Inkqubo yokuMiselwa kweMigangatho yoShishino lweRoller Chain

Inkqubo yokuMiselwa kweMigangatho yoShishino lweRoller Chain: Ukusuka kwiMechanical Foundation ukuya kwiNtsebenziswano yeHlabathi

Njenge "mithambo yegazi" yokudluliselwa kwemizi-mveliso, iiroller chain bezithwele umsebenzi ophambili wokudluliselwa kwamandla kunye nokuthuthwa kwezinto ukususela ekuqaleni kwazo. Ukususela kwimizobo kwiRenaissance ukuya kwizinto zanamhlanje ezichanekileyo ezinika amandla kushishino lwehlabathi, uphuhliso lweeroller chain luye lwadibana ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo yokumisela. Ukumisela akuchazi kuphela iDNA yobuchwepheshaimixokelelwane yerollerkodwa ikwamisela imithetho yokusebenzisana kwikhonkco lemizi-mveliso yehlabathi, ibe ngumqhubi ophambili wophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso olukumgangatho ophezulu kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

I. Umbungu kunye noPhando: Isiphithiphithi seTekhnoloji Ngaphambi kokumiswa kweMigangatho (Ngaphambi kweNkulungwane ye-19 - 1930s)
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji lwee-roller chain luqale ngaphambi kokusekwa kwenkqubo yokulinganisa. Eli xesha lokuhlola liqokelele amava abalulekileyo asebenzayo ekuqulunqweni kwemigangatho okulandelayo. Kwasekuqaleni malunga nowama-200 BC, i-keel waterwheel yelizwe lam kunye nepompo yamanzi ye-chain bucket yaseRoma yamandulo zabonisa iindlela zakudala zokuhambisa ii-chain. Nangona kunjalo, ezi conveyor chain zazilula ngesakhiwo kwaye zazinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile kuphela.

Ngexesha leRenaissance, uLeonardo da Vinci waqala ngokucebisa ingcamango yekhonkco lokudlulisa, ebeka isiseko sethiyori sekhonkco lokuhambisa eliyiprototype. Ikhonkco le-pin elaqanjwa nguGall eFransi ngo-1832 kunye nekhonkco lokuhambisa elingenamikhono likaJames Slater eBritane ngo-1864 laphucula kancinci ukusebenza kakuhle kokudlulisa kunye nokuqina kweekhonkco. Kwakungekho kude kube ngu-1880 apho injineli yaseBritane uHenry Reynolds yasungula ikhonkco lokuhambisa lanamhlanje, elalithatha indawo ye-sliding friction nge-rolling friction phakathi kwee-rollers kunye nee-sprockets, nto leyo eyanciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kwamandla. Olu lwakhiwo lwaba luphawu lokulinganisa okulandelayo.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukusetyenziswa kwee-roller chain kwanda kakhulu kumashishini asakhasayo afana neebhayisekile, iimoto, kunye neenqwelo-moya. Ii-chain drives zangena kushishino lweebhayisekile ngo-1886, zasetyenziswa kwiimoto ngo-1889, zaza zafikelela esibhakabhakeni ngenqwelo-moya yabazalwana bakaWright ngo-1903. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso ngelo xesha yayixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiinkcukacha zangaphakathi zenkampani. Iiparameter ezifana ne-chain pitch, ubukhulu beplate, kunye nobubanzi be-roller zahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabavelisi, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwimeko engacacanga "yomzi-mveliso omnye, umgangatho omnye, umatshini omnye, umxokelelwane omnye." Ukutshintshwa kwee-chain kwakufuneka kufane nomzekelo womenzi wokuqala, nto leyo eyabangela iindleko eziphezulu zokulungisa kwaye yathintela kakhulu ubungakanani boshishino. Oku kwahlulwa kobuchwepheshe kwadala isidingo esingxamisekileyo sokwenziwa kwemigangatho.

II. Ukunyuka kweSithili: Ukwakhiwa kweeNkqubo zeMigangatho yeSizwe neyeSithili (1930-1960)

Njengoko oomatshini bemizi-mveliso besanda, imibutho yemimandla yokulinganisa yaqala ukulawula uphuhliso lweenkcukacha zobugcisa ze-roller chain, yakha iinkqubo ezimbini ezinkulu zobugcisa ezikwi-United States naseYurophu, yabeka isiseko solungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe olulandelayo.

