Ni izihe ntambwe zo kubungabunga umunyururu w'igare zikubiyemo?

Ni izihe ntambwe zo kubungabunga umunyururu w'igare zikubiyemo?
Nk'igice cy'ingenzi mu gutwara ibintu hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, kubungabunga iminyururu y'imashini ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibikoresho bikore neza kandi byongere igihe cyo kubikoresha. Izi zikurikira ni intambwe zirambuye zo kubungabunga iminyururu y'imashini:

I. Igenzura rya buri munsi
(I) Igenzura ry'isura
Kwangirika no guhindagurika: Mbere yo gutangira imashini buri munsi, suzuma witonze uko umugozi w'imashini umeze kugira ngo urebe niba hari ibyangiritse, guhindagurika cyangwa imitumba bigaragara. Ibande ku bice by'ingenzi by'umugozi nk'imigozi, ibyuma by'imashini, n'udupira. Iyo byangiritse cyangwa guhindagurika bibonetse, bigomba gufatwa neza ku gihe kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika cyangwa kugwa mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa.
Kwangirika: Reba niba hari ibimenyetso by'kwangirika ku buso bw'umunyururu uzunguruka, nk'ibizinga cyangwa ibizinga. Kwangirika bizagabanya imbaraga n'ubukomere bw'umunyururu, bigatuma woroha kwangirika mu gihe cy'imizigo myinshi cyangwa ahantu hakomeye. Ku byangirika bito, gukuraho ingese no gukumira ingese bishobora gukoreshwa; niba byangiritse cyane, umunyururu mushya ugomba gusimbuzwa.

(II) Igenzura ry'imiterere y'amavuta yo kwisiga
Igenzura ry'aho amavuta ashyirwa: Reba niba aho amavuta ashyirwa mu mugozi w'umunyururu ahagije kandi asukuye. Aho amavuta ashyirwa mu munyururu harimo igice cy'umunyururu, ubuso buhuza umunyururu n'igice cy'umunyururu, n'ibindi. Menya neza ko amavuta ashyirwa mu munyururu ashobora gutwikira neza ibyo bice kugira ngo agabanye kwangirika no kwangirika.
Guhitamo amavuta yo kwisiga: Hitamo amavuta akwiye bitewe n'imiterere y'akazi. Ku minyururu y'imizingo ikora ku muvuduko mwinshi cyangwa munsi y'umutwaro uremereye, amavuta yo kwisiga afite ubukana buringaniye kandi arwanya kwangirika neza agomba gutoranywa; ku minyururu y'imizingo iri mu kirere cyangwa ahantu hakonje, amavuta yo kwisiga afite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ingese kandi adapfa amazi agomba gutoranywa.
(III) Gukurikirana amajwi mu mikorere
Gusuzuma urusaku rudasanzwe: Nyuma yo gutangiza ibikoresho, tega amatwi witonze ijwi ry'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko. Ijwi risanzwe ry'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko riba ryiza kandi ringana. Iyo hari urusaku rudasanzwe, nko gukanda, gukururana cyangwa gukubitana, akenshi biba ari intandaro yo kunanirwa
Gukemura ibibazo: Urusaku rudasanzwe rushobora guterwa no kudahuza neza hagati y'umunyururu n'umuyoboro w'amazi, kwangirika kw'amapine, gukururana gukabije kw'umunyururu, nibindi. Ni ngombwa kugenzura no gukemura ibibazo bifitanye isano kimwe kimwe hakurikijwe imiterere n'aho urusaku ruturuka.
II. Gutunganya buri gihe
(I) Guhindura umuvuduko w'umunyururu
Kugenzura umuvuduko: Genzura umuvuduko w'umunyururu ugenda ukurikirana amabwiriza y'ibikoresho cyangwa igitabo cy'amabwiriza yo kubungabunga. Iyo umunyururu urekuye cyane, bizatuma umunyururu usimbuka cyangwa uzunguruka, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza no kudahungabana kw'imiyoboro; iyo umunyururu uremereye cyane, byongera ubusaza bw'umunyururu n'umugozi kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kuwukoresha.
Uburyo bwo Guhindura: Kuri sisitemu zo kohereza ubutumwa zifite intera yo hagati ishobora guhindurwa, umuvuduko w'umunyururu ushobora guhindurwa hakoreshejwe guhindura intera yo hagati y'umunyururu; kuri sisitemu zifite intera yo hagati idahinduka, ni ngombwa guhindura hakoreshejwe kongera cyangwa kugabanya umubare w'ibice by'umunyururu cyangwa gukoresha icyuma gihagarika umwuka.
(II) Gusukura no gukuraho ingese
Gusukura ubuso: Sukura buri gihe ivumbi, amavuta n'ingese ku buso bw'umunyururu uzunguruka. Koresha igitambaro cyoroshye cyangwa uburoso kugira ngo winjizemo isabune hanyuma uhanagure buhoro buhoro ibice byose by'umunyururu. Irinde gukoresha ibintu bikomeye cyangwa isabune yangiza cyane kugira ngo wirinde kwangiza ubuso bw'umunyururu.
Gukuraho ingese: Ku bice by'umunyururu bifite ingese nyinshi, birakenewe gukuraho ingese. Uburyo bwo gukuraho ingese bushobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki, nko gusya ibice byangiritse ukoresheje brush y'icyuma cyangwa sandpaper; cyangwa gukoresha imiti ikuraho ingese, ariko witondere uburyo bwo kugabanya ingese no kuyirinda nyuma yo gukuraho ingese.
(III) Igenzura n'isimbuza ry'amapine
Igenzura ry’uko ibyuma byangiritse: Ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi ni ibice bishobora kwangirika mu gutwara imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi kandi bigomba kugenzurwa buri gihe niba byangiritse. Reba niba ibyuma bizunguruka neza, haba hari urusaku rudasanzwe cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi, nibindi.

