauri a waje, mai tauri a ciki" - tauri a saman zai iya kaiwa HRC58-62, yana inganta juriyar sawa da juriyar kamawa, yana yaƙi da gogayya da lalacewa yadda ya kamata yayin da ake haɗa sprocket meshing. Taurin zuciyar yana nan a HRC30-45, wanda ke samar da isasshen ƙarfi don hana karyewar sassan a ƙarƙashin nauyin tasiri.
Aikace-aikace: Ga na'urori masu juyawa da fil masu aiki da yawa a cikin sarƙoƙin ɗagawa, musamman waɗanda ke fuskantar farawa da tsayawa akai-akai da kuma haɗakar nauyi (misali, sarƙoƙi don cranes na tashar jiragen ruwa da masu ɗaga ma'adinai). Misali, na'urorin juyawa na sarƙoƙin ɗagawa masu ƙarfi na mataki 120 galibi ana haɗa su da carburizing kuma ana kashe su, suna tsawaita rayuwar sabis ɗinsu da sama da 30% idan aka kwatanta da maganin zafi na yau da kullun. (III) Taurarewar Induction + Ƙarancin Zafi: Inganci da Daidaitacce "Ƙarfafawa na Gida"
Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki: Ta amfani da wani yanayi mai canzawa wanda aka samar ta hanyar amfani da na'urar haɗa abubuwa masu yawan mita ko matsakaici, ana dumama takamaiman sassan sassan sarka (kamar diamita na waje na na'urori masu juyawa da saman fil) a cikin gida. Dumama tana da sauri (yawanci 'yan daƙiƙa zuwa daƙiƙa goma), tana ba da damar saman kawai ya isa ga zafin jiki mai saurin canzawa, yayin da zafin jiki na tsakiya ba ya canzawa sosai. Sannan ana allurar ruwan sanyaya don kashewa cikin sauri, sannan a bi ta da yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi. Wannan tsari yana ba da damar sarrafa yankin da aka dumama da zurfin Layer mai tauri (yawanci 0.3-1.5mm).
Fa'idodin Aiki: ① Ingantaccen Inganci da Ajiye Makamashi: Dumama ta gida tana guje wa ɓatar da makamashin dumama gabaɗaya, tana ƙara ingancin samarwa da sama da 50% idan aka kwatanta da kashewa gaba ɗaya. ② Ƙarancin Canzawa: Lokacin dumama na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana rage lalacewar zafi na kayan aiki, yana kawar da buƙatar gyarawa mai yawa daga baya, yana mai da shi ya dace musamman don sarrafa girma na na'urori masu juyawa daidai. ③ Aiki Mai Sarrafawa: Ta hanyar daidaita mitar shigarwa da lokacin dumama, zurfin Layer mai tauri da rarrabawar tauri za a iya daidaita su cikin sassauƙa.
Aikace-aikace: Ya dace da ƙarfafa na'urorin juyawa masu daidaito da aka samar a cikin gida, gajerun fil, da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, musamman don sarƙoƙin ɗagawa waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaito mai girma (kamar sarƙoƙin ɗagawa masu daidaito). Hakanan ana iya amfani da taurarewar induction don gyara sarƙoƙi da gyara su, sake ƙarfafa saman da suka lalace.
(IV) Austempering: "Kariyar Tasiri" Fifikon Tauri
Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki: Bayan dumama sashin sarkar zuwa zafin austenitizing, ana sanya shi cikin sauri a cikin ruwan gishiri ko alkaline kaɗan sama da wurin M (zafin fara canjin martensitic). Ana riƙe wanka na ɗan lokaci don ba da damar austenite ya canza zuwa bainite, sannan a biyo baya da sanyaya iska. Bainite, wani tsari ne mai tsaka-tsaki tsakanin martensite da pearlite, yana haɗa ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da tauri mai kyau.
Fa'idodin Aiki: Abubuwan da ke cikin Austempered suna nuna ƙarfi sosai fiye da sassan da aka saba binnewa da kuma waɗanda aka daidaita, suna samun ƙarfin shaƙar tasiri na 60-100 J, suna iya jure wa manyan nauyin tasiri ba tare da karyewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, taurin zai iya kaiwa HRC 40-50, yana biyan buƙatun ƙarfi don aikace-aikacen ɗagawa matsakaici da nauyi, yayin da yake rage karkacewar murdiya da rage damuwa na ciki. Aikace-aikacen da suka dace: Ana amfani da su musamman don sassan ɗagawa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyi mai nauyi, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su akai-akai don ɗaga abubuwa marasa tsari a masana'antar haƙar ma'adinai da gini, ko don sarƙoƙin ɗagawa da ake amfani da su a cikin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi (kamar ajiyar sanyi da ayyukan polar). Bainite yana da ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali mafi girma ga martensite a ƙananan yanayin zafi, yana rage haɗarin karyewar rauni mai ƙarancin zafi.
