Kev xaiv cov khoom siv quenching rau cov saw hlau precision: cov yam tseem ceeb thiab cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws
Hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawmprecision roller chains, cov txheej txheem quenching ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, thiab kev xaiv cov khoom siv quenching cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov kev ua tau zoo kawg thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov saw hlau. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tshawb nrhiav tob txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv quenching rau cov saw hlau precision, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv dav dav thiab cov xwm txheej siv tau, lub hom phiaj yog los pab cov neeg yuav khoom lag luam wholesale thoob ntiaj teb nkag siab zoo dua qhov txuas tseem ceeb no kom lawv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntau dua thaum lub sijhawm yuav khoom.
1. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom siv quenching hauv kev tsim cov saw hlau precision roller
Kev quenching yog ib txoj kev kho cua sov uas ua rau cov khoom siv tawv thiab muaj zog dua los ntawm kev txias sai. Rau cov saw hlau precision, kev quenching tuaj yeem tsim ib txheej tawv rau ntawm nws qhov chaw, yog li ua kom cov cim qhia kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb xws li kev hnav tsis kam, kev qaug zog tsis kam thiab lub peev xwm thauj khoom. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem quenching, qhov ceev txias thiab cov yam ntxwv txias ntawm cov khoom siv quenching yuav cuam tshuam rau cov qauv kev teeb tsa thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov saw hlau.
2. Cov khoom siv tua hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv
Dej:
Tus nqi txias: Dej txias sai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov kub qis. Qhov no ua rau nws ua tiav kev txias sai ntawm cov saw hlau hauv lub sijhawm luv dua, yog li tau txais qhov tawv dua.
Cov Zoo: Cov peev txheej dav, tus nqi qis, thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov saw hlau nrog cov kev xav tau dav dav.
Qhov Tsis Zoo: Qhov txias ntawm dej nyuaj rau tswj kom raug, thiab qhov txias sai dhau hauv thaj chaw kub siab, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab sab hauv loj thiab tawg hauv cov saw hlau, cuam tshuam rau nws qhov tawv thiab qhov ruaj khov. Yog li ntawd, rau qee cov saw hlau uas muaj qhov xav tau siab thiab qhov loj me, yuav muaj qee qhov kev pheej hmoo hauv kev siv dej ua cov khoom siv tua hluav taws.
Roj:
Tus nqi txias: Tus nqi txias ntawm cov roj qeeb dua li ntawm dej, thiab tus nqi txias yog sib npaug zos thoob plaws ntau qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no pab txo qhov kev ntxhov siab thermal thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov saw hlau thaum lub sijhawm quenching thiab txo qhov nyiam tawg.
Qhov Zoo: Qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov nyuaj quenching ntawm cov saw hlau yog qhov zoo, thiab nws tuaj yeem txhim kho nws cov tawv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ua haujlwm txias ntawm cov roj tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom ntxiv sib txawv kom tau raws li qhov xav tau quenching ntawm cov saw hlau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv thiab cov lus qhia.
Qhov Tsis Zoo: Tus nqi roj kim heev, thiab nws yooj yim los tsim cov pa luam yeeb roj thaum siv, uas muaj qee qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg teb xov tooj. Tib lub sijhawm, qhov ceev txias ntawm roj qeeb, thiab rau qee cov saw hlau uas xav tau txias sai kom tau txais qhov nyuaj dua, nws yuav tsis ua tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau.
Dej ntsev:
Kev txias ceev: Qhov ceev ntawm dej ntsev txias yog nruab nrab ntawm dej thiab roj, thiab qhov ceev txias tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm kev kho qhov concentration ntawm ntsev. Kev nce qhov concentration ntawm ntsev kom raug tuaj yeem ua rau qhov ceev txias sai dua, tab sis qhov concentration siab dhau yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xeb ntawm cov saw hlau.
