Uburyo bwo Gushyira mu Bipimo ngenderwaho Inganda za Roller Chain: Kuva ku Muryango w’Ikoranabuhanga kugeza ku Bufatanye Mpuzamahanga
Nk' "imitsi y'amaraso" yo mu nganda, imiyoboro y'amazi yagiye ikora intego nyamukuru yo kohereza ingufu no gutwara ibintu kuva yatangira. Kuva ku bishushanyo mbonera bya Renaissance kugeza ku bice by'ubuhanga bikoresha imbaraga mu nganda ku isi, iterambere ry'imiyoboro y'amazi ryahujwe cyane n'inzira yo gushyiraho ibipimo. Gushyiraho ibipimo ntibisobanura gusa ADN ya tekiniki yaiminyururu y'ibizingoariko kandi ishyiraho amategeko y'ubufatanye ku ruhererekane rw'inganda ku isi, ikaba ingenzi mu iterambere ry'inganda nziza n'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.
I. Inda n'Ubushakashatsi: Akajagari mu ikoranabuhanga mbere yo guhindurwa (Mbere y'ikinyejana cya 19 - 1930)
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'iminyururu izunguruka ryabayeho mbere y'ishyirwaho rya sisitemu yo gupima. Iki gihe cy'ubushakashatsi cyakusanyije uburambe bw'ingenzi mu gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho. Hafi ya 200 mbere ya Yesu, imashini yo mu gihugu cyanjye yakoreshaga amazi n'imashini yo mu bwoko bwa pompe y'amazi ya Roma ya kera byagaragaje uburyo bwa kera bwo kohereza iminyururu. Ariko, iyi minyururu yo gutwara imizigo yari yoroshye mu miterere kandi yashoboraga guhaza gusa ibyo yari ikeneye.
Mu gihe cya Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci yabanje gutanga igitekerezo cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ashyiraho ishingiro ry'amahame y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wavumbuwe na Gall mu Bufaransa mu 1832 n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi utagira amaboko wavumbuwe na James Slater mu Bwongereza mu 1864 byarushijeho kunoza imikorere myiza no kuramba kw'imiyoboro. Mu 1880 ni bwo injeniyeri w'Umwongereza Henry Reynolds yavumbuye umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugezweho, wasimbuye umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugenda uhinduka umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi hagati y'imiyoboro n'imigozi, bigabanya cyane igihombo cy'ingufu. Iyi miterere yabaye urugero rw'igenamigambi ryakurikiyeho.
Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ikoreshwa ry'iminyururu izunguruka ryarakomeje mu nganda zikiri nto nka amagare, imodoka, n'indege. Iminyururu yinjiye mu nganda z'amagare mu 1886, yakoreshwaga mu modoka mu 1889, maze izamuka mu kirere hamwe n'indege z'abavandimwe ba Wright mu 1903. Ariko, umusaruro icyo gihe washingiraga gusa ku bipimo by'ikigo imbere. Ibipimo nk'umunyururu, ubunini bw'isahani, n'umurambararo w'iminyururu byatandukanaga cyane hagati y'abakora, bituma habaho akajagari k'"uruganda rumwe, imashini imwe, umunyururu umwe." Gusimbuza iminyururu byagombaga guhuza n'icyitegererezo cy'uwabikoze bwa mbere, bituma ibiciro byo gusana bizamuka cyane kandi bigabanya cyane urwego rw'inganda. Uku gucikamo ibice kw'ikoranabuhanga byatumye hakenerwa cyane uburyo bwo gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe.
II. Izamuka ry'Akarere: Ishyirwaho rya Sisitemu z'Amahame y'Igihugu n'ay'Akarere (1930-1960)
Kubera ko imashini zikoreshwa mu nganda ziyongeraga, imiryango ikora ibijyanye no kugenzura imikorere y’ibigo by’ubucuruzi mu karere yatangiye kwibanda ku iterambere ry’ibipimo bya tekiniki by’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho, ishyiraho sisitemu ebyiri zikomeye za tekiniki zikorera muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Burayi, bishyiraho urufatiro rw’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga bwakurikiyeho.
