Ta yaya hanyar shafa man shafawa a sarkar nadi ke shafar zaɓi?

Ta yaya hanyar shafa man shafawa a sarkar nadi ke shafar zaɓi?

A cewar kididdigar masana'antu, kusan kashi 60% na gazawar sarkar nadi da wuri yana faruwa ne saboda rashin kyawun man shafawa. Zaɓin hanyar man shafawa ba "matakin bayan gyara" ba ne amma babban abin la'akari ne tun daga farko. Ko dai a fitar da shi zuwa masana'antu, injunan noma, ko sarrafa abinci, yin watsi da daidaita hanyar man shafawa da halayen sarkar na iya rage tsawon rayuwar sarkar sosai da ƙara farashin aiki, koda tare da samfurin da kayan da suka dace. Wannan labarin zai rarraba hanyoyin man shafawa, ya yi nazari kan babban tasirinsu akan zaɓi, kuma ya samar da hanyoyin zaɓi masu amfani don taimaka muku guje wa kurakuran zaɓi na yau da kullun a cikin ayyukan fitarwa.

1. Fahimtar Bambance-bambancen da ke Tsakanin Manyan Hanyoyin Man Shafa Sarkar Na'ura Huɗu
Kafin a tattauna zaɓe, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fayyace iyakokin da suka dace na hanyoyin shafa man shafawa daban-daban. Ingancin samar da mai, daidaitawar muhalli, da kuma kuɗaɗen kulawa su ne ke ƙayyade "halayen asali" da ake buƙata a cikin sarkar.

1. Man shafawa da hannu (Shafawa/Gogewa)
Ka'ida: Ana shafa man shafawa akai-akai a wuraren gogayya kamar su fil da na'urori masu juyawa ta amfani da burushi ko mai.
Muhimman Abubuwa: Ƙananan farashi na kayan aiki da sauƙin aiki, amma rashin daidaiton man shafawa (wanda ke iya "ƙara shafawa" ko "ƙara shafawa") da rashin ci gaba da man shafawa abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare.
Aikace-aikacen da suka dace: Wurare a buɗe tare da ƙananan gudu (gudun layi < 0.5 m/s) da ƙananan lodi (nauyi < 50% na nauyin da aka kimanta), kamar ƙananan na'urori masu ɗaukar kaya da ɗagawa da hannu.

2. Man shafawa mai digon mai (Mai digon mai)
Ka'ida: Digon mai mai da ke amfani da nauyi (tare da bawul ɗin sarrafa kwarara) yana diga wani adadin mai a cikin sarkar haɗin gwiwa. Ana iya daidaita mitar mai bisa ga yanayin aiki (misali, digo 1-5 a minti ɗaya).
Muhimman Abubuwa: Man shafawa iri ɗaya da man shafawa mai kyau na wurare masu mahimmanci yana yiwuwa. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar ba ta dace da aikace-aikacen sauri ba (digon mai yana iya wargazawa cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ƙarfin centrifugal) kuma yana buƙatar sake cika tankin mai akai-akai. Aikace-aikacen da suka dace: Yanayi mai kewaye da rabin-waje tare da matsakaicin gudu (0.5-2 m/s) da matsakaicin kaya, kamar sarƙoƙin tuƙi na kayan aikin injin da ƙananan sarƙoƙin fanka.

3. Man shafawa a cikin wanka mai mai (man shafawa a cikin nutsewa)
Ka'ida: Wani ɓangare na sarkar (yawanci ƙaramin sarkar) ana nutsar da shi a cikin wani wurin ajiyar mai mai shafawa a cikin akwati mai rufewa. A lokacin aiki, ana ɗaukar mai ta hanyar naɗe-naɗen, yana tabbatar da ci gaba da shafa mai a saman gogayya da kuma samar da zubar zafi.
Muhimman Abubuwa: Man shafawa mai isasshe da kuma fitar da zafi mai kyau, wanda ke kawar da buƙatar sake cika mai akai-akai. Duk da haka, sarkar tana da juriya mai yawa (ɓangaren da aka nutse yana shafar juriyar mai), kuma man yana iya gurɓata shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ƙazanta kuma yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa akai-akai.
Aikace-aikacen da suka dace: Muhalli masu saurin gudu (2-8 m/s) da manyan kaya, kamar sarƙoƙi a cikin na'urorin rage gudu da sarƙoƙi na manyan akwatunan gearbox.