Qhov Zoo: Nws muaj qhov ua kom txias zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom tawv, thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qee cov saw hlau nrog qhov nruab nrab thiab qhov yuav tsum tau muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm dej ntsev kuj qis, thiab qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom huv rau qhov chaw ntawm cov saw hlau tsis siab.
Qhov Tsis Zoo: Dej ntsev muaj xeb rau qee qhov. Yog tias nws tsis raug ntxuav raws sijhawm tom qab quenching, nws yuav ua rau cov saw hlau xeb, cuam tshuam rau nws qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub neej ua haujlwm. Tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm txias ntawm dej ntsev raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam xws li ntsev concentration thiab kub, thiab cov txheej txheem quenching yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis.
Cov kua polymer quenching:
Kev txias ceev: Qhov ceev txias ntawm cov kua polymer quenching tuaj yeem hloov kho tau yooj yim los ntawm kev hloov nws qhov concentration, kub thiab kev sib xyaw ceev. Hauv thaj chaw kub siab, qhov ceev txias yog ceev heev, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov saw hlau txias sai; hauv thaj chaw kub qis, qhov ceev txias yuav qeeb qeeb, yog li ua kom txo tau qhov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv.
Qhov Zoo: Nws muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm tawv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov saw hlau tau txais kev faib tawm qhov nyuaj sib xws thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kua polymer quenching muaj kev ua haujlwm txias ruaj khov, lub neej ua haujlwm ntev, thiab muaj kuab paug me me rau ib puag ncig. Nws yog ib qho khoom siv quenching zoo tagnrho.
Qhov tsis zoo: Tus nqi kim heev, thiab cov kev cai rau cov khoom siv quenching thiab kev tswj cov txheej txheem yog nruj heev. Yog tias kev ua haujlwm tsis raug, nws yuav ua rau tsis txaus siab rau qhov quenching effect lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua quenching.
3. Tej yam yuav tsum xav txog thaum xaiv cov khoom siv quenching
Cov khoom siv rau cov menyuam saw:
Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua sib txawv rau qhov ceev txias thiab cov yam ntxwv txias ntawm cov khoom siv quenching. Piv txwv li, rau qee cov saw hlau uas muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntau, xws li cov saw hlau hlau alloy, vim lawv muaj zog khov kho zoo, roj lossis polymer quenching kua nrog qhov txias qeeb qeeb feem ntau tuaj yeem xaiv rau quenching kom tau txais kev teeb tsa zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo; thaum rau qee cov saw hlau carbon, vim lawv tsis muaj zog khov kho, dej lossis dej ntsev nrog qhov txias sai dua yuav xav tau ua cov khoom siv quenching, tab sis yuav tsum tau ua cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog los txo cov teeb meem quenching.
Qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm cov saw hlau:
Qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm cov saw hlau yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau nws qhov txias thiab kev faib tawm ntawm kev ntxhov siab thaum lub sijhawm quenching. Rau cov saw hlau uas me me thiab cov duab yooj yim, vim lawv qhov chaw me me thiab qhov ntim piv, qhov txias yog ceev heev, thiab cov khoom siv quenching nrog qhov txias qeeb me ntsis, xws li roj lossis polymer quenching kua, tuaj yeem xaiv tau; thaum rau cov saw hlau uas loj thiab cov duab nyuaj, txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias ob qho tib si sab hauv thiab sab nraud tuaj yeem quenched tag nrho, cov khoom siv quenching nrog qhov txias sai dua thiab zoo dua hardenability, xws li dej lossis polymer quenching kua siab, feem ntau yog qhov xav tau. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem tsim nyog los xav txog qhov chaw thiab clamping ntawm cov saw hlau thaum lub sijhawm quenching kom ntseeg tau tias nws txias sib xws.
