Ungayiqinisekisa njani ukuba izinto ezikrwada zemixokelelwane yeroller ziyamelana nokugqwala?
1. Ukukhetha izinto
1.1 Khetha intsimbi enokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla
Intsimbi yeyona nto iphambili esetyenziswa kwiiroller chain, kwaye ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kuchaphazela ngqo ubomi benkonzo kunye nokusebenza kweeroller chain. Ukukhetha intsimbi enokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla linyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukumelana nokugqwala kweimixokelelwane yeroller.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo: Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yenye yeentsimbi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala. Iqulethe umlinganiselo othile wezinto ze-chromium, ezinokwenza ifilimu ye-chromium oxide exineneyo kumphezulu ukuthintela ukuba i-medium egqwaliyo ingadibani nengaphakathi lentsimbi. Umzekelo, umxholo we-chromium wentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-304 umalunga ne-18%, omelana nokugqwala kakuhle kwaye ufanelekile kwiindawo ezigqwaliyo ngokubanzi. Kwezinye iindawo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neendawo zamanzi olwandle ezinomxholo ophezulu we-chloride ion, intsimbi engagqwali ye-316 inokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla ngenxa yokongezwa kwezinto ze-molybdenum, kwaye ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kungaphezulu nge-30% kunoko kwentsimbi engagqwali ye-304.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi ye-alloy: Intsimbi ye-alloy inokuphucula kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi ngokongeza izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy, ezifana ne-nickel, i-copper, i-titanium, njl. Umzekelo, ukongezwa kwe-nickel kunokuphucula uzinzo lwefilimu yentsimbi yokuthambisa, kwaye i-copper inokuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi kwindawo yomoya. Emva konyango olufanelekileyo lobushushu, ezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy ezinamandla aphezulu zinokwenza ifilimu ye-oxide efanayo phezu komphezulu, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi ukumelana nokugqwala kwazo. Ukuthatha intsimbi ye-alloy equlethe i-nickel kunye ne-copper njengomzekelo, izinga layo lokugqwala kwindawo yomoya yoshishino yi-1/5 kuphela yentsimbi eqhelekileyo yekhabhoni.
Impembelelo yonyango lomphezulu wentsimbi ekuchaseni ukugqwala: Ukongeza ekukhetheni intsimbi efanelekileyo, unyango lomphezulu lukwayindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi. Umzekelo, umaleko we-zinc, i-nickel kunye nezinye iintsimbi ugqunywe phezu komphezulu wentsimbi ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokugquma ukwenza umqobo womzimba ukuthintela imidiya egqwalisayo ukuba ingangeni kwintsimbi. Umaleko we-galvanized unokumelana okuhle nokugqwala kwimeko-bume yomoya, kwaye ubomi bawo bokumelana nokugqwala bunokufikelela kumashumi eminyaka. Umaleko we-nickel-plated unobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka okungcono, kwaye unokuphucula ngempumelelo ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi. Ukongeza, unyango lwefilimu yokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali, olufana ne-phosphating, lunokwenza ifilimu yokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kumphezulu wentsimbi ukuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokunamathela kwentsimbi.
2. Unyango lomphezulu
2.1 Ukudibanisa i-galvanizing
Ukugaya nge-galvanizing yenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zonyango lomphezulu wentsimbi ye-roller chain. Ngokugquma umphezulu wentsimbi ngomaleko we-zinc, ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kunokuphuculwa ngempumelelo.
Umgaqo wokukhusela umaleko we-galvanized: I-Zinc yenza ifilimu ye-zinc oxide exineneyo kwindawo engqongileyo, enokuthintela indawo ebangela ukubola ukuba ingadibani nentsimbi. Xa umaleko we-galvanized wonakele, i-zinc nayo iya kusebenza njenge-anode yokukhusela intsimbi ekuboleni. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukumelana nokubola komaleko we-galvanized kunokufikelela kumashumi eminyaka, kwaye izinga layo lokubola kwindawo engqongileyo ngokubanzi limalunga ne-1/10 kuphela yentsimbi eqhelekileyo.
