Bayani game da gwajin tauri na sarkar nadi mai daidaito

1. Bayani game da gwajin tauri na sarkar nadi mai daidaito

1.1 Halaye na asali na sarkar nadi mai daidaito
Sarkar naɗawa mai daidaito wani nau'in sarka ne da ake amfani da shi sosai wajen watsawa ta injina. Manyan halayensa sune kamar haka:
Tsarin gini: Sarkar naɗawa mai daidaito ta ƙunshi farantin sarka ta ciki, farantin sarka ta waje, sandar fil, hannun riga da abin naɗawa. An haɗa farantin sarka ta ciki da farantin sarka ta waje ta hanyar shaft ɗin fil, hannun riga an sanya shi a kan shaft ɗin fil, kuma an sanya abin naɗawa a wajen hannun riga. Wannan tsarin yana ba sarkar damar jure babban matsin lamba da ƙarfin tasiri yayin watsawa.
Zaɓin Kayan Aiki: Sarkar nadi mai daidaito yawanci ana yin ta ne da ƙarfe mai inganci na carbon ko ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, kamar ƙarfe 45, 20CrMnTi, da sauransu. Waɗannan kayan suna da ƙarfi mai yawa, ƙarfi mai yawa da juriya mai kyau, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun amfani da sarkar a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai rikitarwa na aiki.
Daidaiton Girma: Bukatun daidaiton girma na sarkar nadi mai daidaito suna da yawa, kuma juriyar girma na siffa, kauri na farantin sarka, diamita na shaft na fil, da sauransu gabaɗaya ana sarrafa su cikin ±0.05mm. Girman daidaito mai girma na iya tabbatar da daidaiton sarkar da sprocket, da rage kurakuran watsawa da hayaniya.
Maganin saman: Domin inganta juriyar lalacewa da juriyar tsatsa na sarkar, galibi ana yi wa sarkokin nadi masu daidai gwargwado magani a saman, kamar su carburizing, nitriding, galvanizing, da sauransu. Carburizing na iya sa taurin saman sarkar ya kai 58-62HRC, nitriding na iya sa taurin saman ya kai 600-800HV, kuma galvanizing na iya hana sarkar tsatsa yadda ya kamata.
1.2 Muhimmancin gwajin tauri
Gwajin tauri yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin sarrafa ingancin sarƙoƙin naɗawa masu daidaito:
Tabbatar da ƙarfin sarka: Taurin yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman alamomi don auna ƙarfin abu. Ta hanyar gwajin taurin, ana iya tabbatar da cewa taurin abu na sarkar nadi daidaitacce ya cika buƙatun ƙira, don tabbatar da cewa sarkar za ta iya jure isasshen matsin lamba da tasiri yayin amfani, da kuma guje wa karyewar sarka ko lalacewa saboda rashin isasshen ƙarfin abu.
Kimanta halayen kayan aiki: Gwajin tauri na iya nuna ƙananan tsarin da canje-canjen aiki na kayan. Misali, tauri a saman sarkar bayan maganin carburizing ya fi girma, yayin da tauri a tsakiya yana da ƙasa kaɗan. Ta hanyar gwajin tauri, ana iya kimanta zurfin da daidaiton layin carburized, don a tantance ko tsarin maganin zafi na kayan ya dace.
Ingancin sarrafawa: A tsarin samar da sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito, gwajin tauri hanya ce mai inganci ta kula da inganci. Ta hanyar gwada taurin kayan aiki, kayayyakin da aka gama da kuma kayayyakin da aka gama, ana iya gano matsalolin da ka iya faruwa a tsarin samarwa, kamar lahani na kayan aiki, rashin maganin zafi, da sauransu, akan lokaci, don a iya ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don ingantawa da tabbatar da daidaiton ingancin kayan.
Tsawaita tsawon sabis: Gwajin tauri yana taimakawa wajen inganta kayan aiki da tsarin ƙera sarƙoƙi masu daidaito, ta haka ne inganta juriyar sawa da juriyar gajiya na sarkar. Tsarin sarƙoƙi mai ƙarfi zai iya jure lalacewa mafi kyau, rage asarar gogayya tsakanin sarkar da sprocket, tsawaita tsawon rayuwar sarkar, da rage farashin kulawa na kayan aiki.
Cika ƙa'idodin masana'antu: A masana'antar kera injina, taurin sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito yawanci yana buƙatar cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko na duniya masu dacewa. Misali, GB/T 1243-2006 "Sarkar Roller, Sarƙoƙin Roller da Sarƙoƙin Hakora" ya ƙayyade kewayon taurin sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito. Ta hanyar gwajin tauri, ana iya tabbatar da cewa samfurin ya cika ƙa'idodin da aka gindaya kuma yana inganta gasa a kasuwa na samfurin.

