Insinga zo gusudira n'uburyo bwo gukurura iminyururu: ibintu by'ingenzi bihuza amaraso y'inganda

Insinga zo gusudira n'uburyo bwo gukurura iminyururu: ibintu by'ingenzi bihuza amaraso y'inganda

Intangiriro
Mu rwego rw'inganda, umunyururu w'ibizingo, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cyo kohereza ingufu n'umutwaro w'ibiziga, ni nk'amaraso y'imashini, ashyigikira imikorere ihamye y'ibikoresho bitandukanye. Nubwo insinga zo gusudira n'amazi bitagaragara neza nkaumunyururu w'ibizingo, ni intwari ziri inyuma y’ibikorwa byo kwemeza ireme ry’umunyururu w’ibizingo no kongera igihe cyo kuwukoresha. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibicuruzwa byinshi, ni ngombwa cyane gusobanukirwa neza ibi byombi. Ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku ireme ry’umunyururu w’ibizingo, ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza n’ikiguzi cy’umunyururu wose w’ibicuruzwa.

1. Intangiriro ku munyururu w'ibizingo
Umunyururu w'ibizingo ugizwe ahanini n'amasahani y'inyuma y'umunyururu, amasahani y'imbere y'umunyururu, iminyururu, imisumari, amaboko n'udupfundikizo. Amasahani y'inyuma y'umunyururu akozwe mu cyuma gikomeye cyane n'umuvuduko n'igitutu; amasahani y'imbere y'umunyururu atanga imbaraga n'ubufasha ku minyururu; iminyururu ni byo bice by'ingenzi byohereza imbaraga n'imitwaro y'ibizingo; iminyururu ihuza iminyururu n'amasahani y'iminyururu; amaboko agabanya ubukana hagati y'iminyururu n'iminyururu; iminyururu ihuza iminyururu n'iminyururu kugira ngo umunyururu uhore uhamye. Imiterere yayo mito ishobora kwihanganira imitwaro minini kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bwiza. Ikoreshwa cyane mu mashini, ibyuma, peteroli, inganda za chimique n'izindi nganda, kandi ikwiriye mu bihe byo kohereza ibintu mu muvuduko uringaniye no mu gihe cyo kohereza ibintu mu muvuduko uringaniye.

2. Uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'insinga zo gusudira n'ingufu mu gukora iminyururu y'urukiramende
Gukora umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka bisaba amasano menshi, kandi gusudira ni intambwe y'ingenzi. Nk'ibikoresho byuzuza mu gikorwa cyo gusudira, ubwiza bw'insinga zo gusudira bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mbaraga, ubukomere n'ubudahangarwa bw'umuyoboro w'ibyuma. Insinga zo gusudira nziza zishobora gutuma icyuma cyo gusudira n'umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka bihuzwa neza kugira ngo bihuzwe neza kandi bihamye, biha agaciro imikorere ihamye y'umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka mu gihe cy'umutwaro mwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi n'imimerere igoye yo gukora. Gusukura bigira uruhare mu kurinda no gukurura umwuka. Ku ruhande rumwe, gusukura bishobora gutandukanya umwuka, gukumira ogisijeni n'amazi mu byuma bizunguruka, no kugabanya inenge zo gusudira; ku rundi ruhande, bishobora kugabanya ubukana hagati y'insinga zo gusudira n'ubuso bw'umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka, guteza imbere gushonga no kuzura kw'insinga zo gusudira, kunoza ubwiza n'imikorere y'umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka, bityo bikongera igihe cy'ubuzima bw'umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka.