4. Man shafawa mai feshi (Hazo mai matsin lamba mai yawa)
Ka'ida: Ana amfani da famfon mai ƙarfi wajen tace man shafawa ta hanyar fesawa kai tsaye a saman sarkar gogayya ta hanyar bututun fesawa. Hazo mai yana da ƙananan barbashi (5-10 μm) kuma yana iya rufe gine-gine masu rikitarwa ba tare da ƙarin juriya ba. Muhimman Sifofi: Ingantaccen amfani da man shafawa da kuma daidaitawa ga aikace-aikacen zafi mai sauri/zafi mai yawa. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar kayan fesa na musamman (wanda yake da tsada), kuma dole ne a dawo da hazo mai don guje wa gurɓatar muhalli.

Aikace-aikacen da suka dace: Muhalli mai sauri (>8 m/s), yanayin zafi mai yawa (>150°C), ko kuma yanayin buɗewa mai ƙura, kamar sarƙoƙin ma'adinai da sarƙoƙin injinan gini.

II. Mabuɗi: Tasiri Uku Masu Bayyana Tasirin Man Shafawa akan Zaɓin Sarkar Naɗaɗɗe

Lokacin zabar sarkar nadi, babban ƙa'idar ita ce "a fara tantance hanyar shafa man shafawa, sannan a fara tantance sigogin sarkar." Hanyar shafa man shafawa tana tantance kayan sarkar kai tsaye, ƙirar tsarin, har ma da farashin gyara daga baya. Wannan yana bayyana a cikin takamaiman girma uku:

1. Maganin Kayan Aiki da Fuskar Sama: "Matsakaicin Matsakaici" don Dacewa da Muhalli na Man Shafawa
Hanyoyi daban-daban na shafa man shafawa sun dace da halaye daban-daban na muhalli, kuma kayan sarkar dole ne su sami jurewar da ta dace:

Wanka/Fuska Mai: Lokacin amfani da man shafawa na masana'antu kamar man ma'adinai da man roba, sarkar tana da sauƙin kamuwa da mai da ƙazanta. Ya kamata a zaɓi kayan da ke jure tsatsa, kamar ƙarfen carbon mai galvanized (don amfani gabaɗaya) ko ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe (don yanayi mai danshi ko mai laushi). Don aikace-aikacen zafi mai yawa (>200°C), ya kamata a zaɓi ƙarfe masu jure zafi (kamar ƙarfe Cr-Mo) don hana laushi saboda yawan zafin jiki. Man shafawa da hannu: Don amfani a masana'antar abinci (misali, jigilar abinci), dole ne a zaɓi kayan da suka dace da abinci (misali, ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe 304), kuma dole ne a goge saman don hana ragowar man shafawa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. Ya kamata a yi amfani da man shafawa na abinci (misali, farin mai).

Muhalli Mai Kura + Man Feshi: Kura tana mannewa cikin sauƙi a saman sarkar, don haka ana buƙatar maganin saman da ba ya jure lalacewa (misali, yin amfani da carbonizing, kashewa, ko phosphating) don hana ƙura haɗuwa da man shafawa don samar da "abrasives" da kuma hanzarta lalacewa ta sarkar.

2. Tsarin Tsarin: Daidaita Hanyar Man Shafawa shine Mabuɗin Inganci
Cikakkun bayanai na tsarin sarkar dole ne su “yi wa” hanyar shafa man shafawa; in ba haka ba, lalacewar shafa man zai faru.

Man shafawa da hannu: Ba a buƙatar ginawa mai sarkakiya ba, amma ana buƙatar babban sarka mai tsayi (>16mm) da kuma sharewa mai dacewa. Idan girman ya yi ƙanƙanta (misali, ƙasa da 8mm), man shafawa da hannu zai yi wahalar shiga tsakanin gogayya, yana haifar da "wurare marasa ma'ana na man shafawa." Man shafawa da wanka mai mai: Dole ne a yi amfani da kariya mai rufewa don hana zubewar mai da ƙazanta shiga, kuma dole ne a tsara sarkar da ramin jagora don mayar da mai zuwa wurin ajiyar mai, wanda ke rage sharar gida. Idan sarkar tana buƙatar lanƙwasawa a gefe, dole ne a ajiye sarari don kwararar mai a cikin mai gadi.

Man shafawa na feshi: Dole ne a tsara sarkar da faranti masu buɗewa (kamar faranti masu ramuka) don hana hazo daga toshewar hazo ta faranti masu ramuka da kuma hana shi isa saman gogayya tsakanin fil da birgima. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a samar da ma'ajiyar mai a ƙarshen biyun fil ɗin sarkar don adana hazo na ɗan lokaci da kuma ƙara tasirin man shafawa.