2. Ka'idojin gwajin tauri

2.1 Ka'idojin gwaji na gida
ƙasata ta tsara jerin ƙa'idodi masu tsabta da tsauri don gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito don tabbatar da ingancin samfura ya cika buƙatun.
Tushen Daidaitacce: An gina shi ne bisa ga GB/T 1243-2006 "Sarkar Roller, sarkar roller bushing da sarkar haƙori" da sauran ƙa'idodi na ƙasa masu dacewa. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun ƙayyade kewayon taurin sarƙoƙin roller daidaitacce. Misali, don sarƙoƙin roller daidaitacce da aka yi da ƙarfe 45, yakamata a sarrafa taurin fil da bushings gabaɗaya a 229-285HBW; ga sarƙoƙin carburized, taurin saman dole ne ya kai 58-62HRC, kuma zurfin layin carburized shima a bayyane yake buƙata, yawanci 0.8-1.2mm.
Hanyar gwaji: Ka'idojin gida suna ba da shawarar amfani da na'urar gwada taurin Brinell ko na'urar gwada taurin Rockwell don gwaji. Na'urar gwajin taurin Brinell ta dace da gwada kayan da aka gama da kuma samfuran da ba a gama ba tare da ƙarancin taurin kai, kamar faranti na sarka waɗanda ba a yi musu magani da zafi ba. Ana ƙididdige ƙimar taurin ta hanyar sanya wani kaya a saman kayan da kuma auna diamita na shigarwa; ana amfani da na'urar gwajin taurin Rockwell sau da yawa don gwada sarƙoƙi da aka gama waɗanda aka yi musu magani da zafi, kamar fil da hannayen riga masu kauri. Yana da saurin ganowa da sauri, aiki mai sauƙi, kuma yana iya karanta ƙimar taurin kai tsaye.
Sassa na Samfura da Gwaji: Bisa ga ƙa'idodin da aka saba, ya kamata a zaɓi takamaiman adadin samfura bazuwar don gwaji daga kowace rukunin sarƙoƙin naɗawa daidai. Ga kowane sarka, ya kamata a gwada taurin sassa daban-daban kamar farantin sarka na ciki, farantin sarka na waje, fil, hannun riga da naɗawa daban. Misali, ga fil, ya kamata a ɗauki wurin gwaji ɗaya a tsakiya da kuma a ƙarshen biyu don tabbatar da cikakkiyar da daidaiton sakamakon gwajin.
Tabbatar da sakamako: Dole ne a tantance sakamakon gwajin daidai da kewayon taurin da aka ƙayyade a cikin ma'auni. Idan ƙimar taurin ɓangaren gwajin ta wuce kewayon da aka ƙayyade a cikin ma'auni, kamar taurin fil ɗin ya ƙasa da 229HBW ko sama da 285HBW, ana ɗaukar sarkar a matsayin samfurin da ba shi da cancanta kuma yana buƙatar a sake yin maganin zafi ko wasu matakan magani masu dacewa har sai ƙimar taurin ta cika buƙatun da aka ƙayyade.

2.2 Ka'idojin Gwaji na Ƙasashen Duniya
Akwai kuma tsarin daidaitattun daidaito don gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙi masu daidaita daidaito a duniya, kuma waɗannan ƙa'idodi suna da tasiri da kuma amincewa sosai a kasuwar duniya.
Ma'aunin ISO: ISO 606 "Sarkake da sprockets - Sarkokin naɗawa da sarƙoƙin naɗawa - Girma, haƙuri da halaye na asali" yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin sarƙoƙin naɗawa masu daidaito da ake amfani da su sosai a duniya. Wannan ma'aunin kuma yana yin tanadi dalla-dalla don gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin naɗawa masu daidaito. Misali, don sarƙoƙin naɗawa masu daidaito da aka yi da ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, kewayon tauri gabaɗaya shine 241-321HBW; ga sarƙoƙin da aka nitride, tauri na saman dole ne ya kai 600-800HV, kuma zurfin layin nitriding ana buƙatar ya zama 0.3-0.6mm.
Hanyar gwaji: Ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa sun kuma ba da shawarar amfani da na'urorin gwaji na Brinell, na'urorin gwaji na taurin Rockwell da na'urorin gwaji na taurin Vickers don gwaji. Na'urar gwajin taurin Vickers ta dace da gwada sassan da ke da taurin saman sarƙoƙi masu daidaito, kamar su saman abin nadi bayan maganin nitriding, saboda ƙaramin ƙofa. Tana iya auna ƙimar taurin daidai, musamman lokacin gwada ƙananan sassa da siraran bango.
Wurin Gwaji da Samfura: Adadin samfurin da wurin gwaji da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya ke buƙata sun yi kama da na ƙa'idodin cikin gida, amma zaɓin wuraren gwaji ya fi cikakken bayani. Misali, lokacin gwada taurin na'urori, ana buƙatar ɗaukar samfura a gwada su a kewaye da fuskokin waje da ƙarshen na'urorin don kimanta daidaiton taurin na'urorin. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar gwaje-gwajen tauri don sassan haɗin sarkar, kamar faranti na sarka da fil ɗin haɗi, don tabbatar da ƙarfi da amincin dukkan sarkar.
Hukuncin sakamako: Ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa sun fi tsauri wajen tantance sakamakon gwajin tauri. Idan sakamakon gwajin bai cika ƙa'idodin da aka tsara ba, ba wai kawai za a yi wa sarkar hukunci a matsayin wadda ba ta cancanta ba, har ma da sauran sarƙoƙi na rukuni ɗaya na samfuran za a buƙaci a yi musu samfuri sau biyu. Idan har yanzu akwai samfuran da ba su cancanta ba bayan an yi musu samfuri sau biyu, dole ne a sake sarrafa tarin samfuran har sai tauri na dukkan sarƙoƙi ya cika ƙa'idodin da aka tsara. Wannan tsarin hukunci mai tsauri yana tabbatar da inganci da amincin sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito a kasuwar duniya.

