Inqubo Yokumisa Imboni Ye-Roller Chain

Inqubo Yokumisa Imboni Ye-Roller Chain: Kusukela Esisekelweni Semishini Kuya Ekusebenzisaneni Komhlaba Wonke

Njenge-"imithambo yegazi" yokudluliselwa kwezimboni, amaketanga okugoqa abe nomsebenzi oyinhloko wokudluliselwa kwamandla kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo. Kusukela emidwebweni ye-Renaissance kuya ezingxenyeni zanamuhla ezinembile ezinika amandla imboni yomhlaba wonke, ukuthuthukiswa kwamaketanga okugoqa kuye kwaxhunyaniswa eduze nenqubo yokulinganisa. Ukulinganisa akuchazi nje kuphela i-DNA yobuchwephesheamaketanga okugoqakodwa futhi isungula imithetho yokubambisana yochungechunge lwezimboni zomhlaba wonke, iba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe.

I. Umbungu Nokuhlola: Isiphithiphithi Sezobuchwepheshe Ngaphambi Kokuqiniswa (Ngaphambi Kwekhulu Le-19 - 1930)
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bamaketanga okugoqayo kwangaphambi kokusungulwa kohlelo lokulinganisa. Lesi sikhathi sokuhlola saqoqa ulwazi olubalulekile olusebenzayo lokwakhiwa okulandelayo kwezindinganiso. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-200 BC, isondo lamanzi le-keel lezwe lami kanye nephampu yamanzi yebhakede leketanga laseRoma lasendulo kwabonisa izinhlobo zokuqala zokudluliselwa kweketanga. Kodwa-ke, la maketanga okuhambisa ayelula ngesakhiwo futhi ayengahlangabezana nezidingo ezithile kuphela.

Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, uLeonardo da Vinci waqala ukuphakamisa umqondo wochungechunge lokudlulisa, wabeka isisekelo semfundiso yenkolo sochungechunge lwe-roller oluyisibonelo. Uchungechunge lwe-pin olwasungulwa yiGall eFrance ngo-1832 kanye nochungechunge lwe-roller olungenamikhono lukaJames Slater eBrithani ngo-1864 kancane kancane lwathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa kanye nokuqina kwamaketanga. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1880 lapho unjiniyela waseBrithani uHenry Reynolds asungula khona uchungechunge lwe-roller lwesimanje, olwaluthatha indawo yokuxubana okushelelayo ngokungqubuzana okugoqayo phakathi kwama-roller nama-sprocket, okunciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kwamandla. Lesi sakhiwo saba uphawu lokulinganisa okulandelayo.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukusetshenziswa kwamaketanga okugoqa kwanda kakhulu ezimbonini ezisafufusa ezifana namabhayisikili, izimoto, kanye nezindiza. Amaketanga okushayela angena embonini yamabhayisikili ngo-1886, asetshenziswa ezimotweni ngo-1889, futhi akhuphukela esibhakabhakeni ngendiza yabazalwane bakaWright ngo-1903. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakuncike ngokuphelele ezicacisweni zangaphakathi zenkampani. Amapharamitha afana ne-chain pitch, ubukhulu bepuleti, kanye nobubanzi be-roller ayehluka kakhulu phakathi kwabakhiqizi, okwaholela esimweni esixakile "sefektri eyodwa, ejwayelekile eyodwa, umshini owodwa, iketanga elilodwa." Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwamaketanga kwakufanele kufane nemodeli yomkhiqizi wokuqala, okwaholela ezindleleni zokulungisa eziphezulu futhi kwanciphisa kakhulu isikali semboni. Lokhu kuhlukana kobuchwepheshe kwadala isidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenziwa kwezindinganiso.

II. Ukuphakama Kwesifunda: Ukwakhiwa Kwezinhlelo Zikazwelonke Nezezinga Lesifunda (1930-1960)

Njengoba imishini ikhula embonini, izinhlangano zesifunda ezilinganisayo zaqala ukubusa ukuthuthukiswa kwemininingwane yobuchwepheshe be-roller chain, zakha izinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe ezigxile e-United States naseYurophu, zabeka isisekelo sokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe okulandelayo.

