Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na Zaɓin Sarkar Naɗawa

Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na Zaɓin Sarkar Naɗawa

A cikin tsarin watsawa na masana'antu, sarƙoƙin nadi, a matsayin babban ɓangaren da ke haɗa aminci da daidaitawa, ana amfani da su sosai a fannoni daban-daban kamar kera injuna, kayan aikin noma, da jigilar kayayyaki.sarƙoƙi na nadi, kamfanoni sau da yawa suna faɗawa tarkon zaɓin "farashi kawai" - suna yarda cewa ƙarancin farashin siyan farko, haka nan yake da rahusa, yayin da yake yin watsi da kuɗaɗen da aka ɓoye kamar asarar lokacin hutu, hauhawar farashin kulawa, da ɓarnar makamashi wanda ka iya faruwa sakamakon zaɓin da bai dace ba. Zaɓin tattalin arziki na gaskiya yana mai da hankali kan wuce gona da iri na farashi da amfani da "Darajar Zagaye na Rayuwa (LCC)" a matsayin ginshiƙi don cimma mafi kyawun farashi a duk tsawon tsarin siye, amfani, da kulawa. Wannan labarin zai raba tushen ingancin tattalin arziki a zaɓin sarkar na'ura daga matakai uku: dabaru na zaɓi, manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri, da ƙa'idodi masu amfani.

I. Muhimmin Dabaru na Zaɓin Tattalin Arziki: Gujewa Tarkon "Farkon Farashi"

"Ingancin tattalin arziki" na sarƙoƙin roller ba wai kawai game da farashin siye ba ne, amma cikakken lissafi ne na "zuba jari na farko + kuɗaɗen aiki + asarar da aka ɓoye." Kamfanoni da yawa suna zaɓar sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki masu rahusa don sarrafa farashin ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma suna fuskantar yawan maye gurbin "kowane watanni uku," tare da rufe layin samarwa saboda kulawa da ƙaruwar farashin ma'aikata, wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da jimillar kuɗaɗen da suka zarce na sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki masu inganci.

Idan aka yi la'akari da masana'antar sarrafa sassan motoci a matsayin misali: Sarkar na'urar da ba ta da tsari wadda aka saya a Yuan 800 tana da matsakaicin tsawon rai na watanni 6 kacal, tana buƙatar maye gurbinta sau biyu a shekara. Kowace lokacin dakatar da aikin gyara shine awanni 4. Dangane da ƙimar fitarwa ta kowace awa ta Yuan 5000, asarar da aka ɓoye ta kowace shekara ta kai Yuan 40,000 (gami da aikin gyara da asarar fitarwa ta lokacin rashin aiki), tare da jimlar jarin shekara-shekara na 800×2+40000=yuan 41600. Sabanin haka, zaɓar sarkar na'urar na'ura mai inganci wacce ta dace da ƙa'idodin DIN, tare da farashin siyan farko na Yuan 1500, tsawon rai na watanni 24, wanda ke buƙatar gyara ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara da awanni 2 na lokacin rashin aiki, yana haifar da jimlar jarin shekara-shekara na 1500÷2+20000=yuan 20750. Rage farashi gaba ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu ya fi 50%.

Saboda haka, babban batun da ake magana a kai a cikin zaɓe ba "mai tsada ko mai rahusa ba ne," sai dai daidaito tsakanin "zuba jari na ɗan gajeren lokaci" da "ƙimar dogon lokaci." Jimlar Kudin Zagaye na Rayuwa (LCC) = Kudin Siyayya na Farko + Kudin Shigarwa + Kudin Kulawa + Asarar Lokacin Hutu + Kudin Makamashi + Kudin Zubar da Kaya. Ta hanyar zaɓar sarka bisa wannan dabarar ne kawai za a iya ƙara ingantaccen tattalin arziki.

II. Muhimman Abubuwa Huɗu Da Ke Shafar Ingantaccen Tattalin Arziki na Zaɓin Sarka

1. Daidaita Kaya da Ƙarfi: Gujewa "Tsarin da ya wuce kima" da "Ƙarfin da bai kai ba" Dole ne ƙarfin sarkar nadi ya dace da ainihin nauyin; wannan shine tushen ingancin tattalin arziki. Neman "ƙarfi mai girma" da kuma zaɓar samfurin sarkar da ya wuce buƙatun gaske (misali, zaɓar sarkar da ke da ƙimar nauyin 100kN don ainihin nauyin 50kN) zai ƙara farashin siye da fiye da 30%. A lokaci guda, ƙaruwar nauyin sarkar zai ƙara juriyar watsawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar amfani da makamashi na shekara-shekara da kashi 8%-12%. Akasin haka, zaɓar sarkar da ba ta da ƙarfi sosai zai haifar da karyewar gajiya, lalacewar hanyar haɗin sarkar da sauri, da kuma asarar ƙimar fitarwa ga kowace awa na lokacin aiki na iya zama daidai da sau da yawa farashin siyan sarkar da kanta.