Simbuza imiyoboro: Iyo isanzwe yangiritse cyane cyangwa yangiritse, yisimbuze indi nshya ku gihe. Hitamo imiyoboro ifite imiterere n'ingero bimwe n'imiyoboro y'umwimerere kandi ifite ubuziranenge bwizewe, hanyuma uyisimbuze ukurikije uburyo bwiza bwo kuyishyiraho.

III. Gukumira amakosa
(I) Umutwaro uhagije
Irinde gukoresha umutwaro mwinshi cyane: Menya neza ko umuyoboro w'imizigo ukora mu rugero rw'umutwaro ugenwe kandi wirinde gukoresha umutwaro mwinshi igihe kirekire. Umutwaro mwinshi cyane wihutisha kwangirika k'umuyoboro n'umutwaro, kandi byongera ibyago byo kwangirika k'umuyoboro no kwangirika kw'umutwaro.

Gukurikirana imizigo: Ku bikoresho bifite imikorere yo kwerekana imizigo, kurikirana imizigo mu gihe nyacyo; ku bikoresho bidafite imikorere yo kwerekana imizigo, tegura imirimo yo gukora neza hakurikijwe imiterere y'imikorere y'ibikoresho n'amakuru y'amateka y'imizigo kugira ngo wirinde kurenza urugero rw'imizigo.

(II) Gukurikirana ubushyuhe
Gukurikirana ubushyuhe bw'akazi: Kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'akazi k'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'imikorere no kwangirika kw'ibice bitewe no gushyuha cyane. Ku minyururu y'umuzunguruko mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ibikoresho bikonjesha bishobora kongerwamo cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'aho bakorera bugahindurwa.

Gushyiraho inzogera y'ubushyuhe: Shyira urugero rw'inzogera y'ubushyuhe muri sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikoresho. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'imikorere y'umunyururu urenza agaciro kagenwe, ikimenyetso cy'inzogera gitangwa ku gihe kugira ngo cyibutse umukozi gufata ingamba.

(III) Amahugurwa y'umwuga
Amahugurwa ku bakoresha: Gutanga amahugurwa y’umwuga ku bakoresha n’abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga kugira ngo bongere ubumenyi bwabo ku ihame ry’imikorere, amakosa asanzwe n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibibazo by’iminyururu izunguruka. Ibikubiye mu mahugurwa birimo imiterere y’imiterere, ihame ryo kohereza, uburyo bwo kubungabunga, ubuhanga bwo gusuzuma amakosa, n’ibindi by’iminyururu izunguruka.

Amahugurwa ku bakozi bo kubungabunga: Guhugura buri gihe abakozi bo kubungabunga ikoranabuhanga rishya n'inzira nshya kugira ngo babashe kumenya neza ibitekerezo n'uburyo bwo kubungabunga bugezweho no kunoza imikorere n'ireme ry'imirimo yo kubungabunga.

