Yadda Ake Tabbatar Da Cewa Miƙewa Daga Inji Ba Zai Haifar Da Wuya Ba Nauyin Miƙewa Na Sarƙoƙi Masu Naɗi

Yadda Ake Tabbatar Da Cewa Miƙewa Daga Inji Ba Zai Haifar Da Wuya Ba Nauyin Miƙewa Na Sarƙoƙi Masu Naɗi

A tsarin watsawa na masana'antu, sarƙoƙin nadi, saboda ingancinsu da dorewarsu, sun zama manyan sassan watsawa a cikin jigilar injuna, kayan aikin noma, da kera motoci. Miƙa injina muhimmin tsari ne a cikin shigar da sarƙoƙin nadi, aikawa, da kulawa. Ingantaccen aikin sa kai tsaye yana ƙayyade rayuwar sabis na sarƙoƙin da kwanciyar hankali na kayan aiki. Rashin aiki mara kyau wanda ke haifar da miƙewa fiye da kima ba wai kawai zai iya haifar da gazawar sarƙoƙi da wuri ba, har ma yana iya haifar da jerin matsaloli, gami da lokacin hutun kayan aiki da haɗuran samarwa. Wannan labarin zai yi nazari sosai kan manyan ƙa'idodin shimfiɗa injina, ya bincika haɗarin shimfiɗawa fiye da kima, kuma ya samar da tsarin rigakafi na kimiyya da aiki daga fannoni uku: shiri, aiwatarwa, da gwaji da kulawa.

1. Fahimtar Haɗin Kai Tsakanin Miƙa Inji da Miƙa Sarkar Naɗawa

Kafin mu tattauna "yadda za a hana" wannan, dole ne mu fara fayyace "me" - ta hanyar fahimtar tsarin shimfiɗa injina da kuma sharuɗɗan ayyana shimfiɗa fiye da kima ne kawai za mu iya rage haɗarin da ke tushen su. 1. Babban Aikin shimfiɗa injina: Ba "Tsawon Sarka" ba amma "Daidaitaccen Daidaitawa"

Miƙewa ta injina ba wai kawai tana shimfiɗa sarkar nadi da ƙarfin waje ba ne. Ma'anarta ita ce amfani da ƙarfin injina mai sarrafawa don cimma matsin lamba na sarkar da aka riga aka saita yayin shigarwa ko kuma kawar da tarin nakasar filastik da ke faruwa sakamakon aiki na dogon lokaci yayin gyara. Takamaiman yanayin aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da:

Gabatar da sarka kafin a fara aiki: A lokacin da ake yin aiki, akwai ƙananan gibi tsakanin sassa kamar faranti na sarka, fil, da na'urori masu juyawa. Miƙawa ta injina na iya karya waɗannan gibi kafin a fara aiki, yana hana girgiza da hayaniya da ke faruwa sakamakon wuce gona da iri a lokacin aikin farko.

Gyaran tsohuwar sarka yayin gyarawa: Sarkokin nadi da aka daɗe ana aiki da su za su fuskanci tsawaitar sautin saboda lalacewa. Miƙewar injina na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko sarkar tana cikin amintaccen kewayon aiki ko kuma rama wannan tsawaitawar ta hanyar daidaita matsewar.

Daidaitawar aiki tare a cikin watsawa da yawa-axis: Lokacin da kayan aiki ke amfani da sarƙoƙi na nadi da yawa, shimfiɗa injina yana tabbatar da daidaiton tashin hankali a duk sarƙoƙi, yana hana ɗaukar nauyi akan sarƙoƙi daban-daban saboda rarraba ƙarfi mara daidaituwa. 2. Bayyana Ƙarfin Wucewa: Layin Ja daga "Ƙaramin Tsawo" zuwa "Ƙarshen Faɗuwa"
Za a iya raba "miƙa" sarkar nadi zuwa nau'i biyu: miƙa mai laushi (wanda za a iya murmurewa bayan an cire ƙarfin waje) da miƙa filastik (nakasa ta dindindin bayan ƙarfin waje ya wuce wurin samar da kayan). Tushen miƙa mafi girma shine "miƙa filastik mai yawa," yawanci ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar tsawaitawa:

Ga sarƙoƙin naɗawa na yau da kullun: tsawaitar sautin da ta wuce kashi 3% ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin mai shimfiɗawa sosai kuma tana buƙatar maye gurbinta;

Ga sarƙoƙin na'urorin watsawa masu nauyi/sauri mai ƙarfi: tsawaita sautin da ya wuce kashi 2% abin damuwa ne, kuma wuce kashi 2.5% yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa.