Lokacin zabar samfuri, ya zama dole a ƙididdige ma'aunin aminci bisa ga rarrabuwar ƙarfi na ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa (kamar DIN, ASIN) da sigogi kamar nauyin da aka ƙididdige, nauyin tasiri, da nauyin kololuwa nan take a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na ainihi (ana ba da shawarar ma'aunin aminci na ≥1.5 don yanayin masana'antu da ≥2.0 don yanayin aiki mai nauyi). Misali, sarkar naɗa jerin 12A (fitila 19.05mm) ya dace da watsa matsakaicin kaya, yayin da jerin 16A (fitila 25.4mm) ya dace da yanayin aiki mai nauyi. Daidaitawa daidai zai iya sarrafa farashi na farko da kuma guje wa asarar da ba ta da ƙarfi da ta haifar.

2. Daidaita Yanayin Aiki: Zaɓin Kayan Aiki da Tsarin da Aka Keɓance Yanayi daban-daban na aiki suna sanya buƙatu daban-daban ga kayan aiki da tsarin sarƙoƙin nadi. Yin watsi da halayen yanayin aiki yayin zaɓe zai rage tsawon rayuwar sarƙoƙin kai tsaye kuma ya ƙara farashin kulawa: Ga yanayin aiki na yau da kullun (zafin jiki na yau da kullun, bushewa, nauyi mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici): sarƙoƙin nadi na ƙarfe na carbon sun isa, suna ba da mafi kyawun rabon aiki, ƙarancin farashin siye na farko, kulawa mai sauƙi, da tsawon rai na shekaru 1-2; Ga yanayin aiki mai lalata/danshi (sinadaran sinadarai, sarrafa abinci, kayan aiki na waje): ana buƙatar sarƙoƙin nadi na bakin ƙarfe ko sarƙoƙi tare da maganin hana lalata saman (galvanized, chrome-plated). Farashin siyan farko na waɗannan sarƙoƙi ya fi na sarƙoƙin ƙarfe na carbon girma da kashi 20%-40%, amma ana iya tsawaita tsawon lokacin aikinsu da sau 3-5, don guje wa asarar lokacin aiki da kuɗin aiki da ke faruwa sakamakon maye gurbin da ake yawan yi akai-akai.
Don yanayin zafi/ƙura mai yawa (ƙarfe, kayan gini, hakar ma'adinai): ya kamata a zaɓi sarƙoƙin nadi da aka yi da ƙarfe masu jure zafi mai yawa ko kuma tare da tsare-tsare masu rufewa. Tsarin da aka rufe yana rage ƙurar da ke shiga cikin gibin haɗin sarkar, yana rage saurin lalacewa, yana tsawaita lokacin gyara daga watanni 3 zuwa watanni 12, kuma yana rage farashin gyara na shekara-shekara da fiye da kashi 60%.
Ga yanayin jigilar kaya mai nisa (rarraba kayan aiki, injinan noma): Sarkunan jigilar kaya masu matakai biyu zaɓi ne mafi araha. Suna da girman firikwensin, nauyi mai sauƙi, ƙarancin juriya ga watsawa, ƙarancin amfani da makamashi fiye da sarƙoƙin nadi na yau da kullun da kashi 15%, rarraba kaya mafi dacewa, da kuma tsawon rai na kashi 20%.

3. Tsarin Rabon Kayan Aiki da Ingancin Watsawa: Kuɗin Makamashi da aka Boye
Daidaita rabon gear tsakanin sarkar na'urar birgima da sprocket yana shafar ingancin watsawa kai tsaye, kuma asarar inganci a ƙarshe yana haifar da farashin makamashi. Tsarin rabon gear mara kyau (kamar rashin daidaito tsakanin sarkar firam da adadin haƙoran sprocket) na iya haifar da rashin daidaiton raga, ƙaruwar gogayya mai zamiya, da raguwar ingancin watsawa da kashi 5%-10%. Ga na'urar 15kW tana aiki na tsawon awanni 8000 a kowace shekara, kowace raguwar inganci da kashi 1% yana haifar da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki 1200kWh a kowace shekara. A farashin wutar lantarki na masana'antu na 0.8 yuan/kWh, wannan yana nufin ƙarin yuan 960 a kowace shekara.

Lokacin zabar sprocket, ya kamata a bi “ƙa’idar ƙirar gear ratio”: ya kamata adadin haƙoran sprocket ya kasance tsakanin haƙora 17 zuwa 60 don guje wa lalacewar sarka mai yawa saboda ƙarancin haƙora ko ƙaruwar juriyar watsawa saboda yawan haƙora. A lokaci guda, zaɓar sarkar naɗa mai girman daidaiton bayanin haƙora da ƙaramin kuskuren firikwensin (kamar sarkar naɗa mai haɗin kai biyu na jerin A) na iya inganta daidaiton firikwensin, daidaita ingancin watsawa sama da kashi 95%, da kuma rage farashin makamashi sosai a cikin dogon lokaci.