(I) Sisitemu y'Abanyamerika: Ishingiro ry'Ibikorwa by'Inganda by'Ihame rya ANSI
Nk'umukinnyi w'ingenzi mu mpinduramatwara y'inganda, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni zo zatangije gahunda yo gushyiraho imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Mu 1934, Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyamerika ry'Abakora Imiyoboro y'Amaguru n'Amaguru ryashyizeho Igipimo cya ASA (nyuma cyaje guhinduka Igipimo cya ANSI), cyagennye bwa mbere ibipimo by'ingenzi n'uburyo bwo gupima imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi y'amashanyarazi y'amashanyarazi y'amashanyarazi. Igipimo cya ANSI gikoresha ibice by'ubwami, kandi sisitemu yacyo yo kubara ni umwihariko—umubare w'imiyoboro uhagarariye kimwe cya munani cy'umuvuduko wa santimetero 12.7. Urugero, umuyoboro wa #40 ufite umuvuduko wa santimetero 12.7, naho umuyoboro wa #60 ufite umuvuduko wa santimetero 19.05. Iyi sisitemu yo gusobanura ibintu iracyakoreshwa cyane ku isoko rya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru.
Iri hame rigabanya amanota y'ibicuruzwa hakurikijwe imiterere itandukanye y'akazi: imigozi mito nka #40 ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu nganda zoroheje n'iziciriritse, mu gihe ingano #100 no hejuru yayo ihura n'ibikenewe mu nganda zikomeye. Rinavuga kandi ko umutwaro w'akazi muri rusange ari 1/6 kugeza 1/8 cy'imbaraga zivunagurika. Ishyirwaho ry'iri hame rya ANSI ryatumye umusaruro ukorwa ku rwego runini mu nganda z'imigozi zo muri Amerika, kandi ikoreshwa ryaryo mu mashini z'ubuhinzi, peteroli, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, n'izindi nzego byahise bishyiraho umwanya ukomeye mu ikoranabuhanga.
(II) Sisitemu y'Uburayi: Gusuzuma Ivugurura ry'Amahame ya BS
Ku rundi ruhande, Uburayi bwateje imbere imiterere yabwo ya tekiniki bushingiye ku gipimo cya BS cy’Ubwongereza. Bitandukanye n’amahame ya ANSI, yibanda ku bikorwa by’inganda, amahame ya BS yibanda ku gukora neza no guhinduranya, ashyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye ku bipimo nko kwihanganira amenyo ya sprocket hamwe n’imbaraga z’umurunga. Mbere y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, ibihugu byinshi by’i Burayi byakoresheje sisitemu ya BS, bituma habaho icyuho mu ikoranabuhanga n’isoko rya Amerika.
Muri iki gihe, gushyiraho amahame ngenderwaho mu karere byateje imbere cyane ubufatanye mu ruhererekane rw'inganda zo mu gace: amasosiyete y'ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru yahaye ibyuma imiterere yihariye y'imikorere hakurikijwe amahame ngenderwaho, abakora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hagati bashoboye gukora ibice byinshi, naho amasosiyete akoresha ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru agabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga ibikoresho. Ariko, itandukaniro hagati y'ibipimo hagati y'uburyo bubiri ryateje inzitizi mu bucuruzi—ibikoresho byo muri Amerika byari bigoye kubihuza n'uruhererekane rw'i Burayi, kandi ibi byashyizeho urufatiro rwo guhuza amahame ngenderwaho mpuzamahanga nyuma yaho.
(III) Intangiriro ya Aziya: Itangira ry'Ubuyapani ry'Amahame Mpuzamahanga
Muri iki gihe, Ubuyapani bwakoresheje ingamba z’ikoranabuhanga ryo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, bwabanje gukoresha uburyo bwa ANSI busanzwe bwo guhindura ibikoresho biva mu mahanga. Ariko, ubwo ubucuruzi bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bwazamukaga nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, Ubuyapani bwatangiye gushyiraho amahame ya BS kugira ngo buhuze n’ibyo isoko ry’i Burayi rikeneye, bituma habaho igihe cy’inzibacyuho cy’ “amahame abiri ajyanye n’igihe kimwe.” Uku guhinduka kw’ibintu mu buryo bworoshye kwakusanyije ubunararibonye kugira ngo nyuma yaho bugire uruhare mu gushyiraho amahame mpuzamahanga.
III. Ubufatanye Mpuzamahanga: Guhuza no Gusubiramo Amahame ya ISO (1960-2000)
Ukwiyongera k'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n'urujya n'uruza rw'ikoranabuhanga ku isi byateje imbere amahame y'uruhererekane rw'ibintu kuva ku gucikamo ibice by'akarere kugeza ku guhuza mpuzamahanga. Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Bipimo (ISO) wabaye ingenzi muri iyi gahunda, uhuza ibyiza by'ikoranabuhanga by'i Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kugira ngo hashyirweho umurongo ngenderwaho ukoreshwa ku isi yose.