(I) Inkqubo yaseMelika: Isiseko seMisebenzi yoShishino yoMgangatho we-ANSI

Njengomdlali ophambili kwiNguqu yezoShishino, i-United States yaba nguvulindlela kwinkqubo yokumisela i-roller chain. Ngo-1934, i-American Roller and Silent Chain Manufacturers Association yaphuhlisa i-ASA Roller Chain Standard (eyathi kamva yaguqukela kwi-ANSI Standard), eyachaza okokuqala iiparameter eziphambili kunye neendlela zokuvavanya ii-short-pitch precision roller chains. Umgangatho we-ANSI usebenzisa iiyunithi zobukhosi, kwaye inkqubo yayo yokubala yahlukile—inombolo ye-chain imele isinye kwisibhozo se-intshi yepitch. Umzekelo, i-#40 chain ine-pitch ye-4/8 intshi (12.7mm), kwaye i-#60 chain ine-pitch ye-6/8 intshi (19.05mm). Le nkqubo yeenkcukacha ezicacileyo isasetyenziswa kakhulu kwimarike yaseMntla Melika.

Umgangatho wohlulahlula amanqanaba emveliso ngokweemeko zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo: iityathanga ezincinci ezifana ne-#40 zifanelekile kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso ezilula neziphakathi, ngelixa ubukhulu #100 nangaphezulu buhlangabezana neemfuno zemizi-mveliso ezinzima. Ikwacacisa ukuba umthwalo wokusebenza ngokubanzi yi-1/6 ukuya kwi-1/8 yamandla okuqhekeka. Ukwaziswa komgangatho we-ANSI kwenze ukuba imveliso enkulu ivele kushishino lwetyathanga lase-US, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwimishini yezolimo, ipetroli, imigodi, kunye nezinye iindawo ngokukhawuleza kwaseka isikhundla esiphambili kubuchwepheshe.

(II) Inkqubo yaseYurophu: Ukuphonononga ukuCocwa kweMigangatho ye-BS
Kwelinye icala, iYurophu iphuhlise iimpawu zayo zobugcisa ngokusekelwe kumgangatho we-BS waseBritane. Ngokungafaniyo nemigangatho ye-ANSI, egxile ekusebenzeni kwemizi-mveliso, imigangatho ye-BS igxininisa ukwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokutshintshiselana, ibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo zezalathisi ezifana nokunyamezelana kweprofayili yamazinyo e-sprocket kunye namandla okudinwa kwetyathanga. Ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, uninzi lwamazwe aseYurophu lwamkela inkqubo yemigangatho ye-BS, idala umahluko kwezobuchwepheshe kwimarike yaseMelika.

Ngeli xesha, ukwakhiwa kwemigangatho yengingqi kwakhuthaza kakhulu intsebenziswano ngaphakathi kwikhonkco lemizi-mveliso yasekuhlaleni: iinkampani zezinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zinike intsimbi iimpawu ezithile zokusebenza ngokwemigangatho, abavelisi abaphakathi baphumelele ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kwezinto, kwaye iinkampani zokusetyenziswa ezisezantsi zanciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa kwezixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko weparameter phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini udale nemiqobo yorhwebo—izixhobo zaseMelika kwakunzima ukuziqhelanisa neetyunithi zaseYurophu, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, kwabeka isiseko sokuhlanganiswa okulandelayo kwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

(III) Ukuqala kwe-Asia: Ukuqaliswa kwasekuqaleni kweJapan kweMigangatho yeHlabathi

Ngeli xesha, iJapan yamkela ngokuyintloko icebo lokungenisa ubuchwepheshe, ekuqaleni yamkela ngokupheleleyo inkqubo esemgangathweni ye-ANSI yokulungelelanisa izixhobo ezingenisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka korhwebo lokuthumela ngaphandle emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, iJapan yaqala ukwazisa imigangatho ye-BS ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike yaseYurophu, yadala ixesha lotshintsho "lemigangatho emibini ngaxeshanye." Olu hlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo lwaqokelela amava okuthatha inxaxheba kwayo kamva kwimimiselo yemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

III. Intsebenziswano Yehlabathi: Ukumanyaniswa kunye noHlaziyo lweMigangatho ye-ISO (1960-2000s)

Ukuzinza korhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuhamba kweteknoloji yezoshishino kwihlabathi liphela kushukumise imigangatho ye-roller chain ukusuka ekuqhekekeni kwengingqi ukuya ekumanyeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. I-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) yaba ngumqhubi ophambili wale nkqubo, idibanisa iingenelo zobuchwepheshe zaseYurophu nase-United States ukuseka isakhelo somgangatho esisebenzayo kwihlabathi liphela.

