Iirola ezichanekileyo: Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuNyanga ubushushu kwiitsheyini zokuphakamisa
Kwishishini loomatshini bokuphakamisa, ukuthembeka kwetyathanga kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kwaye iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu zibalulekile ekumiseleni ukusebenza okuphambili kwetyathanga lokuphakamisa, kubandakanya amandla, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka. Njenge "skeleton" yetyathanga,iirola ezichanekileyo, kunye nezinto ezifana neepleyiti zeetyathanga kunye neepini, zifuna unyango olufanelekileyo lobushushu ukuze zigcine ukusebenza okuzinzileyo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ezifana nokuphakamisa okunzima kunye nokusebenza rhoqo. Eli nqaku liza kubonelela ngohlalutyo olunzulu lweendlela zonyango lobushushu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zokuphakamisa iityathanga, ukuhlola imigaqo yazo yenkqubo, iingenelo zokusebenza, kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo, ukubonelela iingcali zoshishino ngesalathiso sokukhetha kunye nokusetyenziswa.
1. Unyango lobushushu: "Umfanekiso" wokusebenza kweTyeya lokuPhakamisa
Iitsheyini zokuphakamisa zihlala zenziwe ngeentsimbi zesakhiwo ze-alloy ezikumgangatho ophezulu (ezifana ne-20Mn2, 23MnNiMoCr54, njl.njl.), kwaye unyango lobushushu lubalulekile ukuze kuphuculwe iimpawu zoomatshini zezi zinto ziluhlaza. Izixhobo zetsheyini ezingakhange ziphathwe ngobushushu zinobunzima obuphantsi kwaye azigugi kakuhle, kwaye zinokuguquguquka okanye ukwaphuka kweplastiki xa ziphantsi koxinzelelo. Unyango lobushushu olucwangciswe ngokwesayensi, ngokulawula iinkqubo zokufudumeza, zokubamba, kunye nokupholisa, lutshintsha ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwesixhobo, lufezekisa "ulungelelwaniso lwamandla-ukuqina" - amandla aphezulu okumelana noxinzelelo oluxineneyo kunye nefuthe, kodwa ukuqina okwaneleyo ukuphepha ukwaphuka okubuthathaka, ngelixa kuphucuka ukuguguleka komphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Kwiirola ezichanekileyo, unyango lobushushu lufuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu nangakumbi: njengezinto eziphambili ekuhlanganiseni ityathanga kunye ne-sprocket, iirola kufuneka ziqinisekise ukufana okuchanekileyo phakathi kobulukhuni bomphezulu kunye nokuqina kwesiseko. Ngaphandle koko, ukuguguleka kwangaphambi kwexesha kunye nokuqhekeka kunokwenzeka, okuphazamisa uzinzo lokudluliselwa kwetyathanga lonke. Ke ngoko, ukukhetha inkqubo efanelekileyo yonyango lobushushu kuyimfuneko yokuqinisekisa inkonzo ekhuselekileyo yokuthwala umthwalo kunye nenkonzo ehlala ixesha elide yokuphakamisa iityathanga.
II. Uhlalutyo lweendlela ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo zoNyango lobushushu kwiitsheyini zokuphakamisa
(I) Ukucima Konke + Ukushisa Okuphezulu (Ukucima kunye nokunciphisa): "Umgangatho weGolide" woKusebenza okuSisiseko
Umgaqo weNkqubo: Izinto ezidityanisiweyo (iipleyiti zokudibanisa, iiphini, iirola, njl.njl.) zifudunyezwa kubushushu obungaphezulu kwe-Ac3 (intsimbi ye-hypoeutectoid) okanye i-Ac1 (intsimbi ye-hypereutectoid). Emva kokubamba ubushushu ixesha elithile ukuze izinto ziqine ngokupheleleyo, ikhonkco liyacinywa ngokukhawuleza kwindawo yokupholisa efana namanzi okanye ioyile ukuze kufunyanwe isakhiwo se-martensite esiqinileyo kodwa esibuthathaka. Ikhonkco emva koko lifudunyezwa kwakhona ukuya kuma-500-650°C ukuze kufudunyezwe ubushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo ebolisa i-martensite kwisakhiwo se-sorbite esifanayo, ekugqibeleni ifezekisa ulungelelwaniso "lwamandla aphezulu + ukuqina okuphezulu."