(I) Ivuka rya ISO 606: Ihuriro ry'Imiterere Ibiri y'ingenzi
Mu 1967, ISO yemeje Ibyifuzo R606 (ISO/R606-67), ishyiraho icyitegererezo cya mbere cy’amahame mpuzamahanga agenga iminyururu izunguruka. Mu by’ukuri, kubera ikoranabuhanga ryavanzwemo amahame y’Abongereza n’Abanyamerika, aya mahame yakomeje kugira akamaro nk’inganda nk’amahame ya ANSI mu gihe arimo ibisabwa mu buryo buhanitse by’amahame ya BS, atanga ishingiro rya mbere ry’ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’iminyururu.
Mu 1982, ISO 606 yasohotse ku mugaragaro, isimbuza icyifuzo cy'agateganyo. Yasobanuye ibisabwa mu gusimburana mu buryo bw'ibipimo, ibipimo by'imbaraga, n'ibipimo ngenderwaho bya sprocket meshing ku minyururu migufi ikora neza. Iyi ngenderwaho, ku nshuro ya mbere, yashyizeho imipaka ku "miterere y'amenyo ntarengwa n'iyoroheje," yishe amabwiriza yari asanzwe akomeye ku miterere y'amenyo yihariye, aha abakora imiterere ikwiye mu gihe bagenzura ko bashobora gusimburana.
(II) Ivugurura ry’Ingengabihe: Kuva kuri Parametero Imwe kugeza ku Bisobanuro Byimbitse by’Uruhererekane
Mu 1994, ISO yakoze ivugurura rikomeye ry’ibipimo ngenderwaho bya 606, ishyiramo imiyoboro ya bush, ibikoresho, n’ikoranabuhanga rya sprocket mu buryo bumwe, ikemura ikibazo cyari gihari hagati y’imiyoboro n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibice bifitanye isano. Iri vugurura ryanashyizeho igipimo cya "dynamic load strength" ku nshuro ya mbere, rishyiraho ibisabwa ku mikorere y’imiyoboro y’imigozi imwe, bituma ibipimo birushaho kuba byiza mu mikorere nyayo.
Muri iki gihe, ibihugu bitandukanye byakurikije amahame mpuzamahanga: Ubushinwa bwasohoye GB/T 1243-1997 mu 1997, bwemeza burundu ISO 606:1994 kandi busimbura amahame atatu yari yarasanzwe atandukanye; Ubuyapani bwashyize ibipimo by'ingenzi bya ISO mu rutonde rw'amahame ya JIS B 1810, bushyiraho uburyo bwihariye bw' "ibipimo mpuzamahanga + uburyo bwo guhuza ibipimo by'ibanze." Guhuza amahame mpuzamahanga byagabanyije cyane ikiguzi cy'ubucuruzi. Dukurikije imibare y'inganda, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya ISO 606 ryagabanyije impaka ku bipimo mu bucuruzi bw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu ku isi ku kigero kirenga 70%.
(III) Amahame yihariye y'inyongera: Ibisobanuro nyabyo ku nzego zihariye
Kubera ko habayeho uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, hagaragaye amahame yihariye ku nzego runaka. Mu 1985, Ubushinwa bwasohoye GB 6076-1985, “Imiyoboro Migufi Ipima Ubuziranenge bw'Imiyoboro y'Amafaranga yo Gukwirakwiza,” byuzuza icyuho mu mahame agenga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. JB/T 3875-1999, yavuguruwe mu 1999, imiyoboro ipima ubunini bw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa n'imashini ziremereye. Aya mahame yihariye yuzuzanya na ISO 606, akora sisitemu yuzuye “ihame ry’ibanze + ihame ryihariye”.
IV. Kongerera ubushobozi ubushishozi: Iterambere rya tekiniki ry'amahame mu kinyejana cya 21 (2000 kugeza ubu)
Mu kinyejana cya 21, kwiyongera kw'inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, gukora ibikoresho byikora, no kurengera ibidukikije byatumye amahame ngenderwaho y'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho ahinduka mu buryo bunoze, imikorere myiza, no mu mikorere irambye. ISO n'imiryango y'ibipimo ngenderwaho y'igihugu yakomeje kuvugurura amahame ngenderwaho kugira ngo ahuze neza n'ibikenewe mu kuvugurura inganda.