3. Hanyar gwajin tauri

3.1 Hanyar gwajin taurin Rockwell
Hanyar gwajin taurin Rockwell tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gwajin taurin da aka fi amfani da su a yanzu, musamman ma don gwada taurin kayan ƙarfe kamar sarƙoƙin naɗawa daidai.
Ka'ida: Wannan hanyar tana ƙayyade ƙimar tauri ta hanyar auna zurfin abin da ke cikin maƙallin (ƙwallon lu'u-lu'u ko ƙwallon carbide) wanda aka matse a saman kayan a ƙarƙashin wani nau'in kaya. Ana siffanta shi da aiki mai sauƙi da sauri, kuma yana iya karanta ƙimar tauri kai tsaye ba tare da lissafi mai rikitarwa da kayan aikin aunawa ba.
Tsarin amfani: Don gano sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito, ana amfani da hanyar gwajin tauri ta Rockwell galibi don auna tauri na sarƙoƙi da aka gama bayan maganin zafi, kamar fil da hannun riga. Wannan saboda waɗannan sassan suna da tauri mafi girma bayan maganin zafi kuma suna da girma kaɗan, wanda ya dace da gwaji tare da na'urar gwada tauri ta Rockwell.
Daidaiton Ganowa: Gwajin taurin Rockwell yana da babban daidaito kuma yana iya nuna canje-canjen taurin kayan daidai. Kuskuren aunawarsa gabaɗaya yana cikin ±1HRC, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun gwajin taurin sarkar nadi.
Aikace-aikacen aiki: A cikin gwaji na ainihi, mai gwajin taurin Rockwell yawanci yana amfani da ma'aunin HRC, wanda ya dace da kayan gwaji tare da kewayon taurin 20-70HRC. Misali, don fil na sarkar nadi mai daidaito wanda aka yi da carburized, taurin saman sa yawanci yana tsakanin 58-62HRC. Mai gwajin taurin Rockwell zai iya auna ƙimar taurinsa da sauri da daidai, yana samar da tushe mai inganci don sarrafa inganci.

3.2 Hanyar gwajin taurin Brinell
Hanyar gwajin taurin Brinell hanya ce ta gwajin taurin gargajiya, wacce ake amfani da ita sosai wajen auna taurin kayan ƙarfe daban-daban, gami da kayan aiki da samfuran da aka gama da su na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito.
Ka'ida: Wannan hanyar tana danna ƙwallon ƙarfe mai tauri ko ƙwallon carbide mai wani diamita a saman kayan a ƙarƙashin aikin wani kaya da aka ƙayyade kuma tana ajiye shi na wani takamaiman lokaci, sannan ta cire nauyin, ta auna diamita na shigarwa, sannan ta ƙayyade ƙimar tauri ta hanyar ƙididdige matsakaicin matsin lamba akan yankin saman zagaye na shigarwa.
Tsarin amfani: Hanyar gwajin taurin Brinell ta dace da gwada kayan ƙarfe masu ƙarancin tauri, kamar kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin sarƙoƙi masu daidaitacce (kamar ƙarfe 45) da kayayyakin da ba a yi musu maganin zafi ba. Halayensa manyan ramuka ne, waɗanda za su iya nuna halayen taurin kayan kuma sun dace da auna kayan a matsakaicin kewayon taurin.
Daidaiton Ganowa: Daidaiton gano taurin Brinell yana da girma sosai, kuma kuskuren aunawa gabaɗaya yana cikin ±2%. Daidaiton aunawa na diamita mai shiga yana shafar daidaiton ƙimar taurin kai tsaye, don haka ana buƙatar kayan aikin aunawa masu inganci kamar na'urorin auna haske na karatu a ainihin aiki.
Aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da shi: A tsarin samar da sarƙoƙin naɗawa daidai, ana amfani da hanyar gwajin taurin Brinell sau da yawa don gwada taurin kayan don tabbatar da cewa sun cika buƙatun ƙira. Misali, ga sarƙoƙin naɗawa daidai da aka yi da ƙarfe 45, yakamata a sarrafa taurin kayan tsakanin 170-230HBW. Ta hanyar gwajin taurin Brinell, ana iya auna ƙimar taurin kayan daidai, kuma ana iya gano taurin kayan da ba su da cancanta a kan lokaci, ta haka ne za a hana kayan da ba su da cancanta shiga hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na gaba.

3.3 Hanyar gwajin taurin Vickers
Hanyar gwajin taurin Vickers hanya ce da ta dace don auna taurin ƙananan sassa masu girman da sirara, kuma tana da fa'idodi na musamman a gwajin taurin sarƙoƙi masu daidaitacce.
Ka'ida: Wannan hanyar tana danna tetrahedron mai kusurwar kusurwa ta 136° a ƙarƙashin wani kaya a saman kayan da za a gwada, tana riƙe nauyin na wani lokaci da aka ƙayyade, sannan ta cire nauyin, tana auna tsawon diagonal na shigarwar, kuma tana ƙayyade ƙimar tauri ta hanyar ƙididdige matsakaicin matsin lamba akan yankin saman mazugi na shigarwar.
Faɗin amfani: Hanyar gwajin taurin Vickers ta dace da auna kayan da ke da nau'in taurin da ke da faɗi, musamman don gano sassan da ke da taurin saman sarƙoƙi masu daidaito, kamar saman na'urori masu juyawa bayan maganin nitriding. Shigarsa ƙarami ne, kuma yana iya auna taurin ƙananan sassa masu sirara da sirara daidai, wanda ya dace da ganowa tare da manyan buƙatu don daidaiton taurin saman.
Daidaiton Ganowa: Gwajin taurin Vickers yana da daidaito sosai, kuma kuskuren aunawa gabaɗaya yana cikin ±1HV. Daidaiton aunawa na tsawon diagonal na lungu yana da mahimmanci ga daidaiton ƙimar taurin, don haka ana buƙatar na'urar auna ma'auni mai inganci don aunawa.
Aikace-aikacen Aiki: A cikin gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito, ana amfani da hanyar gwajin tauri ta Vickers sau da yawa don gano tauri a saman nadi. Misali, ga nadiran da aka nitride, tauri a saman dole ne ya kai 600-800HV. Ta hanyar gwajin tauri na Vickers, ana iya auna ƙimar tauri a wurare daban-daban akan saman nadi daidai, kuma ana iya kimanta zurfin da daidaiton layin nitriding, ta haka ne za a tabbatar da cewa tauri a saman nadi ya cika buƙatun ƙira da inganta juriyar sawa da rayuwar sabis na sarkar.