3. Ubwoko n'imiterere y'insinga zo gusudira iminyururu izunguruka
Insinga zo gusudira icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gito cya karuboni
Ibiranga imiterere: ingano nke ya karuboni, muri rusange iri munsi ya 0.25%, ingano nke y'ibintu bihumanya.
Imikorere myiza yo gusudira: imikorere myiza yo gusudira, urwego runini rw'amashanyarazi yo gusudira, imiyoboro mito, uruziga ruhamye, byoroshye kubona imiyoboro myiza yo gusudira.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha: bukwiriye gukorwa mu nganda zikora iminyururu ifite ingufu nke kandi ikora mu buryo bworoheje, nk'iminyururu ikora mu mashini nto z'ubuhinzi n'imashini zoroheje z'inganda.
Insinga yo gusudira icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gito
Ibiranga imiterere: ingano nto y'ibintu bya alloy nka manganese, silicon, chromium, nibindi byongerwa mu cyuma cya karuboni, kandi ingano yose y'ibintu bya alloy ubusanzwe ntirenga 5%.
Imikorere yo gusudira: Ugereranyije n'insinga zo gusudira ibyuma bike bya karuboni, ifite imbaraga n'ubukomere bwinshi, irwanya ubushyuhe buke kandi irwanya imiyoboro, ariko isabwa cyane mu kugenzura ibipimo byo gusudira.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha: bukoreshwa cyane mu gukora iminyururu y'imizingo ifite imbaraga ziciriritse n'imitwaro runaka y'ingaruka, nk'iminyururu y'imizingo mu mashini z'ubuhanga, imashini zicukura amabuye y'agaciro n'ibindi bikoresho.
Insinga zo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese
Ibiranga imiterere: ahanini igizwe n'ibintu bya alloy nka chromium na nikeli, ifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika no kudahangarwa neza kwa okiside.
Umusaruro wo gusudira: Uburyo bwo gusudira bugenda nabi ugereranije n'abandi, kandi ibikoresho byo gusudira n'ibisabwa mu gutunganya ibintu ni byinshi. Ubushyuhe bukunze kwangirika, kandi ibipimo byo gusudira bigomba kugenzurwa neza.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha: Irakwiriye mu gukora iminyururu ikora ahantu hangirika cyangwa ahantu hashyuha cyane, nko mu minyururu ikora ibikoresho bya chimique, imashini zikoresha ibiribwa, ibikoresho byo mu mazi, nibindi.

4. Ubwoko n'imiterere y'uruhererekane rw'imizingo
Uruvange rw'ibintu bishonga
Uburyo bwo gukora: Ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye bivangwa mu rugero runaka, bigashongeshwa mu itanura ry’umusemburo cyangwa mu gikoni, hanyuma bigashongeshwa n’amazi mu tunyangingo, hanyuma bigakorwa binyuze mu kumisha, gupima no mu zindi nzira.
Ibiranga: Ifite imikorere myiza mu gutunganya, ishobora gukuraho imyanda mu cyuma gisudira, kandi ikanoza ubuziranenge n'imikorere yacyo mu byuma bisudira, ariko ntishobora kwangirika ku bushuhe, kandi uburyo bwo kuyumisha no kubika ibintu bigomba kugenzurwa neza.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha: Ikoreshwa cyane mu gusudira ibyuma bya karuboni n'iminyururu y'ibyuma bito bidafite aloyi nyinshi, cyane cyane mu bihe bifite ibisabwa byo gusudira neza.
Uruvange rw'ibintu bifatana
Uburyo bwo gukora: Vanga ifu zitandukanye z'ibikoresho fatizo hamwe n'ubudodo hanyuma ubikoremo uduce duto nyuma yo kumisha.
Ibiranga: Ifite imikorere myiza, ifite ingaruka nziza ku burinzi ku byuma bisudira, ishobora kugabanya neza inenge zo gusudira, kandi ikoresha ibikoresho byo gusudira neza.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha: Ishobora gukoreshwa mu gusudira ibyuma bya karuboni, ibyuma bidafite aloyi nyinshi n'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugozi, cyane cyane ku miyoboro ikora isudira ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga ifite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo isudira ibe nziza kandi ikore neza.
Uruvange rw'amazi ruvanze
Uburyo bwo gukora: Nyuma yo kuvanga ifu y'ibikoresho fatizo n'igikoresho cyo gusya, shyiramo ibice ku bushyuhe bwinshi, hanyuma ubikore binyuze mu gusya, gupima no mu zindi nzira.
Ibiranga: Ifite imikorere myiza cyane mu gusudira no kunoza ibyuma, kandi ishobora kugenzura neza imiterere y’ibinyabutabire n’imiterere y’icyuma cyo gusudira, ariko ikiguzi cyo kugikora kiri hejuru.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha: Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusudira iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese n'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese, nko gukora iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese kandi byizewe cyane mu by'indege, inganda za kirimbuzi n'ahandi.