3. Dacewar Yanayin Aiki: Yana ƙayyade "Rayuwar Sabis ta Ainihin" na Sarkar

Zaɓar hanyar shafa man shafawa mara kyau don sarkar da ta dace na iya rage rayuwar sabis na sarkar kai tsaye da fiye da 50%. Yanayin yau da kullun sune kamar haka:

Kuskure na 1: Zaɓin "man shafawa da hannu" don sarkar sauri mai sauri (m/s) - Man shafawa da hannu ba zai iya cika buƙatun gogayya na aiki mai sauri ba, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa da kamawar fil cikin wata guda. Duk da haka, zaɓar man shafawa da aka fesa da faranti na sarka mai zurfi na iya tsawaita rayuwar sabis zuwa shekaru 2-3. Kuskure Ra'ayi na 2: Zaɓin "man shafawa da aka fesa" don sarka a masana'antar abinci - bandakunan mai na iya riƙe ragowar mai cikin sauƙi a cikin garkuwar, kuma canjin mai na iya gurɓata abinci cikin sauƙi. Zaɓin "man shafawa da hannu tare da sarkar ƙarfe 304" tare da man shafawa mai inganci na abinci ya cika ƙa'idodin tsabta kuma yana ba da tsawon rai sama da shekaru 1.5.

Kuskure na 3: Zaɓar "ƙarfe na carbon na yau da kullun tare da man shafawa na digo" don sarƙoƙi a cikin yanayi mai danshi - man shafawa na digo baya rufe saman sarkar gaba ɗaya, kuma iska mai danshi na iya haifar da tsatsa. Zaɓar "ƙarfe na carbon da aka yi da galvanized tare da man shafawa na mai" (yanayin da aka rufe yana ware danshi) na iya hana tsatsa.

III. Aikace-aikacen Aiki: Jagorar Matakai 4 don Zaɓin Sarkar Naɗaɗɗe bisa Tsarin Man Shafawa
Kwarewa cikin matakai masu zuwa zai taimaka muku daidaita "hanyar shafa man shafawa - sigogin sarkar" cikin sauri kuma ku guji kurakuran zaɓi yayin umarnin fitarwa:
Mataki na 1: Gano muhimman sigogi guda uku na yanayin aikace-aikacen
Da farko, tattara bayanai game da yanayin aiki na abokin ciniki; wannan shine sharadin tantance hanyar shafa man shafawa:
Sigogi na aiki: saurin layi na sarka (m/s), lokutan aiki na yau da kullun (h), nau'in kaya (nauyin kaya akai-akai/nauyin girgiza);
Sigogi na muhalli: zafin jiki (zafin jiki na yau da kullun/mai girma/ƙasa), danshi (bushe/danshi), gurɓatattun abubuwa (ƙura/mai/maganin lalata abubuwa);
Bukatun masana'antu: ko sarkar ta cika ƙa'idodi na musamman kamar matakin abinci (takardar shaidar FDA), ba ta fashewa (takardar shaidar ATEX), da kuma kariyar muhalli (takardar shaidar RoHS).

Mataki na 2: Daidaita hanyar shafa man shafawa bisa ga sigogi
Dangane da sigogi daga mataki na 1, zaɓi hanyoyin shafawa ɗaya ko biyu daga zaɓuɓɓuka huɗu da ake da su (duba yanayin da ya dace a sashe na 1). Misalan sun haɗa da:
Yanayi: Na'urar jigilar abinci (gudun layi 0.8 m/s, zafin ɗaki, ana buƙatar takardar shaidar FDA) → Zaɓi: Man shafawa da hannu (mai mai inganci a abinci);
Yanayi: Na'urar niƙa ma'adinai (gudun layi 12 m/s, zafin jiki mai yawa 200°C, ƙura mai yawa) → Zaɓi: Fesa mai (man fetur mai zafi mai zafi);
Yanayi: Watsa kayan aikin injin (gudun layi 1.5 m/s, muhallin da aka rufe, matsakaicin kaya) → Zaɓi: Man shafawa mai digo / Man shafawa mai wanka

Mataki na 3: Tace Sigogin Sarkar Maɓalli ta Hanyar Man Shafawa
Bayan tantance hanyar shafa man shafawa, mayar da hankali kan sigogin sarkar guda huɗu masu mahimmanci:
Hanyar Man Shafawa, Kayan da Aka Ba da Shawara, Maganin Fuskar Sama, Bukatun Tsarin, da Kayan Haɗi
Man shafawa da hannu: Karfe na Carbon / Bakin Karfe 304, An goge (Matsayin Abinci), Farashi > 16mm, Babu (ko gwangwanin mai)
Man shafawa na Digon Man Fetur: Karfe Mai Kauri / Karfe Mai Kauri, Mai Fosfate / Mai Baƙi, Mai Ramin Mai (Mai Sauƙin Digon Man Fetur), Digon Mai
Man shafawa na wanka mai mai: Karfe na Carbon / Cr-Mo, an yi masa kauri kuma an kashe shi, an rufe shi da kariya + Jagorar Mai, Ma'aunin Matakin Mai, Bawul ɗin Magudanar Mai
Man shafawa: Karfe Mai Juriya Da Zafi, Rufin da Ba Ya Juriya Da Lalacewa, Farantin Sarka Mai Rami + Ma'ajiyar Mai, Famfon Feshi, Na'urar Farfadowa