4. Kayan aikin gwajin tauri

4.1 Nau'in kayan aiki da ƙa'ida
Kayan gwajin tauri kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito. Kayan gwajin tauri na yau da kullun galibi nau'ikan sune kamar haka:
Mai gwajin taurin Brinell: Ka'idarsa ita ce a danna ƙwallon ƙarfe mai tauri ko ƙwallon carbide mai wani diamita a saman kayan a ƙarƙashin wani takamaiman kaya, a ajiye shi na wani takamaiman lokaci sannan a cire kayan, sannan a ƙididdige ƙimar taurin ta hanyar auna diamita na shigarwa. Mai gwajin taurin Brinell ya dace da gwada kayan ƙarfe masu ƙarancin tauri, kamar kayan da aka yi da sarƙoƙi na naɗawa daidai da samfuran da ba a yi wa zafi magani ba. Halayensa manyan ramuka ne, waɗanda za su iya nuna halayen taurin macroscopic na kayan. Ya dace da auna kayan a matsakaicin kewayon taurin, kuma kuskuren aunawa gabaɗaya yana cikin ±2%.
Mai gwajin taurin Rockwell: Wannan kayan aiki yana ƙayyade ƙimar taurin ta hanyar auna zurfin mai shiga (ƙugiyar lu'u-lu'u ko ƙwallon carbide) da aka matse a saman kayan a ƙarƙashin wani nau'i. Mai gwajin taurin Rockwell yana da sauƙin aiki da sauri, kuma yana iya karanta ƙimar taurin kai tsaye ba tare da lissafi mai rikitarwa da kayan aikin aunawa ba. Ana amfani da shi galibi don auna taurin sarƙoƙi bayan maganin zafi, kamar fil da hannun riga. Kuskuren aunawa gabaɗaya yana cikin ±1HRC, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun gwajin taurin sarƙoƙi na nadawa daidai.
Mai gwajin taurin Vickers: Ka'idar mai gwajin taurin Vickers ita ce a danna dala mai kusurwa huɗu na lu'u-lu'u tare da kusurwar kusurwa ta 136° a ƙarƙashin wani kaya a saman kayan da za a gwada, a ajiye shi na wani takamaiman lokaci, a cire nauyin, a auna tsawon diagonal na shigarwar, sannan a tantance ƙimar taurin ta hanyar ƙididdige matsakaicin matsin lamba da yankin saman mazugi na shigarwar ke ɗauka. Mai gwajin taurin Vickers ya dace da auna kayan da ke da kewayon taurin fadi, musamman don gwada sassan da ke da taurin saman sarƙoƙi masu daidaito, kamar saman naɗa bayan maganin nitriding. Shigarsa ƙarami ne, kuma yana iya auna taurin ƙananan sassa masu girman da sirara, kuma kuskuren aunawa gabaɗaya yana cikin ±1HV.

4.2 Zaɓin kayan aiki da daidaitawa
Zaɓar kayan aikin gwajin tauri mai dacewa da daidaita shi daidai shine tushen tabbatar da ingancin sakamakon gwajin:
Zaɓin Kayan Aiki: Zaɓi kayan aikin gwaji mai tauri da ya dace bisa ga buƙatun gwaji na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito. Ga kayan aiki da samfuran da ba a yi wa magani da zafi ba, ya kamata a zaɓi mai gwajin tauri na Brinell; ga sarƙoƙi da aka gama waɗanda aka yi wa magani da zafi, kamar fil da hannun riga, ya kamata a zaɓi mai gwajin tauri na Rockwell; ga sassan da ke da tauri mafi girma, kamar saman nadi bayan maganin nitriding, ya kamata a zaɓi mai gwajin tauri na Vickers. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi la'akari da abubuwa kamar daidaito, kewayon aunawa, da sauƙin aiki na kayan aikin don biyan buƙatun hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban.
Daidaita kayan aiki: Dole ne a daidaita kayan aikin gwajin tauri kafin amfani don tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon aunawa. Ya kamata hukumar tantancewa ta ƙwararru ko ma'aikata ƙwararru su yi daidaita kayan aikin bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu dacewa. Abubuwan da ke cikin daidaitawa sun haɗa da daidaiton kaya na kayan aikin, girma da siffar inder, daidaiton na'urar aunawa, da sauransu. Yawanci ana ƙayyade zagayowar daidaitawa bisa ga yawan amfani da kwanciyar hankali na kayan aikin, yawanci daga watanni 6 zuwa shekara 1. Ya kamata kayan aikin da aka daidaita waɗanda suka cancanta su kasance tare da takardar shaidar daidaitawa, kuma ya kamata a yiwa ranar daidaitawa da lokacin inganci alama a kan kayan aikin don tabbatar da aminci da bin diddigin sakamakon gwajin.