Cov kev cai ua tau zoo ntawm cov saw hlau:
Nyob ntawm seb cov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv thov thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov saw hlau, muaj ntau yam kev qhia txog lawv cov kev ua tau zoo. Yog tias cov saw hlau feem ntau yog siv los tiv taus cov khoom hnyav thiab kev sib txhuam thiab kev hnav, xws li hauv cov khoom siv nqa, tshuab engineering, thiab lwm yam, nws xav tau qhov nyuaj dua, tawv dua thiab tiv taus kev hnav. Lub sijhawm no, koj tuaj yeem xaiv cov khoom siv quenching nrog qhov txias sai dua thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua, xws li dej lossis polymer quenching kua, thiab ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem tempering kom ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ua tau zoo; yog tias cov saw hlau feem ntau yog siv rau qee lub sijhawm uas muaj qhov xav tau siab rau qhov tseeb thiab kev ruaj khov, xws li kev sib kis hauv cov cuab yeej precision, kev ua zaub mov thiab lwm yam khoom siv, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv quenching rau qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov saw hlau yuav tsum tau muab qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov khoom siv quenching nrog qhov txias sib xws thiab kev cuam tshuam me me quenching yuav tsum tau xaiv, xws li roj lossis cov kua polymer quenching tsawg.
Kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab tus nqi:
Thaum tsim khoom tiag tiag, kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab tus nqi kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov yam uas yuav tsum tau xav txog thaum xaiv cov khoom siv quenching. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv quenching xws li dej thiab dej ntsev yog qis heev, tab sis yog tias cov saw hlau quenching tawg thiab tus nqi pov tseg nce vim qhov ceev txias dhau, nws yuav ua rau tus nqi tsim khoom nce ntxiv; thaum cov roj thiab cov kua quenching polymer kim dua, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm quenching thiab tus nqi dhau thawj zaug ntawm cov saw hlau, uas yuav txo tau tus nqi tsim khoom tag nrho hauv lub sijhawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv quenching sib txawv kuj sib txawv hauv kev nqis peev khoom siv, kev saib xyuas, kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav tsum tau ntsuas raws li qhov ntsuas tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam ntawm lub tuam txhab.
4. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov kho nruab nrab rau cov saw hlau precision ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv
Cov saw hlau carbon: Piv txwv li, siv cov saw hlau 45 # ua piv txwv, nws qhov kub thiab txias feem ntau yog ntawm 840 ℃ -860 ℃. Yog tias siv dej ua cov khoom siv quenching, txawm hais tias nws muaj qhov nyuaj dua los tau, vim tias dej txias sai, nws yooj yim ua rau cov saw hlau tsim kev ntxhov siab sab hauv loj thiab tawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov saw hlau uas muaj qhov loj dua lossis cov duab nyuaj, qhov kev pheej hmoo no pom tseeb dua. Yog li ntawd, rau cov saw hlau 45 #, feem ntau siv roj quenching lossis graded quenching, uas yog, cov saw hlau raug cua sov ua ntej rau qhov kub thiab txias hauv lub cub tawg ntsev, thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv roj kom txias, lossis txias ua ntej hauv roj kub rau ib lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau roj txias dua kom txias ntxiv. Qhov no tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv thiab txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab nrib pleb. Tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua kom cov saw hlau tau txais qhov nyuaj dua thiab muaj zog zoo. Qhov nyuaj tom qab quenching feem ntau tuaj yeem ncav cuag HRC30-35. Tom qab tempering, qhov nyuaj tuaj yeem txo qis kom raug thiab qhov tawv tuaj yeem txhim kho ntxiv kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev siv ib txwm muaj.
Cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke: Rau cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke 40Cr, nws qhov tawv yog qhov zoo, thiab nws feem ntau yog quenched los ntawm roj txias lossis cua txias. Tom qab khaws cia sov ntawm qhov kub quenching rau ib lub sijhawm, cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke raug muab tso rau hauv roj kom txias. Qhov txias ntawm cov roj yog qhov nruab nrab, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov qauv sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke hloov pauv sib npaug thiab tau txais cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo. Qhov nyuaj quenching tuaj yeem ncav cuag HRC30-37, thiab qhov nyuaj tom qab tempering tuaj yeem hloov kho raws li qhov xav tau siv tshwj xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau qee cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke muaj zog thiab muaj zog siab, cov txheej txheem quenching dej-roj ob npaug-kua kuj tseem siv tau, uas yog, cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke raug txias ua ntej hauv dej rau qee qib, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau roj rau kev txias ntxiv. Qhov no tuaj yeem muab kev ua si tag nrho rau cov yam ntxwv txias ntawm dej thiab roj, uas tsis tsuas yog ua kom muaj qhov nyuaj quenching ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke, tab sis kuj txo qhov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv quenching thiab kev tawg.