Isiphumo senkqubo ye-galvanizing kukumelana nokugqwala: Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-galvanizing ziquka i-hot-dip galvanizing, i-electrogalvanizing, njl. Umaleko we-zinc owenziwe yi-hot-dip galvanizing utyebile kwaye unokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, kodwa ukungalingani okuthile kunokwenzeka kumphezulu. I-Electrogalvanizing inokulawula ubukhulu bomaleko we-zinc ukwenza umphezulu ufane kwaye uthambe. Umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-electrogalvanizing, ubukhulu bomaleko we-zinc bungalawulwa phakathi kwe-5-15μm, kwaye ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo kuyafana nokwe-hot-dip galvanizing, kwaye umgangatho womphezulu ungcono, ofanelekileyo kwiimveliso ze-roller chain ezineemfuno eziphezulu zomphezulu.
Ukugcinwa kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko lwomaleko we-galvanized: Umaleko we-galvanized kufuneka ugcinwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo woomatshini. Ukuba umaleko we-galvanized wonakele, kufuneka ulungiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe intsimbi ukuba ingachaphazeleki kwindawo ebolileyo. Ukongeza, kwezinye iindawo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neendawo ezine-asidi enamandla okanye i-alkaline, ukumelana nokubola komaleko we-galvanized kuya kuchaphazeleka kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukukhetha inkqubo efanelekileyo ye-galvanization kunye namanyathelo okukhusela alandelayo ngokwendawo ethile.
2.2 Unyango lwe-nickel plating
I-Nickel plating yenye indlela esebenzayo yokuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi ye-roller chain. Umaleko we-nickel plating unokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-nickel plating: I-Nickel ineempawu ze-electrochemical ezizinzileyo kwaye inokwenza ifilimu yokungashukumi ezinzileyo kwiindawo ezininzi zokugqwala, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ngempumelelo i-corrosive medium ukuba ingadibani nentsimbi. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-nickel plating layer kungcono kunoko kwe-zinc plating layer, ingakumbi kwindawo equlethe ii-chloride ions, kwaye ukumelana kwayo nemingxuma kunamandla. Umzekelo, kwindawo yamanzi olwandle equlethe ii-chloride ions, ubomi bokumelana nokugqwala kwe-nickel plating layer buphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kunoko kwe-zinc plating layer.
Inkqubo yokugquma i-nickel kunye nempembelelo yayo ekusebenzeni: Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokugquma i-nickel ziquka ukugquma nge-electroplating kunye nokugquma nge-nickel yamakhemikhali. Umaleko we-nickel ogquma nge-electroplated unobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuhle, kodwa uneemfuno eziphezulu zokuguguleka komphezulu we-substrate. Ukugquma nge-nickel yamakhemikhali kunokwenza uqweqwe olufanayo kumphezulu we-substrate engaqhubiyo, kwaye ubukhulu kunye nokwakheka koqweqwe kunokulungiswa ngokweeparamitha zenkqubo. Umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokugquma nge-nickel yamakhemikhali, umaleko wokugquma we-nickel onobukhulu obuyi-10-20μm unokwenziwa kumphezulu wentsimbi ye-roller chain, kwaye ubunzima bawo bunokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-HV700, engengokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kuphela, kodwa ikwanakho ukumelana nokuguguleka okuhle.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nemida ye-nickel plating: I-nickel plating isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimveliso ze-roller chain ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokuxhathisa ukugqwala kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka, njengakwishishini leekhemikhali, ukucubungula ukutya kunye namanye amashishini. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ye-nickel plating iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ibiza kakhulu, kwaye kwezinye iindawo ezine-asidi enamandla kunye ne-alkali enamandla, ukumelana nokugqwala komaleko we-nickel plating kuya kuncitshiswa kwinqanaba elithile. Ukongeza, amanzi amdaka aveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo ye-nickel plating kufuneka aphathwe ngokungqongqo ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.
3. Inkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu
3.1 Unyango lokucima nokulungisa
Ukucima nokulungisa izinto ezisetyenziswa xa kushushu yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokulungisa izinto ezisetyenziswa xa kushushu. Ngokudibanisa ukucima nokulungisa izinto ezisetyenziswa xa kushushu kakhulu, ukusebenza kwentsimbi yonke kunokuphuculwa kakhulu, nto leyo ephucula ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala.
