Gabatarwa ga hanyoyin magance zafi na yau da kullun don sarƙoƙin nadi

Gabatarwa ga hanyoyin magance zafi na yau da kullun don sarƙoƙin nadi
A tsarin kera sarƙoƙin naɗawa, tsarin maganin zafi muhimmin abu ne don inganta aikinsu. Ta hanyar maganin zafi, ƙarfi, tauri, juriyar lalacewa da kuma tauri na sarƙoƙin naɗawa za a iya inganta su sosai, ta haka za a tsawaita rayuwarsu ta hidima da kuma biyan buƙatun amfani a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban masu rikitarwa na aiki. Ga cikakken bayani game da hanyoyin magance zafi da yawa na sarƙoƙin naɗawa:

I. Tsarin kashewa da dumamawa
(I) Kashewa
Quenching tsari ne na dumama sarkar na'urar zuwa wani zafin jiki (yawanci sama da Ac3 ko Ac1), kiyaye ta dumi na wani lokaci, sannan a sanyaya ta da sauri. Manufarta ita ce a sa sarkar na'urar ta sami babban tauri da kuma tsarin martensitic mai ƙarfi. Kayan kashe wuta da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da ruwa, mai da ruwan gishiri. Ruwa yana da saurin sanyaya da sauri kuma ya dace da sarkar na'urar ...
(II) Mai jurewa
Tempering tsari ne na sake dumama sarkar na'urar da aka kashe zuwa wani zafin jiki (yawanci ƙasa da Ac1), kiyaye ta dumi, sannan a sanyaya ta. Manufarta ita ce kawar da damuwar ciki da ake samu yayin aikin kashewa, daidaita taurin, da inganta taurin. Dangane da zafin zafin da aka dumama, ana iya raba shi zuwa tempering mai ƙarancin zafi (150℃-250℃), tempering mai matsakaicin zafi (350℃-500℃) da tempering mai matsakaicin zafi (500℃-650℃). Tempering mai ƙarancin zafi na iya samun tsarin martensite mai tsauri tare da babban tauri da kyakkyawan tauri; tempering mai matsakaicin zafi na iya samun tsarin troostite mai tsauri tare da ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa da kyakkyawan filastik da ƙarfi; tempering mai matsakaicin zafi na iya samun tsarin troostite mai tsauri tare da kyawawan halaye na injiniya.

2. Tsarin yin amfani da carburizing
Carburizing shine don sanya ƙwayoyin carbon su shiga saman sarkar na'urar don samar da wani Layer mai yawan carbon, wanda hakan zai inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa, yayin da zuciyar har yanzu tana riƙe da taurin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon. Tsarin Carburizing ya haɗa da carburizing mai ƙarfi, gas carburizing da ruwa carburizing. Daga cikinsu, gas carburizing shine mafi yawan amfani. Ta hanyar sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayin carburizing, ana shigar da ƙwayoyin carbon cikin farfajiyar a wani yanayi da lokaci. Bayan carburizing, compressing da low-zafi Tempering yawanci ana buƙatar don ƙara inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa.

3. Tsarin nitriding
Nitriding shine a shigar da ƙwayoyin nitrogen a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da nitrides, ta haka ne za a inganta taurin saman, juriyar lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya. Tsarin nitriding ya haɗa da nitriding na gas, nitriding na ion da nitriding na ruwa. Nitriding na gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da nitrogen, kuma a wani yanayi da zafin jiki, a bar ƙwayoyin nitrogen su shiga saman. Sarkar na'urar na'urar na'urar bayan nitriding yana da tauri mai yawa, juriya mai kyau ga lalacewa, da ƙananan nakasa, wanda ya dace da sarkar na'urar ...

4. Tsarin Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding shine a shigar da carbon da nitrogen a saman sarkar na'urar a lokaci guda don samar da carbonitrides, ta haka ne za a inganta taurin saman, juriyar lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya. Tsarin carbonitriding ya haɗa da iskar gas da carbonitriding ruwa. Carbonitriding na iskar gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da carbon da nitrogen, kuma a wani yanayi da lokaci, a bar carbon da nitrogen su shiga saman a lokaci guda. Sarkar na'urar na'urar bayan carbonitriding yana da tauri mai yawa, juriya mai kyau, da kuma kyakkyawan aikin hana cizo.