Cov saw hlau tsis xeb: Cov saw hlau tsis xeb muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo thiab tiv thaiv oxidation kub siab, tab sis nws cov txheej txheem quenching nyuaj heev. Piv txwv li, siv cov saw hlau tsis xeb austenitic ua piv txwv, vim nws yooj yim rau intergranular corrosion ntawm qhov kub siab, kev kho cov kua khov feem ntau siv hloov cov txheej txheem quenching ib txwm muaj. Ntawd yog, cov saw hlau raug cua sov rau 1050 ℃ -1150 ℃ rau kev kho cov kua khov, kom cov carbide yaj tag nrho rau hauv austenite matrix, thiab tom qab ntawd txias sai kom tau txais cov qauv austenite ib theem kom txhim kho nws qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab toughness. Cov khoom siv txias feem ntau siv dej lossis polymer quenching kua kom ntseeg tau tias txias sai thiab tiv thaiv carbide precipitation. Rau cov saw hlau tsis xeb martensitic, quenching thiab tempering yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Cov khoom siv quenching feem ntau xaiv roj lossis polymer quenching kua kom tau txais qhov nyuaj thiab lub zog siab dua thaum ua tau raws li qee qhov kev xav tau corrosion.
5. Cov kev ceev faj rau kev siv thiab kev saib xyuas cov khoom siv tua hluav taws
Kev Tswj Kub: Qhov kub ntawm cov khoom siv quenching muaj feem cuam tshuam loj rau qhov txias thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm quenching. Feem ntau, qhov kub ntawm dej yuav tsum tswj tau ntawm 20 ℃ -30 ℃. Qhov kub siab dhau yuav txo nws qhov txias thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov nyuaj ntawm quenching; qhov kub ntawm cov roj yuav tsum tau kho raws li hom thiab cov txheej txheem xav tau, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 20 ℃ -60 ℃. Qhov kub siab dhau yuav ua rau qhov viscosity ntawm cov roj txo qis, qhov txias qeeb qeeb, thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau cov roj hlawv. Qhov kub qis dhau yuav ua rau qhov viscosity ntawm cov roj nce ntxiv, ua rau nws cov kua dej tsis zoo, thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov sib npaug ntawm quenching. Qhov kub ntawm cov kua polymer quenching kuj yuav tsum tau tswj nyob rau hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg, feem ntau tsis pub tshaj 50 ℃, txwv tsis pub nws yuav cuam tshuam rau nws qhov kev ua haujlwm txias thiab lub neej ua haujlwm.
Kev saib xyuas thiab kho qhov concentration: Rau cov khoom siv quenching nrog cov concentration hloov kho tau xws li cov kua polymer quenching, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los saib xyuas nws cov kev hloov pauv concentration tsis tu ncua thiab kho lawv raws li qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag. Qhov nce ntawm concentration yuav ua rau cov saw ntev thiab viscosity ntawm cov polymer molecules nce ntxiv, yog li txo qhov txias. Yog li ntawd, thaum siv tiag tiag, qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom siv quenching yuav tsum tau khaws cia ruaj khov los ntawm kev ntxiv cov dej lossis concentrate kom raug raws li cov nyhuv quenching thiab cov txheej txheem xav tau ntawm cov saw hlau. Tib lub sijhawm, yuav tsum tau ceev faj kom tsis txhob muaj cov khoom tsis huv los ntawm kev sib xyaw rau hauv cov khoom siv quenching kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau nws cov kev ua tau zoo thiab zoo.