5. Ibintu byo kuzirikana mu gihe uhitamo insinga zo gusudira zikwiye n'uburyo bwo kuzisuka
Ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'ibizingo: Iminyururu y'ibizingo by'ibikoresho bitandukanye ifite ibisabwa bitandukanye ku miterere n'imikorere y'insinga zo gusudira n'imizingo. Urugero, mu gusudira iminyururu y'ibizingo by'ibyuma bitazingwa, ni ngombwa guhitamo insinga zo gusudira ibyuma bitazingwa n'imizingo ivanze kugira ngo icyuma cyo gusudira kidakomera kandi kidakomeye.
Ahantu ho gukorera: Ahantu ho gukorera h'umunyururu w'urukiramende, nk'ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, n'ibikoresho byangiza, bizagira ingaruka ku ihitamo ry'insinga zo gusudira n'ingufu. Ku minyururu y'urukiramende ikora ahantu hashyushye cyane, insinga zo gusudira n'ingufu zifite ubushyuhe bwinshi zigomba gutoranywa; mu hantu hashobora kwangiza, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese bw'icyuma cyo gusudira bugomba guhabwa umwanya wa mbere.
Uburyo bwo gusudira: Uburyo butandukanye bwo gusudira bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza insinga no gukurura. Urugero, imiyoboro yo gusudira yikora ikoresha uburyo bwa "bonding flux" kuko ifite ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibikoresho byo gusudira kandi ishobora kwemeza ko isudira ikora neza kandi ifite ubuziranenge; mu gihe gusudira intoki bishobora guhitamo insinga no gukurura mu buryo bworoshye, ariko bisaba ubuhanga bwo gukoresha bw'abasudira.
Amahame ngenderwaho y’ubuziranenge: Inganda zikora imigozi n’abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibicuruzwa mu bucuruzi bunini akenshi baba bafite ibisabwa byihariye ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa. Mu gihe uhitamo insinga zo gusudira n’izikoreshwa mu gusudira, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko zujuje ibisabwa ku buziranenge n’ibisabwa mu kwemeza, nka ISO, DIN, ASTM, nibindi, kugira ngo habeho ireme n’ubwiza bw’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa.

6. Ingaruka z'insinga zo gusudira n'ingufu ku mikorere y'umunyururu w'urukiramende n'isesengura ry'ingero
Ingaruka ku musaruro
Imiterere ya mekanike: Insinga zo gusudira nziza cyane hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukurura bishobora gutuma imiterere ya mekanike y'icyuma cyo gusudira nk'imbaraga n'ubukomere bihura n'iy'icyuma cyo gusudira, bigatuma habaho isano ikomeye, birinda ko iminyururu yo gusudira iterwa no kuvunika kwa mekanike, kandi bikongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha.
Ubudahangarwa ku ngaruka: Ku minyururu izunguruka mu bidukikije byangiza, iyo hakoreshejwe insinga zo gusudira n'amazi akoreshwa mu gusudira, icyuma cyo gusudira gishobora gukora urwego runini rwo kurinda hamwe n'ubutaka, kikarwanya neza kwangirika kw'ibice byangiza kandi kigakomeza imikorere myiza y'iminyururu izunguruka.
Ubudahangarwa: Guhitamo neza insinga zo gusudira no guhindagurika bishobora gutuma icyuma cyo gusudira kidahangarwa neza, bikagabanya ubusaza bw'umunyururu wo mu gihe cyo kohereza, kandi bikanoza imikorere myiza n'ubwizigirwa bw'ihererekanya ry'amashanyarazi.
Isesengura ry'imanza
Isosiyete ikora imashini z'ubwubatsi: Ubwo isosiyete yakoraga iminyururu y'amapine y'imashini zicukura, insinga zo gusudira n'ingufu zakoreshejwe byateje imitumba n'imyenge mu byuma bisudira, bigira ingaruka ku bwiza n'ubuzima bw'iminyururu y'amapine. Nyuma yo guhindurwa, insinga zo gusudira z'icyuma gito n'ingufu zihuye nazo zatoranyijwe, kandi ibipimo byo gusudira byaranogejwe. Ubwiza bw'ingufu bwarazamutse cyane, ubuzima bw'ingufu z'amapine bwarongereweho 30%, ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga ibikoresho cyaragabanutse cyane, kandi ipiganwa ku isoko ryariyongereye.
Isosiyete ikora ibikoresho bya shimi: Iminyururu y'ibikoresho bya shimi yakoraga akenshi iba iri ahantu harangwa na aside nyinshi na alkali. Insinga zo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese n'amazi asanzwe yakoreshejwe mbere ntibyashoboraga kuzuza ibisabwa, imisumari yarangiritse cyane, kandi imisumari y'imisumari yakundaga kwangirika. Nyuma, insinga nshya zo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese n'amazi yakoreshejwe byakorewe ahantu hakorerwa shimi byakoreshejwe, imbaraga zo kurwanya ingese zarushijeho kwiyongera, igihe cyo gukora cy'imisumari cyari kirenze kabiri icya mbere, uburyo ibikoresho bihora bihagaze neza bwari bwizewe, kandi izina ry'ikigo ryarushijeho kuba ryiza.