Indima yokucima kunye nokukhetha iiparameter: Ukucima kunokuyipholisa intsimbi ngokukhawuleza, kwenze izakhiwo ezinamandla aphezulu ezifana ne-martensite, kwaye kuphucule ubulukhuni kunye namandla entsimbi. Kwizinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-roller chain, izixhobo zokucima ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka ioyile namanzi. Umzekelo, kwezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy ze-carbon ephakathi, ukucima ioyile kunokuthintela ukuveliswa kwemifantu yokucima kwaye kufumane ubulukhuni obuphezulu. Ukukhetha ubushushu bokucima kubalulekile, ngokubanzi phakathi kwe-800℃ -900℃, kwaye ubunzima emva kokucima bunokufikelela kwi-HRC45-55. Nangona ubunzima bentsimbi ecinyiweyo buphezulu, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olushiyekileyo lukhulu kwaye ubulukhuni buyaphanza, ngoko ke kufuneka ubushushu obuphezulu ukuze kuphuculwe ezi mpawu.
Ukuphucula ubushushu obuphezulu: Ubushushu obuphezulu buhlala busenziwa phakathi kwama-500℃-650℃, kwaye ixesha lobushushu ngokubanzi liziiyure ezi-2-4. Ngexesha lenkqubo yobushushu, uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kwintsimbi luyakhululwa, ubunzima buyancipha kancinci, kodwa ukuqina kuphucuka kakhulu, kwaye isakhiwo se-troostite esizinzileyo sinokwenziwa, esineempawu ezintle zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi emva kokucima nokugqwala kunokuphuculwa ngama-30%-50%. Umzekelo, kwindawo yemozulu yemizi-mveliso, izinga lokugqwala kwezinto ezikrwada zemixokelelwane yerola ezicinyiweyo kwaye ziqiniswe limalunga ne-1/3 kuphela yentsimbi enganyangwanga. Ukongeza, ukucima nokugqwala kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokudinwa kwentsimbi, okubaluleke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwexesha elide kwemixokelelwane yerola phantsi kwemithwalo enamandla.
Indlela esebenza ngayo impembelelo yokucima nokulungisa ukuxhathisa ukugqwala: Ukucima nokulungisa kuphucula ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi, kuphucula ubulukhuni bayo kunye nokuqina kwayo, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula amandla ayo okumelana nokugqwala ngenxa yeendaba ezigqwala. Kwelinye icala, ubulukhuni obuphezulu bunokunciphisa ukuguguleka koomatshini kwesixhobo esigqwala phezu komphezulu wentsimbi kwaye bunciphise izinga lokugqwala; kwelinye icala, isakhiwo esizinzileyo sombutho sinokucothisa izinga lokusasazeka kwesixhobo esigqwala kwaye silibazise ukwenzeka kweempendulo zokugqwala. Kwangaxeshanye, ukucima nokulungisa kunokuphucula ukumelana kwentsimbi kwi-hydrogen embrittlement. Kwezinye iindawo ezigqwala ezine-hydrogen ions, kunokuthintela ngempumelelo intsimbi ukuba ingaphumeleli ngaphambi kwexesha ngenxa yokugqwala kwe-hydrogen.
4. Uhlolo loMgangatho
4.1 Indlela yoVavanyo lokuxhathisa ukugqwala
Uvavanyo lokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ezikrwada zeroller chain lukhonkco oluphambili ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho wazo. Ngeendlela zovavanyo zesayensi nezifanelekileyo, ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunokuvavanywa ngokuchanekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kunikwa isiqinisekiso sokuthembeka kwemveliso.
1. Uvavanyo lweTyuwa
Uvavanyo lwe-salt spray yindlela yokuvavanya ukugqwala ngokukhawuleza elinganisa ulwandle okanye indawo enomswakama kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvavanya ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto zesinyithi.
Umgaqo woVavanyo: Isampulu yetyathanga le-roller ifakwa kwigumbi lovavanyo lwe-salt spray ukuze umphezulu wesampulu uhlale utyhilekile kwindawo ethile yokutshiza ityuwa. Ii-ion ze-chloride kwi-salt spray ziya kukhawulezisa ukusabela kokugqwala komphezulu wesinyithi. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwesampulu kuvavanywa ngokujonga inqanaba lokugqwala kwesampulu kwixesha elithile. Umzekelo, ngokuhambelana nomgangatho wehlabathi we-ISO 9227, uvavanyo lwe-neutral salt spray lwenziwa ngoxinzelelo lwe-salt spray lwe-5% NaCl solution, ubushushu obulawulwa malunga nama-35°C, kunye nexesha lovavanyo elihlala liyiiyure ezingama-96.