5. Tsarin gwajin tauri

5.1 Shirye-shiryen samfura da sarrafawa
Shirya samfurin shine babban hanyar haɗin gwajin taurin sarkar nadi, wanda ke shafar daidaito da amincin sakamakon gwajin kai tsaye.
Adadin Samfura: Dangane da buƙatun ƙa'idar ƙasa ta GB/T 1243-2006 da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa ta ISO 606, ya kamata a zaɓi takamaiman adadin samfura bazuwar don gwaji daga kowace ƙa'idar sarƙoƙi masu daidaitacce. Yawanci, ana zaɓar sarƙoƙi 3-5 daga kowane rukuni a matsayin samfuran gwaji don tabbatar da wakilcin samfuran.
Wurin Samfuri: Ga kowace sarka, za a gwada taurin sassa daban-daban kamar farantin haɗin ciki, farantin haɗin waje, shaft ɗin fil, hannun riga da abin naɗa daban. Misali, ga shaft ɗin fil, za a ɗauki wurin gwaji ɗaya a tsakiya da kuma a ƙarshen biyu; ga abin naɗa, za a ɗauki samfurin kewaye na waje da fuskar ƙarshen abin naɗa daban don kimanta daidaiton taurin kowanne sashi.
Sarrafa Samfura: A lokacin aikin ɗaukar samfur, saman samfurin ya kamata ya kasance mai tsabta kuma mai faɗi, babu mai, tsatsa ko wasu ƙazanta. Ga samfuran da ke da sikelin oxide ko shafi a saman, za a fara yin tsaftacewa ko cirewa da ya dace. Misali, ga sarƙoƙi masu galvanized, za a cire layin galvanized da ke saman kafin a gwada tauri.

5.2 Matakan aikin gwaji
Matakan aikin gwaji sune ginshiƙin tsarin gwajin tauri kuma ana buƙatar a yi aiki da su sosai bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi don tabbatar da sahihancin sakamakon gwajin.
Zaɓin kayan aiki da daidaitawa: Zaɓi kayan aikin gwajin tauri da ya dace bisa ga kewayon tauri da halayen kayan aikin gwajin. Misali, don fil da hannayen riga masu kauri, ya kamata a zaɓi masu gwajin tauri na Rockwell; don kayan aiki da samfuran da ba a yi musu magani da zafi ba, ya kamata a zaɓi masu gwajin tauri na Brinell; don masu naɗewa masu tauri mafi girma, ya kamata a zaɓi masu gwajin tauri na Vickers. Kafin gwaji, dole ne a daidaita kayan aikin gwajin tauri don tabbatar da cewa daidaiton kaya, girman da siffar indent, da daidaiton na'urar aunawa sun cika buƙatun. Ya kamata a haɗa kayan aikin da aka daidaita da takaddun daidaitawa, kuma a yi wa ranar daidaitawa da lokacin inganci alama a kan kayan aikin.
Aikin Gwaji: Sanya samfurin a kan teburin aiki na na'urar gwajin tauri don tabbatar da cewa saman samfurin yana daidai da na'urar shigar da kaya. Dangane da hanyoyin aiki na hanyar gwajin tauri da aka zaɓa, yi amfani da kayan kuma a kiyaye shi na tsawon lokacin da aka ƙayyade, sannan a cire kayan kuma a auna girman ko zurfin shigarwar. Misali, a cikin gwajin tauri na Rockwell, ana matse mazugi na lu'u-lu'u ko na'urar shigar da kaya a saman kayan da aka gwada tare da wani nau'in kaya (kamar 150kgf), kuma ana cire kayan bayan daƙiƙa 10-15, kuma ana karanta ƙimar tauri kai tsaye; a cikin gwajin tauri na Brinell, ana matse ƙwallon ƙarfe mai tauri ko ƙwallon carbide mai wani diamita a saman kayan da aka gwada a ƙarƙashin wani takamaiman kaya (kamar 3000kgf), kuma ana cire kayan bayan daƙiƙa 10-15. Ana auna diamita na shigarwar ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta karatu, kuma ana samun ƙimar tauri ta hanyar lissafi.
Gwaji Maimaitawa: Domin tabbatar da ingancin sakamakon gwajin, ya kamata a maimaita kowace ma'aunin gwaji sau da yawa, kuma a ɗauki matsakaicin ƙimar a matsayin sakamakon gwajin ƙarshe. A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, ya kamata a maimaita kowace ma'aunin gwaji sau 3-5 don rage kurakuran aunawa.