5. Tsarin rage zafi
Annealing tsari ne da ake dumama sarkar nadi zuwa wani zafin jiki (yawanci 30-50℃ sama da Ac3), a ajiye ta a ɗumi na wani lokaci, a hankali a sanyaya ta zuwa ƙasa da 500℃ tare da murhu, sannan a sanyaya ta a cikin iska. Manufarta ita ce rage tauri, inganta laushi da tauri, da kuma sauƙaƙe sarrafawa da kuma maganin zafi daga baya. Sarkar nadi bayan annealing tana da tsari iri ɗaya da kuma tauri matsakaici, wanda zai iya inganta aikin yankewa.

6. Daidaita tsarin aiki
Daidaita sarkar na'urar tsari ne da ake dumama sarkar na'urar zuwa wani zafin jiki (yawanci sama da Ac3 ko Acm), a ajiye ta a ɗumi, a fitar da ita daga tanda a sanyaya ta a cikin iska. Manufarta ita ce a tace hatsi, a sa tsarin ya zama iri ɗaya, a inganta tauri da ƙarfi, da kuma inganta aikin yankewa. Sarkar na'urar bayan daidaita ta yana da tsari iri ɗaya da tauri matsakaici, wanda za a iya amfani da shi azaman maganin zafi na ƙarshe ko azaman maganin zafi na farko.

7. Tsarin maganin tsufa
Maganin tsufa tsari ne da ake dumama sarkar nadi zuwa wani zafin jiki, a ajiye ta a ɗumi na wani lokaci, sannan a sanyaya ta. Manufarsa ita ce kawar da damuwa da ta rage, daidaita girmanta, da kuma inganta ƙarfi da tauri. Maganin tsufa an raba shi zuwa tsufa na halitta da tsufa na wucin gadi. Tsufa na halitta shine a sanya sarkar nadi a zafin ɗaki ko yanayin halitta na dogon lokaci don kawar da damuwar da ta rage a hankali; tsufa na wucin gadi shine a dumama sarkar nadi zuwa mafi girman zafin jiki da kuma yin maganin tsufa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

8. Tsarin kashe saman
Kashe saman abu tsari ne na dumama saman sarkar na'urar zuwa wani zafin jiki da kuma sanyaya shi da sauri. Manufarsa ita ce inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa, yayin da zuciyar har yanzu tana riƙe da kyakkyawan tauri. Tsarin kashe saman abu ya haɗa da kashe saman abu, kashe saman abu, da kuma kashe saman abu ta hanyar lantarki. Kashe saman abu ta hanyar dumama abu ta amfani da zafin da wutar lantarki ta haifar don dumama saman sarkar na'urar, wanda ke da fa'idodin saurin dumama, ingancin kashewa mai kyau, da ƙananan canje-canje.

9. Tsarin ƙarfafa saman
Tsarin ƙarfafa saman shine ƙirƙirar wani Layer mai ƙarfi tare da halaye na musamman a saman sarkar naɗa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin zahiri ko na sinadarai, ta haka ne inganta taurin saman, juriyar lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya. Tsarin ƙarfafa saman da aka saba amfani da shi sun haɗa da buɗewar harbi, ƙarfafa birgima, ƙarfafa shigar ƙarfe, da sauransu. Buɗewar harbi shine amfani da harbi mai sauri don shafar saman sarkar naɗa, ta yadda ake samar da matsin lamba na matsi da ya rage a saman, ta haka ne ake inganta ƙarfin gajiya; ƙarfafa birgima shine amfani da kayan aikin birgima don birgima saman sarkar naɗa, ta yadda saman zai samar da nakasa ta filastik, ta haka ne zai inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa.

10. Tsarin ban dariya
Boriding shine a shigar da ƙwayoyin boron a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da borides, ta haka ne za a inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa. Tsarin boriding ya haɗa da boriding na iskar gas da boriding na ruwa. Boriding na iskar gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da boron, kuma a wani yanayi da zafin jiki, a bar ƙwayoyin boron su shiga saman. Sarkar na'urar bayan boriding tana da tauri mai yawa, juriya mai kyau, da kuma kyakkyawan aikin hana cizo.