(I) Ukuzalwa kwe-ISO 606: Ukuhlanganiswa kweeNkqubo ezimbini eziPhambili

Ngo-1967, i-ISO yamkela iNgcebiso R606 (ISO/R606-67), yaseka iprototype yokuqala yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe wee-roller chain. Ngokuyintloko, lo mgangatho wawuhlanganisa imigangatho ye-Anglo-American, kwaye wawugcina ukusebenza kwemizi-mveliso komgangatho we-ANSI ngelixa ubandakanya iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo zomgangatho we-BS, ubonelela ngesiseko sokuqala sobugcisa esidibeneyo sorhwebo lwehlabathi.

Ngo-1982, i-ISO 606 yakhutshwa ngokusesikweni, ithatha indawo yesindululo sexeshana. Yacacisa iimfuno zokutshintshana ngobukhulu, izalathisi zokusebenza kwamandla, kunye nemigangatho ye-sprocket meshing yee-short-pitch precision roller chains. Lo mgangatho, okokuqala, wazisa imida "kwimilo ephezulu neyona incinci yamazinyo," waphula imithetho eyayikade iqinile kwiimilo ezithile zamazinyo, enika abavelisi indawo efanelekileyo yoyilo ngelixa beqinisekisa ukutshintshana.

(II) Uphuculo oluQhelekileyo oluCwangcisiweyo: Ukusuka kwiParamitha enye ukuya kwiNkcazelo eQhelekileyo yeTyathanga

Ngo-1994, i-ISO yenze uhlaziyo olukhulu lomgangatho we-606, yafaka i-bush chain, izixhobo, kunye netekhnoloji ye-sprocket kwisakhelo esidibeneyo, isombulula ukwahlukana kwangaphambili phakathi kwe-chain kunye nemigangatho yecandelo elihambelanayo. Olu hlaziyo lukwazise ne-"dynamic load strength" metric okokuqala, imisela iimfuno zokusebenza kokudinwa kwi-single-strand chains, okwenza umgangatho ube ngowona ufanelekileyo kwiimeko zokusebenza zokwenyani.

Ngeli xesha, amazwe ahlukeneyo alandela imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe: I-China yakhupha i-GB/T 1243-1997 ngo-1997, yamkela ngokupheleleyo i-ISO 606:1994 yaza yathatha indawo yemigangatho emithathu eyahlukileyo ngaphambili; I-Japan yafaka izalathisi eziphambili ze-ISO kuluhlu lwemigangatho ye-JIS B 1810, yakha inkqubo eyahlukileyo "yemilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe + uhlengahlengiso lwasekhaya." Ukuhambelana kwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kuye kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zorhwebo. Ngokwezibalo zoshishino, ukuphunyezwa kwe-ISO 606 kuye kunciphisa iingxabano zeenkcukacha kurhwebo lwehlabathi nge-70%.

(III) Imigangatho Eyongezelelekileyo Eyongeziweyo: Iinkcukacha Ezichanekileyo ZeeNdawo Ezithile
Ngenxa yokwahlukahluka kwezicelo zeeroller chain, kuye kwavela imigangatho ekhethekileyo kwiinkalo ezithile. Ngo-1985, iTshayina yakhupha i-GB 6076-1985, “iiShort Pitch Precision Bushing Chains for Transmission,” igcwalisa umsantsa kwimigangatho yeeroller chain. I-JB/T 3875-1999, ehlaziyiweyo ngo-1999, iiroller chains ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoomatshini abanzima. Le migangatho ikhethekileyo ihambelana ne-ISO 606, yenza inkqubo epheleleyo “esemgangathweni osisiseko + osemgangathweni okhethekileyo”.

IV. Ukunika Amandla Okuchaneka: Ukuqhubela phambili koBugcisa kwiMigangatho kwiNkulungwane yama-21 (ukuza kuthi ga ngoku)

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukunyuka kwemveliso yezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, imveliso ezenzekelayo, kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kuye kwakhokelela ekuguqukeni kwemigangatho ye-roller chain ukuya ekuchanekeni okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuphezulu, kunye nokusebenza okuluhlaza. Imibutho yemigangatho ye-ISO kunye neyesizwe iye yahlaziya rhoqo imigangatho ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zokuphuculwa kweshishini.