4. Sauƙin Kulawa: "Fa'idar Ɓoyayyiyar Fa'idar" Rage Lokacin Rashin Lokaci Don Gyarawa "babban rami ne mai tsada" a cikin samar da masana'antu, kuma ƙirar tsarin sarƙoƙin naɗa kai tsaye yana shafar ingancin kulawa. Misali, sarƙoƙin naɗawa tare da hanyoyin haɗin kai suna ba da damar yin saurin daidaita tsawon sarƙoƙi, rage lokacin wargajewa da haɗuwa, da kuma rage zaman gyara ɗaya daga awanni 2 zuwa mintuna 30. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar hanyoyin haɗin sarƙoƙi na zamani suna kawar da buƙatar maye gurbin cikakken sarƙoƙi; hanyoyin haɗin da suka lalace ne kawai ake buƙatar maye gurbinsu, wanda ke rage farashin kulawa da kashi 70%.

Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a yi la'akari da sauƙin amfani da sassan sawa: zaɓar sarƙoƙin naɗawa waɗanda suka dace da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya yana ba da damar siyan sassan sawa a duk duniya kamar hanyoyin haɗi, naɗawa, da fil, don guje wa tsawaita lokacin aiki saboda ƙarancin sassa. Ayyukan keɓancewa na OEM/ODM da wasu kamfanoni ke bayarwa na iya ƙara inganta tsarin sarƙoƙi bisa ga buƙatun kayan aiki, wanda hakan ke ƙara inganta sauƙin kulawa.

III. Ra'ayoyi Uku Masu Ma'ana Game da Zaɓar Sarƙoƙi Don Inganta Tattalin Arziki, Faɗawa Cikin Tarkon Kashi 90% na Kamfanoni

1. Neman Farashi Mai Sauƙi A Idon Ido: Yin Watsi da Ka'idoji da Bin Dokoki
Sarkunan nadi marasa tsada waɗanda ba na yau da kullun ba galibi suna yanke kusurwa a cikin kayan aiki (ta amfani da ƙarfe mara ƙarancin carbon) da hanyoyin aiki (maganin zafi mara inganci). Duk da cewa farashin siyan farko ya ragu da kashi 30%-50%, tsawon rayuwar sarkar ta kasance kashi 1/3 kawai, kuma suna iya kamuwa da karyewa, toshewa, da sauran matsaloli, wanda ke haifar da rufe layin samarwa kwatsam. Asarar da aka samu daga lokacin aiki ɗaya na iya wuce farashin siyan sarkar.

2. Zane Mai Yawa: Neman Ƙarfin "Mai Yawa"
Wasu kamfanoni, don "saboda tsaro," suna zaɓar sarƙoƙi masu nauyi fiye da ƙarfin gaske. Wannan ba wai kawai yana ƙara farashin siye ba ne, har ma yana haifar da ƙaruwar amfani da makamashi saboda nauyin sarƙoƙin da ya wuce kima da juriyar watsawa, wanda a ƙarshe ke ƙara farashin aiki a cikin dogon lokaci.

3. Yin watsi da Kudaden Kulawa: Mai da hankali kan "Adadin Rayuwa," ba "Gyara" ba
Rashin la'akari da sauƙin gyara da wahalar siyan kayan gyara yayin zaɓe yana haifar da ɗaukar lokaci da tsadar gyara daga baya. Misali, wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai ya yi amfani da takamaiman sarkar na'ura mai juyawa. Bayan lalacewa da tsagewa, dole ne ya yi odar kayan maye gurbinsu daga ƙasashen waje, tare da jira har zuwa wata ɗaya, wanda ke haifar da rufe layin samarwa da asara mai yawa.

IV. Ka'idoji Masu Amfani don Zaɓin Sarkokin Naɗi a Tattalin Arziki

Zaɓin da ke da Nasarar Bayanai: A fayyace ainihin sigogi kamar nauyin da aka ƙima, gudu, zafin jiki, danshi, da kuma yanayin lalata a cikin ainihin yanayin aiki. Haɗa wannan da lissafin hannu na kayan aiki don tantance ƙarfin sarkar da ake buƙata, sautin, da buƙatun kayan aiki, a guji zaɓi bisa ga ƙwarewa.

Fifita Ka'idojin Ƙasashen Duniya: Zaɓi sarƙoƙin naɗawa waɗanda suka dace da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar DIN da ASIN don tabbatar da cewa kayan aiki, hanyoyin aiki, da daidaito sun cika ƙa'idodi, tabbatar da tsawon rai da aminci na sabis, yayin da kuma sauƙaƙe siyan kayan sawa.

Lissafa Jimlar Kudin Zagaye na Rayuwa: Kwatanta farashin siye na farko, zagayowar kulawa, amfani da makamashi, da asarar lokacin aiki na sarƙoƙi daban-daban, zaɓi zaɓi tare da mafi ƙarancin LCC, maimakon kawai duba farashin siye.

Daidaitawar Musamman don Yanayin Aiki: Don yanayin aiki na musamman (kamar zafin jiki mai yawa, tsatsa, da jigilar nesa), zaɓi mafita na musamman (kamar kayan aiki na musamman, tsarin rufewa, da kuma ingantattun rabon gear) don guje wa jinkirin aiki ko rashin isassun sarƙoƙi na manufa ta gabaɗaya.