11. Tsarin maganin zafi na biyu mai haɗaka
Maganin zafi na biyu na quenching wani tsari ne na zamani na gyaran zafi, wanda ke inganta aikin sarƙoƙi na birgima ta hanyar quenching da tempering guda biyu. Wannan tsari yawanci ya haɗa da matakai masu zuwa:
(I) Kashewa ta farko
Ana dumama sarkar naɗawa zuwa yanayin zafi mafi girma (yawanci ya fi yanayin zafi na yau da kullun) don ƙara ƙarfin tsarin cikinsa gaba ɗaya, sannan a sanyaya da sauri don samar da tsarin martensitic. Manufar wannan matakin shine inganta tauri da ƙarfin sarkar naɗawa.
(II) Na farko da ake sarrafa shi
Ana dumama sarkar nadi bayan an fara kashewa zuwa matsakaicin zafin jiki (yawanci tsakanin 300℃-500℃), ana ajiye ta a ɗumi na wani lokaci sannan a sanyaya. Manufar wannan matakin ita ce a kawar da damuwar da ke cikinta da ake samu yayin aikin kashewa, yayin da ake daidaita taurin da kuma inganta taurin.
(III) Kashewa ta biyu
Sarkar naɗi bayan an fara dumama ta za ta sake dumama zuwa yanayin zafi mafi girma, amma kaɗan ƙasa da zafin kashewa na farko, sannan a sanyaya da sauri. Manufar wannan matakin ita ce ƙara inganta tsarin martensitic da inganta tauri da juriyar lalacewa na sarkar naɗi.
(IV) Na biyu mai ɗumama jiki
Ana dumama sarkar naɗin bayan an kashe ta na biyu zuwa ƙaramin zafin jiki (yawanci tsakanin 150℃-250℃), ana ajiye ta a ɗumi na wani lokaci sannan a sanyaya. Manufar wannan matakin ita ce a ƙara kawar da damuwa ta ciki, a daidaita girman, da kuma kiyaye juriyar tauri da lalacewa mai yawa.

12. Tsarin sarrafa carburizing na ruwa
Gilashin ruwa na carburizing wani tsari ne na musamman na carburizing wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin carbon su shiga saman ta hanyar nutsar da sarkar na'urar a cikin wani abu mai kama da carburizing. Wannan tsari yana da fa'idodin saurin carburizing mai sauri, layin carburizing mai daidaito, da kuma kyakkyawan sarrafawa. Ya dace da sarƙoƙin na'urar na'ura masu siffofi masu rikitarwa da buƙatun daidaiton girma mai girma. Bayan gilashin ruwa, ana buƙatar kashewa da rage zafin jiki don ƙara inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa.

13. Tsarin taurarewa
Taurarewa yana nufin inganta tauri da juriyar lalacewa ta hanyar inganta tsarin ciki na sarkar nadi. Matakan takamaiman sune kamar haka:
(I) Dumamawa
Ana dumama sarkar nadi zuwa zafin da zai taurare don narkewa da kuma yaɗuwa abubuwa kamar carbon da nitrogen a cikin sarkar.
(ii) Rufi
Bayan kai yanayin zafin da zai taurare, a ajiye wani lokaci na musamman don sanya abubuwan su watsu daidai kuma su samar da mafita mai ƙarfi.
(iii) Sanyaya
Da sauri sanyaya sarkar, maganin mai ƙarfi zai samar da tsarin hatsi mai kyau, inganta taurin kai da juriyar lalacewa.

14. Tsarin Shigar Karfe
Tsarin shigar ƙarfe cikin ruwa shine a shigar da abubuwan ƙarfe cikin saman sarkar na'urar don samar da mahaɗan ƙarfe, ta haka ne za a inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa. Tsarin shigar ƙarfe cikin ruwa na yau da kullun ya haɗa da shigar ƙarfe cikin ruwa da shigar vanadium. Tsarin shigar ƙarfe shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da chromium, kuma a wani yanayi da zafin jiki, ƙwayoyin chromium suna shiga saman don samar da mahaɗan chromium, ta haka ne za a inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa.