Ƙarfin da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin shimfiɗa injina ya wuce ƙarfin yawan kayan sarkar, ko kuma lokacin shimfiɗawa ya yi tsayi sosai, wanda ke haifar da tarin ƙwayoyin filastik da yawa.

2. Hatsarin Ƙarfin Jiki: Fiye da "Rashin Sarka," "Babbar Kayan Aiki" ce

Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa "miƙawa fiye da kima kawai yana nufin sarkar ba za ta daɗe ba," amma a zahiri, miƙawa fiye da kima na iya haifar da tasirin gaske ga tsarin watsawa gaba ɗaya kuma har ma yana iya haifar da haɗurra na aminci.

1. Haɗarin Kai Tsaye: Lalacewar Sarkar Da Ba Za Ta Iya Juyawa Ba

Karyewar Faranti na Sarka: Miƙewa da yawa na iya haifar da yawan damuwa a ramukan farantin sarka, wanda ke haifar da tsagewa a gefunan ramukan bayan aiki na dogon lokaci.

Saurin Lalacewar Pin: Lalacewar filastik yana ƙara tsattsagewar tsakanin fil da ramin farantin sarka, yana haifar da lalacewa sau 3-5 fiye da yadda aka saba.

Karyewar Na'urar Birgima: Ƙarfi mara daidaito yayin miƙewa na iya haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin na'urar birgima da hannun riga, yana hana na'urar birgima juyawa cikin sauƙi da kuma ƙara ta'azzara lalacewa. 2. Haɗarin da Ba a Kai Tsaye Ba: Matsalolin da ke Jefawa a Tsarin Watsawa

Daidaiton Yaɗuwar Lalacewar Sarka: Miƙa sarka da yawa yana ƙara yawan sautin sarka, yana ƙara yawan damar yin amfani da haƙoran sprocket. Wannan na iya haifar da tsallake haƙora da kuma daina aiki da sarka, wanda hakan ke shafar daidaiton aikin kayan aiki (misali, ƙara kuskuren matsayi wajen isar da kayan aiki).

Rashin Tsarin Hakora Kafin Ya Kai Gaggawa: Idan sarka mai yawan manne da manne mai siffar ƙwallo ta yi kama da ta yau da kullun, ana amfani da ƙarfi mara daidaito ga haƙoran manne, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa da kuma zubar da haƙora a wuri guda, wanda hakan ke rage tsawon rayuwar mannewar.

Yawan Motoci: Idan sarkar ta yi yawa, juriyar aiki tana ƙaruwa, wanda ke buƙatar injin ya fitar da ƙarin ƙarfi don ci gaba da aiki. Wannan na iya haifar da zafi fiye da kima a cikin injin, ƙonewa, ko kuma yawan faɗuwa a cikin inverter a cikin dogon lokaci.

3. Babban Haɗari: Katsewar Samarwa da Haɗarin Tsaro

Ga masana'antun layin haɗa kayayyaki, karyewar sarka sakamakon tsawaita sarka da yawa na iya haifar da sa'o'i ko ma kwanaki na rashin aiki, wanda ke haifar da asarar tattalin arziki kai tsaye na dubun-dubatar yuan zuwa ɗaruruwan dubban yuan.

A cikin kayan ɗagawa da ɗagawa, shimfiɗa sarkar nadi mai yawa na iya haifar da faɗuwar abubuwa masu nauyi, wanda ke haifar da rauni ga mutum.