Iingenelo Zokusebenza: Emva kokucinywa nokufuthwa, izinto zetyathanga zibonisa iipropati ezintle kakhulu zoomatshini, ezinamandla okutsalwa angama-800-1200 MPa kunye namandla okuvelisa alungelelanisiweyo kunye nokwandiswa, ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemithwalo enamandla kunye nefuthe efunyanwa kwimisebenzi yokuphakamisa. Ngaphezu koko, ukufana kwesakhiwo se-sorbite kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula izinto, okwenza kube lula ukwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo okulandelayo (njengokuqengqeleka kwe-roller).
Izicelo: Isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuphucula ukusebenza ngokubanzi kweetsheyini zokuphakamisa ezinamandla aphakathi naphezulu (ezifana neetsheyini zeBanga lama-80 kunye neBanga le-100), ngakumbi kwiindawo eziphambili ezithwala umthwalo ezifana neepleyiti zeetsheyini kunye neephini. Le yeyona nkqubo iphambili neyintloko yonyango lobushushu lokuphakamisa iitsheyini. (II) Ukufaka iCarburizing kunye nokucima + Ubushushu obuphantsi: "Isihlangu esiqinisiweyo" sokumelana nokunxitywa komhlaba
Umgaqo weNkqubo: Izinto ezidityanisiweyo (ezigxile kwi-meshing kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo ezifana nee-rollers kunye neepini) zifakwa kwindawo edityanisiweyo (njengegesi yendalo okanye igesi yokuqhekeka kwe-kerosene) kwaye zigcinwe kwi-900-950°C kangangeeyure ezininzi, zivumela ii-athomu zekhabhoni ukuba zingene kumphezulu wenxalenye (ubunzulu bomaleko odityanisiweyo buqhele ukuba yi-0.8-2.0mm). Oku kulandelwa kukucima (ngesiqhelo kusetyenziswa ioyile njengendawo yokupholisa), eyenza isakhiwo se-martensite esinobunzima obuphezulu kumphezulu ngelixa igcina isakhiwo se-pearlite okanye i-sorbite esiqinileyo embindini. Okokugqibela, ukufudumala okuphantsi kobushushu kwi-150-200°C kususa uxinzelelo lokucima kwaye kuzinzise ubunzima bomphezulu. Iingenelo zokusebenza: Izinto ezidityanisiweyo emva kokucima kunye nokucima zibonisa uphawu lokusebenza olune-gradient "oluqinileyo ngaphandle, oluqinileyo ngaphakathi" - ubunzima bomphezulu bunokufikelela kwi-HRC58-62, buphucula kakhulu ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nokuxhathisa ukuxhuzula, bulwa ngempumelelo ukuguguleka kunye nokuguguleka ngexesha lokuxuba i-sprocket. Ubunzima be-core buhlala kwi-HRC30-45, nto leyo enika ukuqina okwaneleyo ukuthintela ukwaphuka kwenxalenye phantsi kwemithwalo yempembelelo.
Izicelo: Kwiirola ezichanekileyo nezigugileyo kwiitsheyini zokuphakamisa, ingakumbi ezo ziqala rhoqo kwaye ziyeke kwaye zifakelwe i-meshing enzima (umz., iitsheyini zee-port cranes kunye nee-hoists zemigodi). Umzekelo, iirola zeetsheyini zokuphakamisa ezinamandla aphezulu ze-120 zihlala zitshixiwe kwaye zicinywe, zandisa ubomi bazo benkonzo ngaphezulu kwe-30% xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lobushushu oluqhelekileyo. (III) Ukuqina kwe-Induction + Ubushushu obuphantsi: "Ukuqinisa kweNgingqi" okusebenzayo nokuchanekileyo
Umgaqo weNkqubo: Ukusebenzisa i-magnetic field etshintshanayo eveliswa yi-high-frequency okanye i-medium-frequency induction coil, iindawo ezithile ze-chain components (ezifana nobubanzi bangaphandle bee-rollers kunye ne-pin surfaces) ziyafudunyezwa ngaphakathi. Ukufudumala kuyakhawuleza (ngesiqhelo ukusuka kwimizuzwana embalwa ukuya kwimizuzwana elishumi), okuvumela kuphela umphezulu ukuba ufikelele ngokukhawuleza kubushushu obuqinisiweyo, ngelixa ubushushu obuphambili buhlala bungatshintshi. Amanzi okupholisa emva koko afakwa ukuze kucinywe ngokukhawuleza, kulandelwe kukufudumala okuphantsi kobushushu. Le nkqubo ivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwendawo eshushu kunye nobunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo (ngesiqhelo yi-0.3-1.5mm).