(I) Uhlelo LwaseMelika: Isisekelo Somkhuba Wezimboni Sezinga Le-ANSI

Njengomdlali obalulekile ku-Industrial Revolution, i-United States yaqala inqubo yokumisa i-roller chain. Ngo-1934, i-American Roller and Silent Chain Manufacturers Association yathuthukisa i-ASA Roller Chain Standard (kamuva yashintsha yaba yi-ANSI Standard), eyachaza okokuqala amapharamitha ayinhloko kanye nezindlela zokuhlola amaketanga e-roller aqondile ane-pitch emfushane. I-ANSI standard isebenzisa amayunithi asebukhosini, futhi uhlelo lwayo lokufaka izinombolo luhlukile—inombolo yeketanga imelela ingxenye eyodwa kweziyisishiyagalombili ze-intshi. Isibonelo, iketanga elingu-#40 linokuphakama okungu-4/8 intshi (12.7mm), kanti iketanga elingu-#60 linokuphakama okungu-6/8 intshi (19.05mm). Lolu hlelo lokucacisa olunembile lusasetshenziswa kabanzi emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika.

Indinganiso ihlukanisa amamaki omkhiqizo ngokwezimo zokusebenza ezahlukene: amaketanga amancane afana ne-#40 afanele ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni okulula nokuphakathi, kanti osayizi #100 nangaphezulu bahlangabezana nezidingo zezimboni ezinzima. Iphinde icacise ukuthi umthwalo wokusebenza ngokuvamile uyingxenye eyodwa kuya kwengxenye yesi-8 yamandla okuphuka. Ukwethulwa kwendinganiso ye-ANSI kwenze kwaba nokukhiqizwa okukhulu embonini yeketanga yase-US, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi emishinini yezolimo, uphethiloli, izimayini, kanye neminye imikhakha kwasheshe kwasungula isikhundla esiphambili kwezobuchwepheshe.

(II) Uhlelo lwaseYurophu: Ukuhlola Ukuhluzwa Kwezinga le-BS
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iYurophu ithuthukise izici zayo zobuchwepheshe ngokusekelwe kuzinga le-BS laseBrithani. Ngokungafani nezindinganiso ze-ANSI, ezigxila ekusebenzeni kwezimboni, amazinga e-BS agcizelela ukukhiqizwa okunembile kanye nokushintshana, ebeka izidingo eziqinile zezinkomba ezifana nokubekezelelana kwephrofayili yamazinyo e-sprocket kanye namandla okukhathala kweketanga. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu asebenzisa uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-BS, okudala ukuhlukana kwezobuchwepheshe nemakethe yaseMelika.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukwakheka kwezindinganiso zesifunda kwakhuthaza kakhulu ukubambisana ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwezimboni zendawo: izinkampani zezinto zokwakha ezisezingeni eliphezulu zanikeza insimbi izici ezithile zokusebenza ngokwezindinganiso, abakhiqizi abaphakathi nendawo bathole ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwezingxenye, kanye nezinkampani zokufaka izicelo ezisezingeni eliphansi zanciphisa izindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini. Kodwa-ke, umehluko wamapharamitha phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili wadala nezithiyo zokuhweba—imishini yaseMelika kwakunzima ukuyivumelanisa nezintambo zaseYurophu, futhi okuphambene nalokho, kwabeka isisekelo sokuhlanganiswa okulandelayo kwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.

(III) Ukuqala Kwase-Asia: Ukwethulwa Kwasekuqaleni KwaseJapane Kwezindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iJapane yamukela ngokuyinhloko isu lokungenisa ubuchwepheshe, yaqala yamukela ngokugcwele uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-ANSI ukuze ivumelanise imishini engenisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhula kokuhweba ngokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iJapane yaqala ukwethula amazinga e-BS ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zemakethe yaseYurophu, yakha isikhathi sokuguquka "kwezindinganiso ezimbili ngesikhathi esifanayo." Lokhu kuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo kwaqoqa ulwazi lokuhlanganyela kwayo okulandelayo ekusethweni kwamazinga omhlaba wonke.

III. Ukubambisana Komhlaba Wonke: Ukuhlanganiswa Nokuphindaphindwa Kwamazinga e-ISO (1960-2000)

Ukujula kokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokugeleza komhlaba wonke kobuchwepheshe bezimboni kwasunduza amazinga ochungechunge lwezingqimba kusukela ekuqhekekeni kwesifunda kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwamazwe ngamazwe. I-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) yaba ngumshayeli oyinhloko wale nqubo, ihlanganisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zaseYurophu nase-United States ukuze kusungulwe uhlaka olujwayelekile olusebenza emhlabeni wonke.