Uvavanyo lweziphumo: Ukumelana nokugqwala kuvavanywa ngokusekelwe kwizalathisi ezifana neemveliso zokugqwala, ubunzulu bemingxuma, kunye nezinga lokugqwala kumphezulu wesampuli. Kwiityathanga zerola zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, emva kovavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa oluthatha iiyure ezingama-96, ubunzulu bemingxuma yomphezulu kufuneka bube ngaphantsi kwe-0.1mm kwaye izinga lokugqwala kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-0.1mm ngonyaka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kweendawo zoshishino ngokubanzi. Kwiityathanga zerola zentsimbi ye-alloy, emva kokufakwa kwe-galvanizing okanye i-nickel plating, iziphumo zovavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho ephezulu. Umzekelo, emva kovavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa oluthatha iiyure ezingama-96, ityathanga lerola elifakwe i-nickel alinawo umhlwa ocacileyo kumphezulu kwaye ubunzulu bemingxuma bungaphantsi kwe-0.05mm.
2. Uvavanyo lwe-electrochemical
Uvavanyo lwe-electrochemical lunokubonelela ngokuqonda okunzulu malunga nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ngokulinganisa indlela esebenza ngayo i-electrochemical yesinyithi kwimidiya egqwalisayo.
Uvavanyo lwe-Polarization curve: Isampulu ye-roller chain isetyenziswa njenge-electrode esebenzayo kwaye ifakwa kwi-corrosive medium (njengesisombululo se-3.5% NaCl okanye isisombululo se-0.1mol/L H₂SO₄), kwaye i-polarization curve yayo irekhodwa yi-electrochemical workstation. I-polarization curve ingabonakalisa iiparameter ezifana ne-corrosion current density kunye ne-corrosion potential yezinto. Umzekelo, kwi-316 stainless steel roller chain, i-corrosion current density kwisisombululo se-3.5% NaCl kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-1μA/cm², kwaye i-corrosion potential kufuneka ibe kufutshane ne--0.5V (xa ithelekiswa ne-saturated calomel electrode), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inokumelana okuhle kwe-corrosion.
Uvavanyo lwe-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS): Uvavanyo lwe-EIS lunokulinganisa i-charge transfer impedance kunye ne-diffusion impedance yezinto ezikwi-corrosive medium ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kunye nokuzinza kwefilimu yomphezulu wayo. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto kunokugwetywa ngokuhlalutya iiparameter ezifana ne-capacitive arc kunye ne-time constant kwi-impedance spectrum. Umzekelo, i-charge transfer impedance yentsimbi ye-roller chain ecinyiweyo kwaye iqiniswe kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwe-10⁴Ω·cm² kuvavanyo lwe-EIS, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ifilimu yomphezulu wayo inefuthe elihle lokukhusela.
3. Uvavanyo lokuntywiliselwa emanzini
Uvavanyo lokuntywiliselwa yindlela yovavanyo lokugqwala elinganisa indawo yokusetyenziswa. Isampulu yetsheyini yeroli intywiliselwa kwindawo ethile yokugqwala ixesha elide ukuze kubonwe indlela esebenza ngayo ukugqwala kunye notshintsho ekusebenzeni kwayo.
Iimeko zovavanyo: Khetha imidiya efanelekileyo yokubola ngokwendawo yokusetyenziswa kwe-roller chain, njengesisombululo se-asidi (i-sulfuric acid, i-hydrochloric acid, njl.njl.), isisombululo se-alkaline (i-sodium hydroxide, njl.njl.) okanye isisombululo esingathathi cala (njengamanzi olwandle). Ubushushu bovavanyo bulawulwa ngokubanzi kubushushu begumbi okanye kuluhlu lobushushu bokusetyenziswa, kwaye ixesha lovavanyo lidla ngokuba ziiveki ezininzi ukuya kwiinyanga ezininzi. Umzekelo, kwii-roller chains ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zeekhemikhali, zintywiliselwa kwisisombululo se-3% H₂SO₄ kuma-40°C kangangeentsuku ezingama-30.