(V) Nitriding: "Shafi Mai Dorewa" Don Jure Tsatsa da Tsatsa
Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki: Ana sanya sassan sarka a cikin wani abu mai ɗauke da nitrogen, kamar ammonia, a zafin 500-580°C na tsawon awanni 10-50. Wannan yana bawa ƙwayoyin nitrogen damar shiga saman ɓangaren, suna samar da Layer na nitride (wanda galibi ya ƙunshi Fe₄N da Fe₂N). Nitriding ba ya buƙatar kashewa daga baya kuma "maganin zafi mai ƙarancin zafin jiki" ne tare da ƙaramin tasiri akan aikin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren. Fa'idodin Aiki: ① Babban taurin saman (HV800-1200) yana ba da juriyar lalacewa mafi kyau idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe mai kauri da bushewa, yayin da kuma yana ba da ƙarancin ma'aunin gogayya, yana rage asarar kuzari yayin raga. ② Layer mai yawa na nitride yana ba da juriya mai kyau ta tsatsa, yana rage haɗarin tsatsa a cikin yanayin danshi da ƙura. ③ Ƙananan zafin aiki yana rage lalacewar ɓangaren, yana sa ya dace da na'urori masu juyawa ko ƙananan sarƙoƙi da aka haɗa.
Aikace-aikace: Ya dace da sarƙoƙin ɗagawa waɗanda ke buƙatar juriya ga lalacewa da tsatsa, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a masana'antar sarrafa abinci (muhalli mai tsabta) da injiniyan ruwa (muhalli mai yawan feshi na gishiri), ko kuma ga ƙananan kayan ɗagawa waɗanda ke buƙatar sarƙoƙi marasa "gyara".
III. Zaɓin Tsarin Maganin Zafi: Daidaita Yanayin Aiki shine Mabuɗi
Lokacin zabar hanyar maganin zafi don sarkar ɗagawa, yi la'akari da muhimman abubuwa guda uku: ƙimar kaya, yanayin aiki, da aikin sassan. Guji neman ƙarfi mai yawa ko adana kuɗi mai yawa ba tare da tunani ba:
Zaɓi ta hanyar ƙimar kaya: Sarƙoƙi masu sauƙin nauyi (≤ Aji 50) na iya fuskantar cikakken kashewa da dumamawa. Sarƙoƙi masu matsakaici da nauyi (80-100) suna buƙatar haɗin carburetion da kashewa don ƙarfafa sassan da ke cikin rauni. Sarƙoƙi masu nauyi (sama da Aji 120) suna buƙatar haɗin tsarin kashewa da dumamawa, ko taurarewar induction don tabbatar da daidaito.
Zaɓi ta hanyar aiki: Ana fifita nitriding don yanayin danshi da lalata; ana fifita austempering don aikace-aikace masu nauyin tasiri mai yawa. Aikace-aikacen meshing akai-akai suna fifita carburizing ko induction taurare na rollers. Zaɓi abubuwan haɗin bisa ga aikinsu: Faranti na sarka da fil suna fifita ƙarfi da tauri, suna fifita quenching da tempering. Masu rollers suna fifita juriya da tauri, suna fifita carburizing ko induction taurare. Abubuwan taimako kamar bushings na iya amfani da quenching da tempering masu araha, masu haɗawa.
IV. Kammalawa: Maganin Zafi shine "Layin Tsaro Mai Ganuwa" don Tsaron Sarka
Tsarin maganin zafi don ɗaga sarƙoƙi ba hanya ɗaya ba ce; maimakon haka, hanya ce ta tsari wadda ta haɗa halayen kayan aiki, ayyukan sassan, da buƙatun aiki. Daga haɗa carburizing da kashe na'urori masu juyawa daidai zuwa kashewa da daidaita faranti na sarƙoƙi, sarrafa daidaito a kowane tsari kai tsaye yana ƙayyade amincin sarƙoƙi yayin ayyukan ɗagawa. A nan gaba, tare da amfani da kayan aikin maganin zafi masu wayo (kamar layukan carburizing masu sarrafa kansu da tsarin gwajin tauri ta yanar gizo), za a ƙara inganta aiki da kwanciyar hankali na sarƙoƙi masu ɗagawa, wanda zai samar da garantin aminci ga aikin kayan aiki na musamman.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-01-2025