3. Babban Rigakafi: Cikakken Tsarin Gudanarwa daga "Shirye-shiryen Farko" zuwa "Aiwatarwa"

Mabuɗin guje wa miƙewa fiye da kima yayin miƙewa na inji shine ikon sarrafawa. Ta hanyar tsara tsari daidai, aiwatar da aiki daidaitacce, da kuma sa ido da dubawa a ainihin lokaci, ana iya kiyaye tsarin miƙewa a cikin "jerin roba" don hana lalacewar filastik mai yawa. Ga tsarin aiwatarwa mai zuwa:

Mataki na 1: Shiri Kafin A Miƙa - San Kanka da Maƙiyinka don Guji Aiki Makaho

Rashin isasshen shiri shine babban dalilin mikewa. Dole ne a kammala muhimman ayyuka guda uku kafin a mike:

1. Tantance "sigogin iyaka na sarkar."

Sarkokin na'urori masu tayal na samfura da kayayyaki daban-daban suna da ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa daban-daban da kuma tsawaitawa da aka yarda. Dole ne a ƙayyade mahimman sigogi a gaba ta hanyar duba littafin samfurin ko gudanar da gwaji:

Nauyin tensile mai ƙima: Matsakaicin ƙarfin tensile da sarkar za ta iya jurewa ba tare da nakasar filastik ba (misali, nauyin tensile mai ƙima don sarkar nadi mai jerin 16A shine kimanin 15.8kN);

Tsawaita sautin da aka yarda da shi: An ƙayyade bisa ga yanayin aiki na kayan aiki (3% don yanayi na yau da kullun, ƙasa da 2.5% don yanayi mai nauyi);

Ƙarfin amfanin abu: Ana amfani da ƙarfin yawan amfanin manyan sassan sarkar (kamar 40Mn don faranti na sarka da 20CrMnTi don fil) a matsayin tushen ƙididdige ƙarfin juriya.

Shawara mai amfani: Idan littafin samfurin bai samu ba, yanke wani ɓangare na sarkar samfurin iri ɗaya kuma yi "miƙa gwaji." Yi amfani da injin gwaji mai ƙarfi don tantance wurin da za a yi amfani da shi, wanda zai zama abin nuni ga ainihin miƙewa. 2. Zaɓi Kayan Aiki da Kayan Aiki Masu Dacewa
Kayan aiki na yau da kullun don hanyoyin shimfiɗa injina sun haɗa da na'urorin tayar da hankali da hannu, na'urorin tayar da hankali na lantarki, da na'urorin tayar da hankali na hydraulic. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da zaɓar kayan aiki masu dacewa sune daidaiton da za a iya sarrafawa da kuma tashin hankali mai ɗorewa.

Ƙaramin sarka (fitilar ≤ 12.7mm): Ana iya amfani da na'urar ƙarfafawa ta hannu tare da makullin ƙarfin juyi don sarrafa tashin hankali (ƙayyade ƙimar ƙarfin juyi ta amfani da dabarar juyawa "ƙarfin juyi - tashin hankali").

Sarka mai matsakaici zuwa babba (tsawo 15.875-38.1mm): Ana ba da shawarar na'urar rage zafi ta lantarki mai nunin tashin hankali na dijital da kuma kashewa ta atomatik.

Sarkar mai nauyi (fitilar ≥ 50.8mm): Dole ne a yi amfani da na'urar rage matsin lamba ta hydraulic, ta amfani da famfon hydraulic don daidaita matsin lamba daidai da kuma guje wa ƙaruwar tashin hankali kwatsam.

Shawara Kan Gujewa: An haramta miƙewa da ƙarfi mara kyau (kamar amfani da crane) sosai. Wannan hanyar ba ta iya sarrafa tashin hankali ba kuma tana iya haifar da miƙewa da yawa cikin sauƙi. 3. Duba yanayin sarka da tushe.

Duba yanayin mikewa kafin mikewa zai iya taimakawa wajen hana haɗarin mikewa da ke haifar da "lalacewar haihuwa":

Duba yanayin sarkar: Duba ko akwai tsage-tsage a cikin faranti na sarkar, fil masu sassauƙa, da kuma naɗe-naɗen da ba su da matsala. Idan akwai wata matsala, gyara ko maye gurbinsu kafin a miƙe.