5.3 Rikodin bayanai da nazarin su
Rikodin bayanai da nazarin su shine hanyar ƙarshe ta gwajin tauri. Ta hanyar rarrabawa da nazarin bayanan gwaji, ana iya yanke hukunci na kimiyya da ma'ana, wanda hakan zai samar da tushe don kula da ingancin samfura.
Rikodin Bayanai: Duk bayanan da aka samu a lokacin gwajin za a rubuta su dalla-dalla a cikin rahoton gwajin, gami da lambar samfurin, wurin gwaji, hanyar gwaji, ƙimar tauri, ranar gwaji, ma'aikatan gwaji da sauran bayanai. Bayanan bayanai ya kamata su kasance a bayyane, daidai kuma cikakke don sauƙaƙe tunani da bincike na gaba.
Binciken Bayanai: Nazarin kididdiga na bayanan gwaji, lissafin sigogin kididdiga kamar matsakaicin ƙimar tauri da karkacewar daidaito na kowane wurin gwaji, da kuma kimanta daidaito da daidaiton tauri. Misali, idan matsakaicin tauri na fil na rukunin sarƙoƙi masu daidaito shine 250HBW kuma karkacewar daidaito shine 5HBW, yana nufin cewa tauri na rukunin sarƙoƙi iri ɗaya ne kuma kulawar inganci tana da kyau; idan karkacewar daidaiton ya yi yawa, za a iya samun karkacewar inganci a cikin tsarin samarwa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike kan dalili da matakan ingantawa.
Tabbatar da sakamako: Kwatanta sakamakon gwajin da kewayon tauri da aka ƙayyade a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko na duniya don tantance ko samfurin ya cancanta. Idan ƙimar tauri na wurin gwajin ta wuce kewayon da aka ƙayyade a cikin ma'auni, kamar tauri na fil ya ƙasa da 229HBW ko sama da 285HBW, ana ɗaukar sarkar a matsayin samfurin da ba shi da cancanta kuma yana buƙatar a sake dumama shi da aka yi masa magani ko wasu matakan magani masu dacewa har sai ƙimar tauri ta cika buƙatun yau da kullun. Ga samfuran da ba su da cancanta, ya kamata a rubuta yanayin da ba su da cancanta ba dalla-dalla kuma a bincika dalilan don ɗaukar matakan haɓakawa da aka yi niyya don inganta ingancin samfur.

6. Abubuwan da ke shafar gwajin tauri

6.1 Tasirin yanayin gwaji

Yanayin gwajin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan daidaiton sakamakon gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito.

Tasirin Zafin Jiki: Canje-canjen zafin jiki zai shafi daidaiton mai gwajin tauri da kuma aikin tauri na kayan. Misali, lokacin da zafin jiki na yanayi ya yi yawa ko ƙasa da haka, sassan injina da sassan lantarki na mai gwajin tauri na iya faɗaɗawa da ƙuraje saboda zafi, wanda ke haifar da kurakuran aunawa. Gabaɗaya, mafi kyawun kewayon zafin aiki na mai gwajin tauri na Brinell, mai gwajin tauri na Rockwell da mai gwajin tauri na Vickers shine 10℃-35℃. Lokacin da aka wuce wannan kewayon zafin jiki, kuskuren auna na mai gwajin tauri na iya ƙaruwa da kusan ±1HRC ko ±2HV. A lokaci guda, ba za a iya yin watsi da tasirin zafin jiki akan tauri na kayan ba. Misali, ga kayan sarkar nadi mai daidaito, kamar ƙarfe 45#, taurinsa na iya ƙaruwa kaɗan a cikin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi, yayin da a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa, tauri zai ragu. Saboda haka, lokacin gudanar da gwajin tauri, ya kamata a yi shi a cikin yanayin zafin jiki mai ɗorewa gwargwadon iko, kuma ya kamata a rubuta zafin jiki na yanayi a wannan lokacin don gyara sakamakon gwajin.
Tasirin Danshi: Tasirin danshi akan gwajin tauri yana bayyana ne a cikin kayan lantarki na na'urar gwajin tauri da kuma saman samfurin. Danshi mai yawa na iya sa sassan lantarki na na'urar gwajin tauri su yi danshi, wanda ke shafar daidaiton aunawa da kwanciyar hankali. Misali, lokacin da danshin da ya wuce kashi 80%, kuskuren auna na'urar gwajin tauri na iya ƙaruwa da kusan ±0.5HRC ko ±1HV. Bugu da ƙari, danshi kuma na iya samar da fim ɗin ruwa a saman samfurin, wanda ke shafar hulɗar tsakanin mai gwajin tauri da saman samfurin, wanda ke haifar da kurakuran aunawa. Don gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito, ana ba da shawarar a yi shi a cikin yanayi mai ɗanshin da ya kai kashi 30%-70% don tabbatar da amincin sakamakon gwajin.
Tasirin Girgiza: Girgiza a yanayin gwaji zai tsoma baki ga gwajin tauri. Misali, girgizar da aikin kayan aikin sarrafa injina da ke kusa ke haifarwa na iya sa mai gwajin tauri ya ɗan canza yayin aikin aunawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da kurakuran aunawa. Girgiza kuma na iya shafar daidaiton aikace-aikacen kaya da kwanciyar hankali na mai gwajin tauri, wanda hakan ke shafar daidaiton ƙimar tauri. Gabaɗaya, lokacin yin gwajin tauri a cikin yanayi mai babban girgiza, kuskuren aunawa na iya ƙaruwa da kusan ±0.5HRC ko ±1HV. Saboda haka, lokacin yin gwajin tauri, ya kamata ku yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar wuri daga tushen girgiza kuma ku ɗauki matakan rage girgiza masu dacewa, kamar shigar da kushin rage girgiza a ƙasan mai gwajin tauri, don rage tasirin girgiza akan sakamakon gwajin.