7. Imiterere y'isoko iriho ubu n'inama ku kugura insinga zo gusudira imigozi n'imizingo
Iterambere ry'isoko rigezweho
Ubusabe bw'ibikoresho bitanga umusaruro mwinshi buriyongera: Uko ibikoresho by'inganda bitera imbere bigana ku musaruro mwiza no kwizerwa cyane, ibisabwa mu mikorere y'insinga zo gusudira imiyoboro ya roller chain na flux biriyongera, kandi icyifuzo ku isoko cy'insinga zitanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi zidasanzwe zo gusudira na flux kizakomeza kwiyongera.
Ibikoresho bibungabunga ibidukikije birakunzwe cyane: Politiki zikaze zo kurengera ibidukikije zatumye abakora insinga zo gusudira n’izikoreshwa mu gusuka ibintu bibungabunga ibidukikije bakora kandi bagakora ibintu bibungabunga ibidukikije, nk’ivumbi rike, uburozi buke, inzitiramibu zitarimo imirasire, n’insinga zo gusudira zipakiye mu bikoresho bibungabunga ibidukikije.
Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga dukomeje gutera imbere: Ibigo bizongera ishoramari ryabyo mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere mu bijyanye no gusudira insinga no gukurura, guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya byo gusudira n'imikorere, kunoza imikorere n'ubwiza byo gusudira, no kugabanya ikiguzi.
Inama ku kugura
Shaka abatanga serivisi bizewe: Hitamo abatanga serivisi bafite izina ryiza, uburambe mu gukora ibintu byinshi hamwe n'uburyo buhamye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge kugira ngo urebe ko insinga zo gusudira n'amazi ari nziza kandi zihamye.
Gusaba inyandiko zemeza ubuziranenge: Mu gihe uguze, saba abatanga serivisi gutanga inyandiko zemeza ubuziranenge bw'insinga zo gusudira n'izisohoka, nka raporo z'isesengura ry'ibice, raporo z'ibizamini by'imikorere, ibyemezo byemeza ubuziranenge, n'ibindi, kugira ngo harebwe niba ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa.
Kora igerageza n'isuzuma: Mbere yo kugura mu bwinshi, kora igerageza rito kugira ngo usuzume neza imikorere yo gusudira n'ubwiza bw'insinga zo gusudira n'ingufu kugira ngo urebe ko zujuje ibisabwa mu musaruro w'iminyururu izunguruka.
Witondere igiciro na serivisi: Mu rwego rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, gereranya ibiciro by'abatanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye hanyuma uhitemo ibicuruzwa bifite umusaruro uhendutse. Ariko kandi, witondere serivisi zitangwa n'abatanga ibicuruzwa nyuma yo kugurisha, nko gutanga ubufasha mu bya tekiniki no guhugura ibicuruzwa, kugira ngo ukemure ibibazo byagaragaye mu gihe cyo kubikoresha.

8. Umwanzuro
Nubwo insinga zo gusudira n'urujya n'uruza rw'iminyururu isa nkaho ari nto mu nganda, ni ibintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo iminyururu yo gusudira ndetse n'ibikoresho byose bya mekanike bikore neza. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibintu byinshi, ubumenyi bwimbitse ku bwoko, imiterere, n'aho insinga zo gusudira n'urujya n'uruza bizafasha gufata ibyemezo byiza mu gihe cyo gutanga amasoko no guha abakiriya ibicuruzwa byiza kandi bitanga umusaruro mwiza, kugira ngo bagaragare mu ipiganwa rikomeye ku isoko, bashyireho umubano urambye kandi uhamye n'abakiriya, kandi bateze imbere iterambere rirambye kandi ryiza ry'inganda zo gusudira….