Daidaita tushe: Duba cewa gatari na sprocket suna layi ɗaya kuma suna da alaƙa da juna (karkacewar yakamata ta kasance ≤ 0.5 mm/m). Karkacewar tushe mai yawa na iya haifar da shimfiɗa sarkar a wuri ɗaya bayan shimfiɗawa saboda rashin daidaiton ƙarfi.

Tsaftacewa da shafawa: Cire mai da ƙazanta daga saman sarkar. A shafa man shafawa mai dacewa da sarkar don rage gogayya yayin mikewa da kuma guje wa yawan damuwa da gogayya ke haifarwa a wasu wurare.

Mataki na 2: Tsarin Miƙawa—Aikace-aikacen Ƙarfi Daidai Don Sarrafa Sauyin Canzawa

Babban aikin shimfiɗawa shine "gudun da ake iya sarrafawa, ƙarfin da za a iya sarrafawa, da kuma sa ido a ainihin lokaci." Dole ne a bi waɗannan matakai huɗu sosai:

1. Saita Sigogi na "Miƙawa Mai Ma'auni"

Domin gujewa yawan lalacewar filastik da ke faruwa sakamakon amfani da ƙarfi sau ɗaya, ya kamata a yi amfani da yanayin "miƙawa mai daraja". Takamaiman sigogi sune kamar haka:

Mataki na 1 (Kafin Miƙawa): A shafa kashi 30%-40% na nauyin tensile da aka kimanta na tsawon mintuna 5-10 don kawar da bugun farko a cikin sarkar kuma a lura da nakasar da ba ta dace ba.

Mataki na 2 (Miƙawa Aiki): A hankali ƙara ƙarfin tensile zuwa 60%-70% na nauyin tensile da aka ƙididdige kuma a riƙe na minti 10-15. Yanzu sarkar tana cikin matakin elastic miƙewa, kuma ana iya daidaita tensile ɗin kamar yadda ake buƙata.

Mataki na 3 (Miƙawa Mai Daidaitawa): Idan ana buƙatar ƙarin daidaitawa, ƙara ƙarfin tensile zuwa 80% na nauyin tensile da aka ƙima (ba fiye da 90%) ba, riƙe na minti 5, sannan a hankali a sauke kuma a sa ido don canje-canjen sautin. Babban Ka'ida: Dakatar da na minti 3-5 tsakanin kowane matakin shimfiɗawa don rarraba matsin lamba daidai gwargwado da kuma guje wa girgizar tensile kwatsam.
2. Sarrafa Gudun Miƙawa da Daidaito Tsakanin Ƙarfi
Saurin Miƙawa: Lokacin da ake miƙewa da hannu, saurin juyawar maƙulli ya kamata ya zama ≤ 1 juyawa/daƙiƙa. Idan ana miƙewa ta hanyar lantarki/hydraulic, ƙimar ƙaruwar ƙarfi ya kamata ya zama ≤ 5kN/daƙiƙa don guje wa "ƙarfin kwatsam" wanda zai iya haifar da yawan aiki a gida.
Daidaito: Lokacin shimfiɗawa, tabbatar da cewa wuraren tashin hankali a ƙarshen sarkar biyu sun daidaita da ma'aunin sarkar. Idan sarkar ta yi tsayi sosai (fiye da mita 5), ​​ƙara tallafi na taimako a tsakiya don hana rashin daidaiton ƙarfi saboda lanƙwasa sarkar saboda nauyinta.
Kula da Alkibla: Alkiblar shimfiɗawa ya kamata ta yi daidai da alkiblar nauyin aikin sarkar (misali, ya kamata a miƙa sarkar tuƙi a kan jirgin tuƙi) don guje wa karkacewar sarkar da tashin hankali na gefe ya haifar. 3. Kulawa a ainihin lokacin Yanayin Miƙewa: "Ku Lura, Auna, Kuma Ku Saurara"

Ana buƙatar sa ido mai girma dabam-dabam yayin aikin shimfiɗawa don gano alamun miƙewa da sauri:

Canzawa "Lura": Yi amfani da na'urar auna sigina ta vernier ko ma'aunin sigina don auna sigina ta sarkar a kowane minti 5 (a auna sigina 10 a jere sannan a ɗauki matsakaicin don ƙididdige sigina ta tsawon). Lokacin da sigina ta kusanci kashi 80% na ƙimar da aka yarda, a rage saurin miƙewa.