IV. Gutunganya amakosa
(I) Gusuzuma ikibazo
Isuzuma ry'ibanze: Iyo umugozi w'umuzingo unaniwe, banza usuzume mbere yo kumenya ubwoko n'aho ikibazo kiri binyuze mu kwitegereza, kumva, gupima, nibindi.

Gusuzuma indwara: Ku makosa akomeye, tumira abatekinisiye b'inzobere kugira ngo bagupime. Koresha ibikoresho n'uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima, nko gupima hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga no gupima uduce duto twa magnetique, kugira ngo umenye neza kandi vuba impamvu y'ikosa.

(II) Gusana no gusimbuza
Gahunda yo kubungabunga: kora gahunda yo kubungabunga ishingiye ku bisubizo bya siyansi kandi byumvikana. Ku bice bishobora gusanwa, fata ingamba zo gusana; ku bice bidashobora gusanwa cyangwa ikiguzi cyo gusana kiri hejuru cyane, bisimbuze

Igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho byo kubungabunga: Mu gihe cyo kubungabunga, koresha ibice by'umwimerere cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byo gusimbura ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge, kandi ukurikize neza ibisabwa mu kubungabunga kugira ngo urebe ko ibikoresho byo kubungabunga ari byiza.

(III) Inyandiko z'ubwisungane
Shyiraho dosiye z'ubusabe: Shyiraho dosiye yuzuye y'ubusabe, wandike igihe, ibikubiye muri iyo dosiye, ibice bisimbura n'ingaruka z'ubusabe bwa buri sabe mu buryo burambuye.

Isesengura ry'amakuru n'ivugurura: Gusesengura buri gihe inyandiko z'isuku kugira ngo umenye amategeko n'impamvu z'ibura ry'ibikoresho, kandi utange ingero z'isuku n'ivugurura rikurikiraho.

V. Ingamba zo kubungabunga
(I) Inshuro zo kubungabunga
Inshuro zo kugenzura buri munsi: Kora igenzura ry'isura, igenzura ry'imiterere y'amavuta no kugenzura amajwi mbere yo gutangira imashini buri munsi.

Inshuro zisanzwe zo kubungabunga: Tegura gahunda ihamye yo kubungabunga ishingiye ku nshuro zikoreshwa ibikoresho n'aho bikorera. Muri rusange, gutunganya imigozi y'uruhererekane no gusukura no gukuraho ingese bikorwa buri gihembwe, kandi igenzura ryuzuye ryo kubungabunga rikorwa buri mezi atandatu cyangwa umwaka umwe.

(II) Ibidukikije byo kubungabunga

Ahantu heza: Mu gusukura umugozi w'umuzingo, hagomba gutoranywa ahantu heza kandi hatari ivumbi kugira ngo hirindwe ko ivumbi n'imyanda bidakomeza gufatana n'umugozi.

Ibidukikije birangwa n'umutekano: Mu gihe ukora imirimo yo gusana no gusana, menya neza ko ibikoresho biri mu gihe cyo kuzimya, kandi ufate ingamba zikenewe mu mutekano, nko gushyiraho ibimenyetso by'uburinzi no gukoresha ibikoresho byo kwirinda, kugira ngo urinde umutekano w'abakozi bashinzwe gusana.

(III) Ibikoresho byo kubungabunga

Ibikoresho byihariye: Bifite ibikoresho byihariye bikenewe mu kubungabunga iminyururu, nk'ibikoresha iminyururu, ibica iminyururu, imbunda zikoresha amavuta, nibindi.

Gusana ibikoresho: Suzuma kandi ukomeze kubibungabunga buri gihe kugira ngo urebe ko bikora neza.

Binyuze mu ntambwe zavuzwe haruguru zo kubungabunga neza, imikorere isanzwe y'umuyoboro w'ibyuma ishobora kwemezwa neza, igihe cyo kuwukoresha gishobora kongerwa, kandi imikorere myiza n'ubwizigirwa bw'ibikoresho bishobora kunozwa. Imirimo yo kubungabunga igomba gukomeza kandi igashyirwa mu bikorwa neza hakurikijwe gahunda yo kubungabunga n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha kugira ngo inyungu z'umuyoboro w'ibyuma zirusheho gukora neza.