Iingenelo Zokusebenza: ① Ukusebenza Kakhulu Nokonga Amandla: Ukufudumeza okuhlala kwindawo ethile kuthintela inkcitho yamandla yokufudumeza iyonke, kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso ngaphezulu kwe-50% xa kuthelekiswa nokucinywa iyonke. ② Ukuguquguquka Okuphantsi: Amaxesha amafutshane okufudumeza anciphisa ukuguquguquka kobushushu becandelo, kususa isidingo sokulungiswa okubanzi okulandelayo, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke ngokukodwa kulawulo olunemilinganiselo yeerola ezichanekileyo. ③ Ukusebenza Okulawulekayo: Ngokulungisa imvamisa yokungeniswa kunye nexesha lokufudumeza, ubunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima kunokulungiswa ngokulula.
Ukusetyenziswa: Ifanelekile ekuqiniseni iirola ezichanekileyo ezenziwe ngobuninzi, iiphini ezimfutshane, kunye nezinye izinto, ngakumbi ekuphakamiseni iitsheyini ezifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu (ezifana neetsheyini zokuphakamisa ezithunyelwa ngokuchanekileyo). Ukuqina kwe-induction kungasetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kunye nokuhlaziywa kweetsheyini, ukuqinisa kwakhona iindawo ezigugileyo.
(IV) Ukunciphisa ingcinezelo: "Ukhuseleko lwempembelelo" Ukubeka phambili ukuqina
Umgaqo weNkqubo: Emva kokufudumeza icandelo letyathanga ukuya kubushushu obuyi-austenitizing, lifakwa ngokukhawuleza kwibhafu yetyuwa okanye ye-alkaline ngaphezulu kancinci kwe-M s point (ubushushu bokuqala kotshintsho lwe-martensitic). Ibhafu ibanjwa ixesha elithile ukuvumela i-austenite ukuba iguquke ibe yi-bainite, ilandelwe kukupholisa umoya. I-Bainite, isakhiwo esiphakathi kwe-martensite kunye ne-pearlite, sidibanisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okugqwesileyo.
Iingenelo Zokusebenza: Izixhobo ezithambileyo zibonisa ukuqina okukhulu kakhulu kunezixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezicinyiweyo neziqinisiweyo, zifikelela kumandla okufunxa impembelelo angama-60-100 J, ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemithwalo enzima ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Ngaphezu koko, ubunzima bunokufikelela kwi-HRC 40-50, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla kwizicelo zokuphakamisa eziphakathi nezinzima, ngelixa zinciphisa ukugqwetheka kokucima kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Izicelo Ezisebenzayo: Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokuphakamisa izixhobo zetsheyini eziphantsi kwemithwalo enzima yempembelelo, njengaleyo isetyenziswa rhoqo ukuphakamisa izinto ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga kumashishini emigodi nokwakha, okanye ekuphakamiseni iitsheyini ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphantsi (ezifana nokugcinwa kwindawo ebandayo kunye nemisebenzi ye-polar). I-Bainite inobunzima obuphezulu kunye nozinzo kwi-martensite kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, inciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhekeka okubuthathaka kobushushu obuphantsi.