"Auna" Tashin Hankali: Yi amfani da nunin dijital na kayan aikin shimfiɗawa don sa ido kan tashin hankalin a ainihin lokacin. Idan tashin hankalin ya faɗi kwatsam (yana nuna lalacewar filastik na sarkar), daina shimfiɗawa nan da nan.

Sauti Marasa Dacewa: Idan aka ji ƙarar da ba a saba ji ba kamar "dannawa" ko "ƙara" yayin miƙewa, yana iya nuna rashin daidaito tsakanin farantin sarka da fil. Dakatar da na'urar don dubawa kuma gyara matsalar kafin ci gaba. 4. Daidaita Tsarin Saukewa: Guji "Lalacewar Maimaitawa"

Bayan cimma buƙatun shimfiɗawa da ake so, tsarin sauke kaya yana da mahimmanci. Sauke kaya mara kyau na iya haifar da sake dawowa da lalacewa:

Saurin Saukewa: A hankali rage tashin hankali. Ya kamata saurin saukewa ya yi daidai da saurin miƙewa, kuma a guji saukewa ba zato ba tsammani.

Dubawa Bayan Saukewa: Bayan saukewa, sake auna matakin sarkar don tabbatar da ko tsawaitar ta tabbata (miƙa mai laushi zai warke, yayin da miƙawar filastik za ta kasance). Idan tsawaitar ta wuce ƙimar da aka yarda, a maye gurbin sarkar nan da nan.

Tsaro na wucin gadi: Idan ana buƙatar adana sarkar na ɗan lokaci bayan an sauke ta, ya kamata a rataye ta a kan wani maƙallin da aka keɓe don guje wa matsewa da karkacewa, wanda zai iya shafar matsin lamba da aka daidaita.

Mataki na 3: Kulawa Bayan Miƙawa - "Ci gaba da Kulawa" don Tsawaita Rayuwar Sarkar

Miƙewa ta injina ba abu ne da za a yi sau ɗaya ba. Kulawa akai-akai bayan miƙewa zai iya gano matsalolin miƙewa cikin sauri:

1. Kafa "Fayil ɗin Miƙa Sarka"

Yi rikodin mahimman bayanai don kowane aikin shimfiɗawa don ƙirƙirar cikakken fayil ɗin sarrafa zagayowar rayuwa:

Ranar shimfiɗawa, mai aiki, samfurin kayan aiki;

Ƙararrawa kafin/bayan miƙewa, ƙimar tashin hankali, lokacin riƙewa;

Yanayin aiki na sarkar (nauyi, gudu, zafin jiki).

Ta hanyar kwatanta waɗannan fayiloli, zaku iya nazarin tsarin nakasa na shimfiɗa sarkar kuma ku samar da tushe don gyare-gyare na gaba ga sigogin shimfiɗawa.

2. A riƙa duba canje-canjen sautuka akai-akai

Ƙirƙiri tsarin duba jijiyoyi bisa ga yawan aikin kayan aiki:

Kayan aiki na yau da kullun: Dubawa kowane wata;

Kayan aiki masu nauyi/sauri: Dubawa na mako-mako;

Kayan aiki masu mahimmanci (kamar babban abin da ke kan layin samarwa): Duba tabo a lokacin dubawa na yau da kullun.