6.2 Tasirin mai aiki
Matsayin ƙwararru na mai aiki da halayen aiki suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan daidaiton sakamakon gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito.
Kwarewar aiki: Kwarewar mai aiki a cikin kayan gwajin tauri yana shafar daidaiton sakamakon gwajin kai tsaye. Misali, ga mai gwajin tauri na Brinell, mai aiki yana buƙatar auna diamita na shigarwa daidai, kuma kuskuren aunawa na iya haifar da karkacewa a cikin ƙimar tauri. Idan mai aiki bai saba da amfani da kayan aikin aunawa ba, kuskuren aunawa na iya ƙaruwa da kusan ±2%. Ga masu gwajin tauri na Rockwell da masu gwajin tauri na Vickers, mai aiki yana buƙatar amfani da nauyin daidai kuma ya karanta ƙimar tauri. Aiki mara kyau na iya sa kuskuren aunawa ya ƙaru da kusan ±1HRC ko ±1HV. Saboda haka, mai aiki ya kamata ya sami horo na ƙwararru kuma ya ƙware a cikin hanyoyin aiki da matakan kariya na kayan aikin gwajin tauri don tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon gwajin.
Kwarewar Gwaji: Kwarewar gwajin mai aiki zai kuma shafi daidaiton sakamakon gwajin tauri. Masu aiki masu ƙwarewa za su iya yin hukunci mafi kyau kan matsalolin da ka iya tasowa yayin gwajin kuma su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don daidaita su. Misali, a lokacin gwajin, idan aka gano ƙimar tauri ba ta da kyau, masu aiki masu ƙwarewa za su iya yin hukunci ko akwai matsala da samfurin da kansa, ko kuma aikin gwajin ko kayan aiki ya gaza bisa ga gogewa da ilimin ƙwararru, kuma su magance shi cikin lokaci. Masu aiki marasa ƙwarewa na iya magance sakamakon da ba su da kyau ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin fahimta. Saboda haka, kamfanoni ya kamata su mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewar gwaji na masu aiki da inganta matakin gwaji na masu aiki ta hanyar horo da aiki akai-akai.
Nauyi: Nauyin masu aiki shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga daidaiton sakamakon gwajin tauri. Masu aiki masu ƙarfin hali za su bi ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun bayanai, su rubuta bayanan gwajin a hankali, sannan su yi nazarin sakamakon gwajin a hankali. Misali, a lokacin gwajin, mai aiki yana buƙatar maimaita gwajin ga kowane wurin gwaji sau da yawa kuma ya ɗauki matsakaicin ƙimar a matsayin sakamakon gwaji na ƙarshe. Idan mai aiki ba shi da alhakin, za a iya cire matakan gwaji da aka maimaita, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ingancin sakamakon gwajin. Saboda haka, kamfanoni ya kamata su ƙarfafa ilimin alhakin masu aiki don tabbatar da daidaito da daidaiton aikin gwajin.

6.3 Tasirin daidaiton kayan aiki
Ingancin kayan aikin gwajin tauri muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar daidaiton sakamakon gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin naɗawa daidai.
Daidaiton kayan aiki: Daidaiton kayan aikin gwaji na tauri yana shafar daidaiton sakamakon gwajin kai tsaye. Misali, kuskuren aunawa na mai gwajin tauri na Brinell gabaɗaya yana cikin ±2%, kuskuren aunawa na mai gwajin tauri na Rockwell gabaɗaya yana cikin ±1HRC, kuma kuskuren aunawa na mai gwajin tauri na Vickers gabaɗaya yana cikin ±1HV. Idan daidaiton kayan aikin bai cika buƙatun ba, ba za a iya tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon gwajin ba. Saboda haka, lokacin zaɓar kayan aikin gwaji na tauri, ya kamata a zaɓi kayan aiki mai daidaito da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau, kuma a yi gyare-gyare da kulawa akai-akai don tabbatar da daidaiton kayan aikin ya cika buƙatun gwajin.
Daidaita kayan aiki: Daidaita kayan aikin gwajin tauri shine tushen tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon gwaji. Ya kamata a yi daidaita kayan aiki ta hanyar ƙwararren hukumar daidaitawa ko ma'aikata ƙwararru kuma a yi aiki da su bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu dacewa. Abubuwan da ke cikin daidaitawa sun haɗa da daidaiton kaya na kayan aiki, girma da siffar inder, daidaiton na'urar aunawa, da sauransu. Ana ƙayyade zagayowar daidaitawa gabaɗaya bisa ga yawan amfani da kwanciyar hankali na kayan aiki, yawanci daga watanni 6 zuwa shekara 1. Ya kamata kayan aikin da aka daidaita waɗanda aka daidaita su tare da takardar shaidar daidaitawa, kuma ya kamata a yiwa ranar daidaitawa da lokacin inganci alama a kan kayan aikin. Idan ba a daidaita kayan aikin ba ko kuma daidaitawar ta gaza, ba za a iya tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon gwajin ba. Misali, mai gwajin tauri mara daidaitawa na iya sa kuskuren aunawa ya ƙaru da kusan ±2HRC ko ±5HV.
Kula da Kayan Aiki: Kula da kayan aikin gwaji mai tauri shima muhimmin abu ne don tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon gwaji. A lokacin amfani da kayan aikin, daidaito na iya canzawa saboda lalacewar injina, tsufa na kayan aikin lantarki, da sauransu. Saboda haka, kamfanoni ya kamata su kafa cikakken tsarin kula da kayan aiki kuma su kula da kuma kula da kayan aikin akai-akai. Misali, a riƙa tsaftace ruwan tabarau na kayan aiki akai-akai, duba lalacewar indenter, daidaita firikwensin kaya, da sauransu. Ta hanyar kulawa akai-akai, ana iya gano matsalolin kayan aikin kuma a magance su cikin lokaci don tabbatar da daidaito da kwanciyar hankali na kayan aikin.