(I) ISO 606:2004/2015: Impinduka ebyiri mu buryo bunoze n'imikorere
Mu 2004, ISO yasohoye igipimo gishya cya 606 (ISO 606:2004), ihuza ibipimo bya mbere bya ISO 606 na ISO 1395, igera ku guhuza kwuzuye ibipimo bya roller na bush chain. Iyi gipimo yaguye urwego rw'ibipimo, iva kuri mm 6.35 igera kuri mm 114.30, kandi ikubiyemo ibyiciro bitatu: Series A (ikomoka kuri ANSI), Series B (ikomoka ku Burayi), na ANSI Heavy Duty Series, ihura n'ibikenewe byose, kuva ku mashini zikora neza kugeza ku bikoresho biremereye.
Mu 2015, ISO 606:2015 yarushijeho gushimangira ibisabwa mu bijyanye no gutunganya neza, igabanya urwego rw'impinduka ku gipimo ho 15%, inashyiramo ibipimo by'imikorere ku bidukikije (nk'uko bikurikizwa na RoHS), iteza imbere impinduka mu nganda z'uruhererekane zigana ku "gukora neza + gukora ibidukikije." Iri hame rinanoza uburyo ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gutondeka no kongeramo amabwiriza y'imiterere y'ibikoresho byihariye kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe mu miyoboro ikora mu buryo bwikora.
(II) Ubufatanye n'Udushya mu Bipimo ngenderwaho by'Igihugu: Inyigo y'Urugero ku Bushinwa
Nubwo ikurikiza amahame mpuzamahanga, Ubushinwa burimo guhanga udushya no kuvugurura hashingiwe ku miterere y’inganda zabwo zo mu gace. GB/T 1243-2006, yasohotse mu 2006, ingana na ISO 606:2004 kandi ku nshuro ya mbere ihuza ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki ku minyururu, ibikoresho, na sprockets mu buryo bumwe. Isobanura kandi uburyo bwo kubara imbaraga ku minyururu ya duplex na triplex, ikemura ikibazo cyo kubura ishingiro ryizewe ry’imbaraga zihindagurika z’iminyururu ifite imigozi myinshi.
Mu 2024, GB/T 1243-2024 yatangiye gukoreshwa ku mugaragaro, iba umurongo ngenderwaho w'ingenzi mu kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga mu nganda. Iri hame rishya rigera ku ntambwe zikomeye mu bipimo by'ingenzi nko kugena neza imiterere y'ibipimo n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo: imbaraga z'icyitegererezo cy'umunyururu umwe ziyongeraho 20%, kandi ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umurambararo w'uruziga rw'umurambararo wa sprocket bugabanuka, bigatuma imikorere myiza ya sisitemu yo kohereza izamuka kuva kuri 5% kugeza kuri 8%. Yongeraho kandi icyiciro gishya cy'ibikoresho by'ubugenzuzi bw'ubwenge, bishyigikira igenzura ry'ibipimo mu buryo nyabwo nk'ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika, bihuye n'ibisabwa n'Inganda 4.0. Binyuze mu guhuza cyane n'amahame ya ISO, iri hame rifasha ibicuruzwa by'umunyururu w'abashinwa gutsinda inzitizi za tekiniki ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga no kunoza kumenyekana kwabyo ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
(III) Guteza imbere amahame ngenderwaho y'akarere: Uburyo bwo gukoresha JIS y'Ubuyapani
Komisiyo ishinzwe Ibipimo by'Inganda mu Buyapani (JISC) ihora ivugurura uruhererekane rw'amabwiriza ya JIS B 1810. Igitabo cya JIS B 1810:2024 cyo mu 2024, cyasohotse mu 2024, cyibanda ku gushimangira amabwiriza yo gushyiraho no kubungabunga hamwe n'amabwiriza yo guhangana n'imiterere y'imikorere. Yongeraho kandi ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bishya nka fibre ya karubone n'amabara ya ceramic, bitanga ishingiro rya tekiniki mu gukora iminyururu yoroheje kandi ikomeye. Uburyo burambuye bwo guhitamo no kubara mu buryo busanzwe bufasha ibigo kugabanya igipimo cyo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho no kongera igihe cyo kumara iminyururu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 15 Ukwakira 2025