(I) Ukuzalwa kwe-ISO 606: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlelo Ezimbili Ezinkulu

Ngo-1967, i-ISO yamukela iNcoma R606 (ISO/R606-67), yasungula iphrothokholi yokuqala yendinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe yamaketanga okugoqa. Ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bezindinganiso ze-Anglo-American, kwagcina ukusebenza kwezimboni kwendinganiso ye-ANSI ngenkathi kufakwa izidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi zendinganiso ye-BS, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sokuqala sobuchwepheshe esihlanganisiwe sokuhweba ngeketanga lomhlaba.

Ngo-1982, i-ISO 606 yakhishwa ngokusemthethweni, yathatha indawo yesincomo sesikhashana. Yacacisa izidingo zokushintshana ngobukhulu, izinkomba zokusebenza kwamandla, kanye nezindinganiso ze-sprocket meshing zamaketanga e-roller aqondile e-short-pitch. Le nqubo, okokuqala ngqa, yafaka imikhawulo "ekumeni kwamazinyo okuphezulu nokuncane," yephula imithetho eyayiqinile ngaphambili ezimeni ezithile zamazinyo, yanikeza abakhiqizi isikhala sokuklama esifanele ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukushintshana.

(II) Ukuthuthukiswa Okujwayelekile Okuhlelekile: Kusukela Kupharamitha Eyodwa Kuya Ekucacisweni Okuphelele Kweketanga

Ngo-1994, i-ISO yaqala ukubuyekezwa okukhulu kwendinganiso engu-606, yafaka uchungechunge lwe-bush, izesekeli, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-sprocket ohlakeni oluhlanganisiwe, yaxazulula ukunqamuka kwangaphambilini phakathi kwendinganiso ye-chain kanye nezindinganiso zezingxenye ezihlobene. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwaphinde kwethula isilinganiso "samandla omthwalo oguqukayo" okokuqala, kwasungula izidingo zokusebenza kokukhathala kwamaketanga e-single-strand, okwenza indinganiso ifaneleke kakhulu ezimweni zokusebenza zangempela.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amazwe ahlukahlukene alandela izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke: I-China yakhipha i-GB/T 1243-1997 ngo-1997, yamukela ngokugcwele i-ISO 606:1994 futhi yathatha indawo yezindinganiso ezintathu ezazihlukene ngaphambilini; I-Japan yafaka izinkomba eziyinhloko ze-ISO ochungechungeni lwezindinganiso ze-JIS B 1810, yakha uhlelo oluyingqayizivele “lwezilinganiso zomhlaba wonke + ukuzivumelanisa nendawo.” Ukuvumelanisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kuye kwehlisa kakhulu izindleko zokuhweba. Ngokwezibalo zemboni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ISO 606 kuye kunciphisa izingxabano zemininingwane ekuhwebeni kwe-roller chain yomhlaba wonke ngaphezu kuka-70%.

(III) Izindinganiso Ezikhethekile Ezengeziwe: Imininingwane Eqondile Yezinkambu Ezithile
Ngokuhlukahluka kwezicelo ze-roller chain, kuye kwavela amazinga akhethekile emikhakheni ethile. Ngo-1985, iShayina yakhipha i-GB 6076-1985, “Amaketanga Okushelela Okuqondile Okuqondile Okuhamba Ngesivinini Esifushane Okudlulisa,” okugcwalisa igebe ezindinganisweni ze-bushing chain. I-JB/T 3875-1999, eyabuyekezwa ngo-1999, amaketanga okushelela aqinile ajwayelekile ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zomthwalo omkhulu wemishini esindayo. Lezi zindinganiso ezikhethekile zihambisana ne-ISO 606, zakha uhlelo oluphelele “olujwayelekile oluyisisekelo + olujwayelekile”.

IV. Ukunika Amandla Okuqondile: Ukuthuthuka Kwezindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe Ekhulwini Lama-21 (Kuze Kube Manje)

Ekhulwini lama-21, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwemishini esezingeni eliphezulu, ukukhiqizwa okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nezidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuye kwaholela ekuguqukeni kwezindinganiso ze-roller chain zibe ukunemba okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuphezulu, kanye nokusebenza okuluhlaza. Izinhlangano zezindinganiso ze-ISO kanye nezwe lonke ziye zabuyekeza amazinga njalo ukuze zihlangabezane kangcono nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni.