Uhlalutyo lweziphumo: Ukumelana nokugqwala kuvavanywa ngezalathisi zokulinganisa ezifana nokulahleka kobunzima, utshintsho lobukhulu, kunye notshintsho lweempawu zoomatshini zesampuli. Izinga lokulahleka kobunzima luphawu olubalulekileyo lokulinganisa inqanaba lokugqwala. Kwiityathanga zeroli zentsimbi engagqwali, izinga lokulahleka kobunzima emva kweentsuku ezingama-30 zovavanyo lokuntywiliselwa kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-0.5%. Kwiityathanga zeroli zentsimbi ye-alloy, izinga lokulahleka kobunzima kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-0.2% emva konyango lomphezulu. Ukongeza, utshintsho kwiipropati zoomatshini ezifana namandla okutsalwa kunye nobunzima besampuli kufuneka luvavanywe ukuqinisekisa ukuba lusenokukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwindawo egqwalisiweyo.
4. Uvavanyo lokuxhoma kwindawo
Uvavanyo lokuxhoma kwindawo leyo kukuveza ngqo isampulu yetyathanga le-roller kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kwayo kwaye kuvavanywe ukumelana nokugqwala ngokujonga ukugqwala kwayo ixesha elide.
Ulungiselelo lovavanyo: Khetha indawo emele ukusetyenziswa, njengeworkshop yeekhemikhali, iqonga laselwandle, isityalo sokulungisa ukutya, njl.njl., kwaye uxhome okanye ulungise isampuli yeroller chain kwisixhobo ngexesha elithile. Ixesha lovavanyo lidla ngokuba ziinyanga eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka eliqela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuziphatha kokugqwala kwesampuli kwindawo yokwenyani kunokubonwa ngokupheleleyo.
Ukurekhoda iziphumo kunye nohlalutyo: Jonga kwaye uvavanye iisampulu rhoqo, kwaye urekhode ulwazi olufana nokugqwala komphezulu kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso yokugqwala. Umzekelo, kwindawo yokusebenzela yeekhemikhali, emva konyaka omnye wovavanyo lokuxhoma, akukho phawu lokugqwala olucacileyo kumphezulu we-roller chain efakwe i-nickel, ngelixa inani elincinci lemingxuma lingabonakala kumphezulu we-roller chain egqunyiweyo. Ngokuthelekisa ukugqwala kweesampulu zezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zonyango kwindawo yokwenyani, ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kunokuvavanywa ngokuchanekileyo, kubonelela ngesiseko esibalulekileyo sokukhethwa kwezinto kunye noyilo lwemveliso.
5. Isishwankathelo
Ukuqinisekisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ezikrwada zeroller chain yiprojekthi ecwangcisiweyo, ebandakanya amakhonkco amaninzi afana nokukhethwa kwezinto, unyango lomphezulu, inkqubo yonyango lobushushu kunye nokuhlolwa okungqongqo komgangatho. Ngokukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo zentsimbi ezinokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla, njengentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nentsimbi ye-alloy, kunye nokudibanisa iinkqubo zonyango lomphezulu ezifana ne-galvanizing kunye ne-nickel plating, ukumelana nokugqwala kweeroller chains kunokuphuculwa kakhulu. Unyango lokucima nokuthambisa kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu luphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza okubanzi kwentsimbi ngokuphucula iiparameter zokucima nokuthambisa, ukuze ibe nokumelana nokugqwala okungcono kunye neempawu zoomatshini kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo.
Ngokuphathelele ukuhlolwa komgangatho, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo ezifana novavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa, uvavanyo lwe-electrochemical, uvavanyo lokuntywiliselwa kunye novavanyo lokuxhoma kwindawo kunika isiseko sesayensi sokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ezikrwada zeroller chain. Ezi ndlela zovavanyo zinokulinganisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwaye zichonge ngokuchanekileyo indlela yokuziphatha kokugqwala kunye notshintsho lokusebenza kwezinto phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuqina kwemveliso kwizicelo zokwenyani.
Ngokubanzi, ngokusebenzisa ulungelelwaniso oludibeneyo lwezi khonkco zingasentla, ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-roller chain kungaphuculwa ngempumelelo, ubomi benkonzo yayo bunokwandiswa, kwaye iimfuno zokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino zinokufezekiswa.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-16-2025