15. Tsarin Aluminum
Tsarin alumination shine a shigar da atom na aluminum a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da mahaɗan aluminum, ta haka ne za a inganta juriyar oxidation da juriyar tsatsa a saman. Tsarin alumination ya haɗa da alumination na gas da alumination na ruwa. Alumination na gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da aluminum, kuma a wani yanayi na zafin jiki da lokaci, atom na aluminum suna shiga saman. Saman sarkar na'urar bayan shigar aluminum yana da juriyar oxidation mai kyau da juriyar tsatsa, kuma ya dace da amfani a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa da lalata.

16. Tsarin shigar jan ƙarfe
Tsarin shigar jan ƙarfe shine a shigar da ƙwayoyin jan ƙarfe a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da mahaɗan jan ƙarfe, ta haka ne za a inganta juriyar lalacewa a saman da kuma aikin hana cizo. Tsarin shigar jan ƙarfe ya haɗa da shigar jan ƙarfe a cikin iskar gas da shigar jan ƙarfe a cikin ruwa. Shigar jan ƙarfe a cikin iskar gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da jan ƙarfe, kuma a wani yanayi na zafin jiki da lokaci, ana shigar da ƙwayoyin jan ƙarfe a cikin saman. Fuskar sarkar na'urar ...

17. Tsarin shigar da titanium cikin ruwa
Tsarin shigar da titanium a cikin atoms ɗin titanium shine a shigar da atoms ɗin titanium a saman sarkar naɗa don samar da mahaɗan titanium, ta haka ne za a inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa. Tsarin shigar da titanium ya haɗa da shigar da titanium ta iskar gas da shigar da titanium ta ruwa. Shigar da titanium ta iskar gas shine a sanya sarkar naɗa a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da titanium, kuma a wani yanayi da zafin jiki, ana shigar da atoms ɗin titanium a cikin saman. Saman sarkar naɗa bayan shigar titanium yana da kyakkyawan tauri da juriyar lalacewa, kuma ya dace da yanayin aiki tare da babban tauri da buƙatun juriyar lalacewa mai yawa.

18. Tsarin haɗa cobalt
Tsarin hada sinadarin cobalt shine a shigar da kwayoyin cobalt a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da mahaɗan cobalt, ta haka ne za a inganta tauri da juriyar lalacewa na saman. Tsarin hada sinadarin cobalt ya haɗa da hada sinadarin gas da kuma hada sinadarin cobalt a ruwa. Hada sinadarin gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai dauke da sinadarin cobalt, kuma a wani yanayi da aka saba, ana shigar da kwayoyin cobalt a saman. Tsarin hada sinadarin bayan hada sinadarin cobalt yana da kyakkyawan tauri da juriyar lalacewa, kuma ya dace da yanayin aiki tare da babban tauri da kuma yawan bukatar juriyar lalacewa.

19. Tsarin yin sirkoni
Tsarin zirconization shine a shigar da ƙwayoyin zirconium a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da mahaɗan zirconium, ta haka ne za a inganta tauri da juriyar lalacewa na saman. Tsarin zirconization ya haɗa da zirconization na gas da zirconization na ruwa. Zirconization na gas shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da zirconium, kuma a wani yanayi da aka ƙayyade, ana shigar da ƙwayoyin zirconium cikin saman. Tsarin sarkar na'urar ...

20. Tsarin shigar da Molybdenum
Tsarin shigar molybdenum shine a shigar da ƙwayoyin molybdenum a saman sarkar na'urar don samar da mahaɗan molybdenum, ta haka ne za a inganta tauri da juriyar lalacewa na saman. Tsarin shigar molybdenum ya haɗa da shigar gas molybdenum da shigar ruwa molybdenum. Shigar gas molybdenum shine a sanya sarkar na'urar a cikin yanayi mai ɗauke da molybdenum, kuma a wani yanayi da zafin jiki, a bar ƙwayoyin molybdenum su shiga saman. Saman sarkar na'urar bayan shigar molybdenum yana da kyakkyawan tauri da juriyar lalacewa, kuma ya dace da yanayin aiki wanda ke buƙatar babban tauri da juriyar lalacewa.