(I) ISO 606:2004/2015: Ukuphumelela Okubili Ekuqondeni Nokusebenza Kahle
Ngo-2004, i-ISO yakhipha indinganiso entsha engu-606 (ISO 606:2004), yahlanganisa amazinga okuqala e-ISO 606 kanye ne-ISO 1395, yafinyelela ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwezindinganiso ze-roller kanye ne-bush chain. Le ndinganiso yandisa ububanzi bemininingwane, yandisa iphimbo kusukela ku-6.35mm kuya ku-114.30mm, futhi yahlanganisa izigaba ezintathu: Uchungechunge A (oluvela ku-ANSI), Uchungechunge B (oluvela eYurophu), kanye nochungechunge lwe-ANSI Heavy Duty, oluhlangabezana nezidingo zazo zonke izimo, kusukela emishinini enembile kuya emishinini esindayo.

Ngo-2015, i-ISO 606:2015 yaqinisa izidingo zokunemba kobukhulu, yanciphisa ububanzi bokuphambuka kwephimbo ngo-15%, futhi yanezela izinkomba zokusebenza kwemvelo (njengokuhambisana ne-RoHS), ikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwemboni yeketanga ibe "ukukhiqiza okunembile + ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza." Indinganiso iphinde ithuthukise ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezesekeli futhi yengeza imihlahlandlela yokuklama yezesekeli ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokukhethekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemigqa yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo.

(II) Ukubambisana Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha Ezindinganisweni Zikazwelonke: Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo LwaseShayina
Nakuba ilandela amazinga omhlaba wonke, iShayina nayo iyasungula futhi ithuthukisa ngokusekelwe ezicini zezimboni zayo zasendaweni. I-GB/T 1243-2006, eyakhishwa ngo-2006, ilingana ne-ISO 606:2004 futhi okokuqala ihlanganisa izidingo zobuchwepheshe zamaketanga, izesekeli, nama-sprockets zibe yindinganiso eyodwa. Iphinde icacise izindlela zokubala amandla amaketanga e-duplex kanye ne-triplex, ixazulule ukuntuleka kwangaphambilini kwesisekelo esithembekile samandla omthwalo ashukumisayo wamaketanga ezintambo eziningi.

Ngo-2024, i-GB/T 1243-2024 yaqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni, yaba yisiqondiso esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemboni. Indinganiso entsha ifinyelela impumelelo ezinkomba eziyinhloko njengokunemba kobukhulu kanye nomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo: amandla alinganisiwe emodeli eyodwa yeketanga akhushulwa ngo-20%, futhi ukubekezelelana kobubanzi bendilinga ye-sprocket pitch kuyancishiswa, okuholela ekukhuleni okungu-5%-8% ekusebenzeni kahle kohlelo lokudlulisa. Iphinde ingeze isigaba esisha sezesekeli zokuqapha ezihlakaniphile, ezisekela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwamapharamitha afana nokushisa nokudlidliza, zivumelanisa nezidingo ze-Industry 4.0. Ngokuzihlanganisa ngokujulile nezindinganiso ze-ISO, le ndinganiso isiza imikhiqizo ye-roller chain yaseShayina ukunqoba izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi ithuthukise ukuqashelwa kwayo emakethe yomhlaba wonke.

(III) Ukuthuthukiswa Okunamandla Kwezindinganiso Zesifunda: Umkhuba we-JIS yaseJapan
I-Japan Industrial Standards Commission (JISC) ivuselela njalo uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-JIS B 1810. Uhlelo luka-2024 lwe-JIS B 1810:2024, olwakhishwa ngo-2024, lugxile ekuqiniseni imininingwane yokufaka nokugcinwa kanye neziqondiso zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokusebenza. Iphinde yengeze izidingo zokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nezinhlanganisela ze-carbon fiber kanye nezingubo zobumba, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe sokukhiqizwa kwamaketanga alula, anamandla aphezulu. Izindlela zokukhetha ezinemininingwane kanye nokubala ezijwayelekile zisiza izinkampani ukunciphisa amazinga okwehluleka kwemishini futhi zandise impilo yamaketanga.