Kev Sib Tov thiab Kev Sib Hloov: Yuav kom cov saw hlau txias sib npaug thaum lub sijhawm quenching thiab tiv thaiv kev sib txawv thiab tawg los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntau dhau, cov khoom siv quenching yuav tsum tau sib tov thiab sib hloov kom zoo. Kev teeb tsa lub cuab yeej sib tov hauv lub tank quenching lossis siv cov cua compressed sib tov tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kub thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv quenching sib npaug zoo dua thiab txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm quenching. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ceev sib tov yuav tsum tsis txhob ceev dhau kom tsis txhob muaj npuas ntau dhau thiab pa luam yeeb roj, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm quenching thiab ib puag ncig ua haujlwm.
Kev hloov thiab ntxuav tas li: Thaum siv ntev, cov khoom siv quenching yuav ua rau lub zog tsis zoo vim yog qhov kub siab oxidation, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom tsis huv, kev lwj thiab kev puas tsuaj, yog li nws yuav tsum tau hloov tas li. Tib lub sijhawm, cov av noo, cov av qias neeg thiab cov khoom tsis huv hauv lub tank quenching yuav tsum tau ntxuav kom huv si kom cov khoom siv quenching huv si thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm txias zoo. Cov khoom siv quenching hloov yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov cai tswjfwm kom tsis txhob muaj kuab paug rau ib puag ncig.
6. Cov Qauv Kev Loj Hlob thiab Kev Cia Siab ntawm Kev Lag Luam
Nrog rau kev txhim kho tas mus li ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab kev siv tshuab kho cua sov, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv quenching precision roller chain kuj tob zuj zus. Ntawm ib sab tes, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov khoom siv quenching tshiab uas zoo rau ib puag ncig yuav dhau los ua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txhim kho yav tom ntej. Cov khoom siv quenching no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua qias tuaj tsawg, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab kev ua haujlwm siab, uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev cai tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm kev txhim kho ruaj khov ntawm cov lag luam. Piv txwv li, qee cov khoom siv quenching polymer uas siv dej, cov khoom siv quenching uas siv roj zaub, thiab lwm yam tau maj mam txhawb nqa thiab siv, thiab lawv tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm txias, kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev lwj ntawm cov khoom.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev siv cov txheej txheem quenching ntse thiab cov khoom siv kuj tseem yuav coj cov cib fim tshiab rau kev tsim cov saw hlau precision. Los ntawm kev siv cov thev naus laus zis sensor siab heev, cov thev naus laus zis tswj tsis siv neeg thiab cov thev naus laus zis computer simulation, kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag thiab kev tswj hwm qhov tseeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li kub, tus nqi txias thiab tus nqi ntws nruab nrab thaum lub sijhawm quenching tuaj yeem ua tiav, yog li txhim kho qhov zoo quenching thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm cov saw hlau. Tib lub sijhawm, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv loj thiab cov algorithms txawj ntse, cov txheej txheem quenching kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua thiab kwv yees, muab lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb rau lub tuam txhab cov kev txiav txim siab tsim khoom, txo cov nqi tsim khoom thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Hauv kev xaus, kev xaiv cov khoom siv quenching uas tsim nyog yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov saw hlau precision roller. Hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xav txog cov khoom siv, qhov loj me, cov duab, cov kev xav tau kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab tus nqi ntawm cov saw hlau roller, xaiv cov khoom siv quenching kom raug, thiab tswj hwm cov txheej txheem quenching kom nruj. Tib lub sijhawm, txhawb kev siv thiab kev tswj hwm kev saib xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv quenching kom ntseeg tau tias qhov zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov saw hlau roller nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nrog rau kev txhim kho tas mus li ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, peb muaj laj thawj ntseeg tias cov txheej txheem quenching precision roller yav tom ntej yuav laus dua, ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig, muab kev txhawb nqa zoo dua rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Plaub Hlis-30-2025