7. Tantancewa da amfani da sakamakon gwajin tauri

7.1 Ma'aunin tantance sakamako
Ana aiwatar da tantance sakamakon gwajin tauri na sarƙoƙin nadawa daidai gwargwado bisa ga ƙa'idodi masu dacewa don tabbatar da cewa ingancin samfurin ya cika buƙatun.
Ƙayyade ma'aunin gida: Dangane da ƙa'idodin ƙasa kamar GB/T 1243-2006 "Sarkar Roller, Sarkar Roller ta Bushing da Sarkar Hakora", sarƙoƙin naɗawa masu daidaito na kayan aiki daban-daban da hanyoyin magance zafi suna da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun kewayon tauri. Misali, don sarƙoƙin naɗawa masu daidaito da aka yi da ƙarfe 45, ya kamata a sarrafa taurin fil da bushings a 229-285HBW; taurin saman sarkar bayan maganin carburizing dole ne ya kai 58-62HRC, kuma zurfin layin carburized shine 0.8-1.2mm. Idan sakamakon gwajin ya wuce wannan kewayon, kamar taurin fil ɗin ya yi ƙasa da 229HBW ko sama da 285HBW, za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda bai cancanta ba.
Hukuncin ƙasa da ƙasa: Dangane da ISO 606 da sauran ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, kewayon taurin sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito da aka yi da ƙarfe mai ƙarfe gabaɗaya shine 241-321HBW, taurin saman sarkar bayan maganin nitriding dole ne ya kai 600-800HV, kuma zurfin layin nitriding ana buƙatar ya zama 0.3-0.6mm. Ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa sun fi tsauri wajen tantance sakamakon. Idan sakamakon gwajin bai cika buƙatun ba, ba wai kawai za a yi la'akari da sarƙar a matsayin wadda ba ta cancanta ba, har ma za a ninka nau'ikan samfuran iri ɗaya don ɗaukar samfur. Idan har yanzu akwai samfuran da ba su cancanta ba, dole ne a sake sarrafa tarin samfuran.
Bukatun maimaitawa da sake haifuwa: Domin tabbatar da ingancin sakamakon gwajin, ana buƙatar a maimaita kowace ma'aunin gwaji, yawanci sau 3-5, kuma matsakaicin ƙimar ana ɗaukarta a matsayin sakamakon ƙarshe. Ya kamata a sarrafa bambancin sakamakon gwaji na samfurin iri ɗaya ta hanyar masu aiki daban-daban a cikin wani takamaiman iyaka, kamar bambancin sakamakon gwajin tauri na Rockwell gabaɗaya bai wuce ±1HRC ba, bambancin sakamakon gwajin tauri na Brinell gabaɗaya bai wuce ±2% ba, kuma bambancin sakamakon gwajin tauri na Vickers gabaɗaya bai wuce ±1HV ba.

7.2 Aiwatar da sakamako da kuma kula da inganci
Sakamakon gwajin taurin kai ba wai kawai shine tushen tantance ko samfurin ya cancanta ba, har ma da muhimmin ma'ana don kula da inganci da haɓaka tsari.
Kula da Inganci: Ta hanyar gwajin tauri, ana iya gano matsaloli a cikin tsarin samarwa, kamar lahani na kayan aiki da kuma maganin zafi mara kyau, akan lokaci. Misali, idan gwajin ya gano cewa tauri na sarkar ya yi ƙasa da abin da ake buƙata na yau da kullun, yana iya zama cewa zafin maganin zafi bai isa ba ko kuma lokacin riƙewa bai isa ba; idan tauri ya fi abin da ake buƙata na yau da kullun, yana iya zama cewa kashe maganin zafi ya wuce gona da iri. Dangane da sakamakon gwajin, kamfanin zai iya daidaita tsarin samarwa akan lokaci don tabbatar da daidaito da daidaiton ingancin samfur.
Inganta tsari: Sakamakon gwajin tauri yana taimakawa wajen inganta tsarin kera sarƙoƙin nadi masu daidaito. Misali, ta hanyar nazarin canje-canjen tauri na sarkar a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin magance zafi daban-daban, kamfanin zai iya tantance mafi kyawun sigogin maganin zafi da inganta juriyar lalacewa da juriyar gajiya na sarkar. A lokaci guda, gwajin tauri kuma zai iya samar da tushe don zaɓar kayan aiki don tabbatar da cewa tauri na kayan aiki ya cika buƙatun ƙira, ta haka ne inganta ingancin samfurin gaba ɗaya.
Karɓar samfura da isar da su: Kafin samfurin ya bar masana'anta, sakamakon gwajin tauri muhimmin tushe ne na karɓar abokan ciniki. Rahoton gwajin tauri wanda ya cika ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun na iya ƙara kwarin gwiwar abokan ciniki game da samfurin da kuma haɓaka tallace-tallace da tallan samfura. Ga samfuran da ba su cika ƙa'idodi ba, kamfanin yana buƙatar sake sarrafa su har sai sun ci jarrabawar tauri kafin a iya isar da su ga abokan ciniki, wanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta suna a kasuwa da kuma gamsuwar abokan ciniki.
Bin diddigin inganci da ci gaba da ingantawa: Rikodi da nazarin sakamakon gwajin tauri na iya samar da tallafin bayanai don bin diddigin inganci. Lokacin da matsalolin inganci suka faru, kamfanoni za su iya bin diddigin sakamakon gwajin don gano tushen matsalar da kuma ɗaukar matakan ingantawa da aka yi niyya. A lokaci guda, ta hanyar tattara bayanai da nazarin bayanan gwaji na dogon lokaci, kamfanoni za su iya gano matsalolin inganci da hanyoyin inganta tsari, da kuma cimma ci gaba da inganta inganci.