(I) ISO 606:2004/2015: Uphuhliso oluphindwe kabini kuBuchule kunye nokusebenza
Ngowama-2004, i-ISO yakhupha umgangatho omtsha we-606 (ISO 606:2004), idibanisa imigangatho yokuqala ye-ISO 606 kunye ne-ISO 1395, yafikelela ekuhlanganisweni ngokupheleleyo kwemigangatho ye-roller kunye ne-bush chain. Lo mgangatho wandisa uluhlu lweenkcukacha, wandisa i-pitch ukusuka kwi-6.35mm ukuya kwi-114.30mm, kwaye waquka iindidi ezintathu: Uthotho A (oluvela kwi-ANSI), Uthotho B (oluvela eYurophu), kunye nothotho lwe-ANSI Heavy Duty, oluhlangabezana neemfuno zazo zonke iimeko, ukusuka koomatshini abachanekileyo ukuya kwizixhobo ezinzima.

Ngowama-2015, i-ISO 606:2015 yaqinisa ngakumbi iimfuno zokuchaneka kobukhulu, yanciphisa uluhlu lokuphambuka kwephimbo nge-15%, yaza yongeza izalathi zokusebenza kokusingqongileyo (ezifana nokuthobela i-RoHS), ikhuthaza utshintsho lweshishini leekhonkco ukuya “ekuveliseni ngokuchanekileyo + imveliso eluhlaza.” Lo mgangatho ukwaphucula ukuhlelwa kweentlobo zezixhobo kwaye wongeza izikhokelo zoyilo lwezixhobo ezenzelwe wena ngokukodwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemigca yemveliso ezenzekelayo.

(II) Intsebenziswano kunye noTshintsho kwiMigangatho yeSizwe: Isifundo seTyala saseTshayina
Nangona ilandela imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, iTshayina ikwavelisa izinto ezintsha kwaye iphucula ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zamashishini ayo asekuhlaleni. I-GB/T 1243-2006, eyakhutshwa ngo-2006, ilingana ne-ISO 606:2004 kwaye okokuqala idibanisa iimfuno zobugcisa zeetsheyini, izixhobo, kunye nee-sprockets zibe semgangathweni omnye. Ikwacacisa iindlela zokubala amandla eetsheyini ze-duplex kunye ne-triplex, isombulula ukungabikho kwangaphambili kwesiseko esithembekileyo samandla omthwalo oguqukayo weetsheyini ezineentambo ezininzi.

Ngowama-2024, i-GB/T 1243-2024 yaqala ukusebenza ngokusesikweni, yaba sisikhokelo esiphambili sokuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe kushishino. Lo mgangatho mtsha ufezekisa impumelelo kwizalathisi eziphambili ezifana nokuchaneka kobukhulu kunye nomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo: amandla alinganisiweyo emodeli enye yetyathanga anyuswa ngama-20%, kwaye ukunyamezelana kobubanzi besangqa se-sprocket pitch kuyancitshiswa, okubangela ukwanda kwe-5%-8% ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yokudlulisa. Ikwadibanisa udidi olutsha lwezixhobo zokubeka esweni ezikrelekrele, ezixhasa ukujonga ngexesha langempela iiparameter ezifana nobushushu kunye nokungcangcazela, zilungelelanisa neemfuno ze-Industry 4.0. Ngokudibana ngokunzulu nemigangatho ye-ISO, lo mgangatho unceda iimveliso zetyathanga le-roller zaseTshayina ukuba zoyise imiqobo yobugcisa kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ziphucule ukuqatshelwa kwazo kwimarike yehlabathi.

(III) Ukuphuculwa Okunamandla kweMigangatho yeSithili: Indlela yokusebenza yeJIS yaseJapan
IKhomishini yeMigangatho yoShishino yaseJapan (i-JISC) ihlaziya rhoqo uthotho lwemigangatho ye-JIS B 1810. Uhlelo luka-2024 lwe-JIS B 1810:2024, olukhutshwe ngo-2024, lugxile ekuqiniseni iinkcukacha zokufakelwa nokugcinwa kunye nezikhokelo zokulungelelanisa imeko yokusebenza. Ikwadibanisa iimfuno zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezintsha ezifana nee-carbon fiber composites kunye neengubo zeseramikhi, zibonelela ngesiseko sobugcisa sokuveliswa kweetyathanga ezikhaphukhaphu, ezinamandla aphezulu. Iindlela zokukhetha ezineenkcukacha kunye neendlela zokubala kwimigangatho zinceda iinkampani ukunciphisa amazinga okusilela kwezixhobo kunye nokwandisa ubomi betyathanga.