Idan tsawaitar sautin ya kai kashi 90% na ƙimar da aka yarda, a tsara kulawa a gaba don hana faɗuwa kwatsam. 3. Inganta yanayin aiki don rage taruwar shimfiɗa sarka.
Kula da shafa man shafawa: A riƙa ƙara man shafawa mai dacewa akai-akai (kamar man ma'adinai ko man roba) don rage lalacewa a sarka da kuma jinkirta tsawaita sautin.
Kula da kaya: Guji aikin ɗaukar kaya na dogon lokaci (ya kamata kaya ya zama ≤ 85% na nauyin da aka kimanta) don rage matsin lamba na shimfiɗa sarka.
Tsaftacewa da Kulawa: A riƙa cire ƙura da datti daga sarkar don hana tsawaitar sautin da ba ta dace ba sakamakon lalacewar gogewa.

4. Kurakurai da Aka Saba Yi Gujewa: Waɗannan Ayyukan "Da Alama Masu Dacewa" Suna Haɓaka Yawan Aiki

Ko da bayan sun ƙware a kan hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna faɗawa cikin kuskuren fahimta wanda ke haifar da yawan aiki. Ga wasu matsaloli guda uku da aka saba fuskanta:

Tatsuniya ta 1: "Gwargwadon yadda miƙewa ta yi tsauri, zai fi kyau; a guji sassautawa yayin aiki."

Gaskiya: Yawan damuwa yana fallasa sarkar ga dogon lokaci mai tsanani, yana hanzarta lalacewar filastik. Hanya mafi kyau ita ce a kiyaye sarkar ta faɗi cikin kashi 2%-4% na nisan tsakiya tsakanin sprockets guda biyu (a cikin watsawa a kwance). Ƙananan raguwa yana nuna ƙaruwar matsin lamba.

Tatsuniya ta 2: "Haɗa tsoffin sarƙoƙi da sababbi don daidaita tsayi ta hanyar shimfiɗawa."

Gaskiya: Tsohon sarkar ya riga ya fuskanci nakasar filastik. Idan aka haɗa shi da sabon sarkar don shimfiɗawa, tsohon sarkar zai fara miƙewa fiye da kima saboda raunin ƙarfinsa, wanda ke haifar da rarraba damuwa mara daidaito a cikin sarkar. Hanyar da ta dace ita ce a maye gurbin duk sarƙoƙi a cikin tsarin watsawa iri ɗaya da sababbi daga samfuri da rukuni ɗaya. Kuskuren fahimta 3: "Yin watsi da lalacewar sprocket da kawai shimfiɗa sarkar"
Gaskiya: Idan haƙoran sprocket ɗin sun yi rauni sosai (ƙafafun haƙoran sun yi kaifi, saman haƙoran suna barewa), ko da an miƙa sarkar zuwa madaidaicin matakin, za a ci gaba da amfani da ƙarfi mara daidaito yayin haɗa sarkar, wanda ke haifar da shimfiɗa sarkar a kaikaice. Hanya mafi kyau ita ce a duba yanayin sprocket ɗin kafin a shimfiɗa. Idan lalacewar sprocket ɗin ta wuce misali, a maye gurbin sprocket ɗin kafin a shimfiɗa sarkar.

5. Takaitawa: Ka'idoji Uku Masu Muhimmanci Don Tabbatar da Miƙa Mota Mai Ikon Sarrafawa

Yawan shimfiɗa sarƙoƙi na nadi da ke faruwa sakamakon shimfiɗa injina ya samo asali ne daga "kuskuren ɗan adam" da "rashin fahimtar sigogi." Don guje wa wannan haɗarin gaba ɗaya, ku tuna da waɗannan ƙa'idodi uku:
Sigogi Na Farko: Kafin a shimfiɗa, dole ne a fayyace sigogin sarkar mahimmanci kamar nauyin da aka ƙima da tsawaitawa da aka yarda da ita, kuma a guji dogaro da ƙwarewa.
Tsarin da za a iya sarrafawa: Yi amfani da shimfiɗawa a tsaye da kuma sa ido a ainihin lokaci don kiyaye tashin hankali da nakasa a cikin kewayon roba.
Kulawa Mai Ci Gaba: Bayan shimfiɗawa, yi dubawa akai-akai kuma inganta muhalli don jinkirta taruwar shimfiɗawa da tsawaita tsawon rayuwar sarkar.