(V) Ukukhupha iNitriding: “Isigqubuthelo Esihlala Ixesha Elide” Sokumelana Nokugqwala Nokuguguleka
Umgaqo weNkqubo: Izinto zetsheyini zifakwa kwindawo equlethe initrogen, efana ne-ammonia, kwi-500-580°C kangangeeyure ezili-10-50. Oku kuvumela ii-athomu zenitrogen ukuba zingene kumphezulu wecandelo, zenze umaleko we-nitride (ngokuyintloko owenziwe yi-Fe₄N kunye ne-Fe₂N). I-nitriding ayifuni ukucima okulandelayo kwaye "lunyango lobushushu bekhemikhali oluphantsi" olunempembelelo encinci ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwecandelo. Iingenelo zokusebenza: ① Ubunzima obuphezulu bomphezulu (HV800-1200) bubonelela ngokumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi etshisiweyo necinyiweyo, ngelixa ikwabonelela nge-coefficient ephantsi yokungqubana, kunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngexesha lokuxutywa. ② Umaleko we-nitride oxineneyo unikezela ngokumelana okuhle kokugqwala, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokugqwala kwiindawo ezifumileyo nezinothuli. ③ Ubushushu obuphantsi bokucubungula bunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwecandelo, okwenza ukuba lifaneleke kwiirola ezichanekileyo ezenziwe kwangaphambili okanye iitsheyini ezincinci ezihlanganisiweyo.
Izicelo: Zifanelekile kwiitsheyini zokuphakamisa ezifuna zombini ukuxhathisa ukuguguleka nokugqwala, ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa kushishino lokulungisa ukutya (iindawo ezicocekileyo) kunye nobunjineli baselwandle (iindawo zokutshiza ngetyuwa eninzi), okanye kwizixhobo zokuphakamisa ezincinci ezifuna iitsheyini "ezingenalondolozo".
III. Ukukhethwa kweNkqubo yokuNyangwa koBushushu: Ukuhambelana kweMiqathango yokuSebenza kubalulekile
Xa ukhetha indlela yokunyanga ubushushu kwitsheyini yokuphakamisa, cinga ngezinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: umlinganiselo womthwalo, indawo yokusebenza, kunye nomsebenzi wecandelo. Kuphephe ukulandela ngamandla aphezulu okanye ukonga iindleko ngokugqithisileyo:
Khetha ngokwereyithingi yomthwalo: Iitsheyini zomthwalo olula (≤ iBanga lama-50) zinokucinywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye zitshintshwe. Iitsheyini zomthwalo ophakathi nonzima (80-100) zifuna indibaniselwano ye-carburizing kunye ne-quenching ukuze kuqiniswe iindawo ezibuthathaka. Iitsheyini zomthwalo onzima (ngaphezulu kweBanga le-120) zifuna inkqubo edibeneyo yokucima kunye ne-tempering, okanye ukuqina kwe-induction ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.
Khetha ngokwendawo yokusebenza: I-nitriding ikhethwa kwiindawo ezifumileyo nezirhabaxa; i-austempering ikhethwa kwiindawo ezinemithwalo enamandla. Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwe-meshing lubeka phambili i-carburizing okanye i-induction hardening yee-rollers. Khetha izinto ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi wazo: Iipleyiti zetyathanga kunye neepini zibeka phambili amandla kunye nokuqina, zibeka phambili ukucima kunye nokushisa. Ii-roller zibeka phambili ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nokuqina, zibeka phambili i-carburizing okanye i-induction hardening. Izinto ezincedisayo ezifana ne-bushings zingasebenzisa i-quishing engabizi kakhulu, edibeneyo kunye ne-tempering.
IV. Isiphelo: Unyango lobushushu "luMgca woKhuselo ongabonakaliyo" woKhuseleko lweTyathanga
Inkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu kwiitsheyini zokuphakamisa ayilondlela inye; endaweni yoko, yindlela ecwangcisiweyo edibanisa iipropati zezinto, imisebenzi yecandelo, kunye neemfuno zokusebenza. Ukusuka kwi-carburing kunye nokucinywa kwee-precision rollers ukuya ekucimeni nasekuthambiseni iiplate zetsheyini, ulawulo lokuchaneka kwinkqubo nganye lumisela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwetsheyini ngexesha lemisebenzi yokuphakamisa. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwezixhobo zonyango lobushushu ezikrelekrele (ezifana nemigca ye-carburizing ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ubunzima kwi-intanethi), ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza kweetsheyini zokuphakamisa kuya kuphucuka ngakumbi, kubonelela ngesiqinisekiso esithembekileyo sokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-01-2025