Mataki na 4: Tabbatarwa da Ingantawa (Gujewa Haɗarin Daga Baya)
Mataki na ƙarshe yana buƙatar tabbatarwa sau biyu tare da abokin ciniki da mai samar da kayayyaki:
Tabbatar da abokin ciniki ko hanyar shafa man shafawa ta cika buƙatun kayan aikin da ake buƙata a wurin (misali, ko akwai sarari don kayan feshi da kuma ko za a iya sake cika man shafawa akai-akai);
Tabbatar da mai samar da kayayyaki ko sarkar da aka zaɓa ta dace da wannan hanyar shafa man shafawa. "Tsawon rai da ake tsammani" da "zagayen kulawa." Ya kamata a samar da samfura don gwajin yanayin aiki idan ya cancanta.

Shawarar Ingantawa: Idan abokin ciniki yana da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi, ana iya ba da shawarar "mafita mai inganci" (misali, a aikace-aikacen matsakaicin sauri, man shafawa mai digo yana kashe ƙasa da kayan feshi da kashi 30% ƙasa da kayan feshi).

IV. Kurakuran Zaɓe da Aka Saba Yi da Matsalolin da ke tattare da Kasuwancin Fitar da Kaya

Ga fitar da sarkar na'ura, yin watsi da hanyar shafa man shafawa yana haifar da kashi 15% na riba da musanya. Ya kamata a guji waɗannan kurakurai uku:

Kuskure na 1: "Zaɓi samfurin sarkar farko, sannan ka yi la'akari da hanyar shafa man shafawa."

Hadari: Misali, idan aka zaɓi sarkar mai sauri (kamar RS60), amma abokin ciniki ya ba da izinin shafa man shafawa da hannu kawai a wurin, sarkar na iya lalacewa cikin wata guda.

Matsalolin da za a guje wa: Yi la'akari da "hanyar shafa man shafawa" a matsayin matakin farko na zaɓi. A bayyane yake nuna "hanyar shafa man shafawa da buƙatun tallafi" a cikin ambaton don guje wa jayayya daga baya. Tatsuniya ta 2: "Ana iya canza hanyar shafa man shafawa daga baya."
Hadari: Da farko abokin ciniki yana amfani da man shafawa da hannu sannan daga baya yana son canzawa zuwa man shafawa da ke wanke mai. Duk da haka, sarkar da ke akwai ba ta da garkuwar kariya, wanda ke haifar da zubewar mai da kuma buƙatar sake siyan sabuwar sarka.
Gujewa: A lokacin zaɓe, a sanar da abokin ciniki cewa hanyar shafa man shafawa tana da alaƙa da tsarin sarkar, wanda hakan ke sa farashin maye gurbin ya yi tsada. Dangane da tsarin haɓaka aikin abokin ciniki na shekaru uku, a ba da shawarar sarkar da ta dace da hanyoyin shafa man shafawa da yawa (kamar wacce ke da garkuwar cirewa).
Tatsuniya ta 3: "Sarkalolin abinci kawai suna buƙatar kayan su cika ƙa'idodi; hanyar shafa man shafawa ba ta da mahimmanci."
Hadari: Abokin ciniki yana siyan sarkar ƙarfe 304 (abin da aka yi da bakin karfe) amma yana amfani da man shafawa na masana'antu na yau da kullun (wanda ba na abinci ba), wanda hakan ke sa kwastam ta tsare samfurin a ƙasar abokin ciniki.
Gujewa: Don yin odar fitarwa zuwa masana'antar abinci, tabbatar da cewa dukkan fannoni uku na kayan sarkar, mai, da hanyar shafawa sun cika ka'idojin abinci kuma suna samar da takaddun shaida masu dacewa (kamar takardar shaidar FDA ko NSF).

Takaitaccen Bayani
Zaɓin sarkar na'ura ba batun "daidaita siga ɗaya ba ne" amma hanya ce mai tsari wacce ta ƙunshi "hanyar shafa mai, yanayin aiki, da halayen sarkar." Ga kasuwancin fitarwa, zaɓi mai kyau ba wai kawai yana inganta gamsuwar abokin ciniki ba (rage matsalolin bayan siyarwa) har ma yana nuna ƙwarewa. Bayan haka, abokan ciniki ba wai kawai suna son "sarkar" ba, suna son "sarkar da za ta yi aiki daidai akan kayan aikinsu na tsawon shekaru 2-3."