Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyangwa buke ku bikoresho by'uruhererekane rw'imizingo

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyangwa buke ku bikoresho by'uruhererekane rw'imizingo
Mu nganda, iminyururu y'amapine, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cyo kohereza, ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bitandukanye bya mekanike n'imirongo ikora. Ariko, ahantu hatandukanye ho gukorera hari ibisabwa bitandukanye kugira ngo iminyururu y'amapine ikore neza, cyane cyane mu bushyuhe buri hejuru cyangwa buke, imikorere y'ibikoresho by'amapine izahinduka cyane, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'iminyururu y'amapine n'ubwizigirwa bwayo. Iyi nkuru izasuzuma ingaruka z'ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyangwa buke ku bikoresho by'amapine mu buryo bwimbitse, kandi ihe abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibikoresho byo guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye by'amapine.

1. Incamake y'ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'urukiramende
Iminyururu isanzwe ikorwa mu byuma bya karuboni, ibyuma bya aloyide, ibyuma bitazibagirana n'ibindi bikoresho. Ibyuma bya karuboni bifite imiterere yo kugabanuka no gukomera cyane, ariko birwanya ingese no kudakora neza; ibyuma bitazibagirana byongera imbaraga, gukomera no kudakora neza kw'ibikoresho binyuze mu kongeramo ibintu bivangavanze nka chromium, nickel, molybdenum, nibindi; ibyuma bitazibagirana bifite imbaraga nziza zo kudakora neza, kudakora neza kandi bikomeye, kandi bikwiranye n'ahantu hagoye ho gukorera.

2. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bwinshi ku bikoresho by'umunyururu utembera
(I) Impinduka mu mbaraga z'ibintu
Uko ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera, imbaraga z'ibikoresho by'umunyururu uzunguruka zigenda zigabanuka buhoro buhoro. Urugero, imbaraga z'umunyururu rusange w'icyuma cya karuboni zitangira kugabanuka cyane iyo ubushyuhe burenze 200°C. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 300°C, kugabanuka k'ubukana n'imbaraga bizaba ingenzi cyane, bigatuma ubuzima bw'umunyururu bugabanuka. Ibi biterwa nuko ubushyuhe bwinshi buzahindura imiterere y'icyuma, bugatuma imbaraga zo guhuza hagati ya atome zigabanuka, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bwo gutwara imizigo.
(ii) Ingaruka zo kudakora neza kw'ibikomoka kuri ogisijeni
Mu bidukikije ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibikoresho by'iminyururu bikunze kwibasirwa n'ingaruka za ogisijeni. Iminyururu y'icyuma cya karuboni ikorana byoroshye na ogisijeni kugira ngo ikore ogisijeni y'icyuma ku bushyuhe bwinshi, idakoresha gusa ibikoresho ubwabyo, ahubwo inakora urwego rwa ogisijeni ku buso bw'umunyururu, bigatuma ubwiyongere bw'umunyururu bugabanuka kandi bugashira. Iminyururu y'icyuma kidashonga, kubera ko irimo ibintu bya alloy nka chromium, ishobora gukora filime nini ya chromium oxide ku buso, ishobora kubuza ogisijeni gukomeza kwangiza imbere mu bikoresho, bityo bikanoza ubudahangarwa bw'umunyururu.
(iii) Ibibazo byo gusiga amavuta
Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora guhindura imikorere y'amavuta yo kwisiga cyangwa amavuta. Ku ruhande rumwe, ubushyuhe bw'amavuta yo kwisiga buzagabanuka, ingaruka zo kwisiga zizagabanuka, kandi ntabwo izashobora gukora firime nziza yo kwisiga ku buso bw'umugozi, bigatuma ukwiyongera kw'imigozi no kwangirika cyane; ku rundi ruhande, amavuta ashobora gushonga, gushonga cyangwa gushya, kubura imbaraga zo kwisiga, no kwihutisha kwangirika k'umugozi. Kubwibyo, iyo ukoresha imigozi yo kwisiga mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ni ngombwa guhitamo amavuta akwiriye ubushyuhe bwinshi no kongera inshuro zo kwisiga.

III. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe buke ku bikoresho by'uruhererekane rw'imizingo

(I) Ubushobozi bworoshye bwo koroha kw'ibintu

Uko ubushyuhe bugenda bugabanuka, gukomera kw'ibikoresho by'iminyururu bigabanuka kandi ubushyuhe burushaho kwiyongera. Cyane cyane mu bushyuhe buke, imbaraga z'ibikoresho zizagabanuka cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bushobora kwangirika. Urugero, imikorere y'ingaruka z'iminyururu imwe n'imwe y'icyuma isanzwe izagabanuka cyane iyo ubushyuhe buri munsi ya -20°C. Ibi biterwa n'uko umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe bwa atome w'ibikoresho uba ugabanuka iyo ubushyuhe buri hasi, umuvuduko wo kwimuka uragoye, kandi ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bwo kwakira ingaruka zo hanze buragabanuka.

(II) Gukomera kw'amavuta yo kwisiga

Ubushyuhe buke buzongera ubushyuhe bw'amavuta yo kwisiga cyangwa amavuta, ndetse bukanabikomeza. Ibi bizatuma bigorana ko umugozi ushyirwamo amavuta yose mu gihe cyo gutangira, bigatuma habaho gucikagurika no kwangirika. Byongeye kandi, amavuta yo kwisiga ashobora kubangamira imikorere isanzwe y'umugozi no kugira ingaruka ku bworoshye bwawo. Kubwibyo, iyo ukoresha imigozi yo kwisiga mu bushyuhe buke, ni ngombwa guhitamo amavuta afite ubushyuhe buke, kandi umugozi ugomba kuba ushyushye neza kandi ugashyirwamo amavuta mbere yo kuwukoresha.
(III) Kugabanuka no guhinduka k'urunigi
Mu bushyuhe buke, ibikoresho by'umunyururu bizagabanuka, bishobora gutuma ingano y'umunyururu ihinduka kandi bigahindura uburyo ihura na sprocket. Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe buke bushobora kongera umuvuduko usigaye mu munyururu, bigatuma umunyururu uhinduka mu gihe cyo kuwukoresha, bigatera ububobere n'ubuziranenge bw'ihererekanya ry'amashanyarazi.

IV. Imikorere y'iminyururu y'ibikoresho bitandukanye mu bushyuhe buri hejuru n'ubushyuhe buke
(I) Iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese
Iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ikora neza haba mu bushyuhe buri hejuru ndetse no mu bushyuhe buke. Mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya ogisijeni n'imbaraga zayo birabungabungwa neza, kandi ishobora gukora neza kuri 400°C cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi kurushaho; mu bushyuhe buke, gukomera no kudakira ingese by'ibyuma bitagira umugese nabyo ni byiza cyane, kandi ishobora gukoreshwa kuri -40°C cyangwa ndetse no mu bushyuhe buri hasi. Byongeye kandi, iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese nayo ifite ubushobozi bwo kudakira ingese kandi ikwiriye ahantu habi nko mu bushyuhe, aside na alkali.
(II) Umunyururu w'icyuma gifunganye
Umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka utuma ibikoresho birushaho gukora neza binyuze mu kongeramo ibintu bya alloy. Mu bushyuhe bwinshi, imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma cya alloy ni byiza kurusha umuyoboro w'icyuma cya karuboni, kandi ushobora gukoreshwa mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 300℃ na 450℃; mu bushyuhe buke, ubukomere bw'icyuma cya alloy nabwo ni bwiza kurusha icyuma cya karuboni, kandi ushobora kwihanganira kuvunika nabi mu bushyuhe buke ku rugero runaka. Ariko, igiciro cy'umuyoboro w'ibyuma bizunguruka ni kinini.
(III) Umunyururu w'icyuma cya karuboni
Umunyururu w'icyuma cya karuboni uhendutse, ariko imikorere yawo ni mibi mu bushyuhe buri hejuru n'ubushyuhe buke. Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru, imbaraga n'ubukana byawo biragabanuka cyane, kandi biroroshye guhindura no kwangirika; iyo ubushyuhe buri hasi, ububobere bw'icyuma cya karuboni buriyongera, imikorere y'ingaruka iragabanuka, kandi biroroshye gucika. Kubwibyo, umunyururu w'icyuma cya karuboni ukwiriye gukoreshwa mu bushyuhe busanzwe.

V. Ingamba zo kurwanya
(I) Guhitamo ibikoresho
Hitamo ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'uruhererekane rw ...
(II) Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Imikorere y'ibikoresho by'iminyururu ishobora kunozwa binyuze mu nzira zikwiye zo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Urugero, kuzimya no gushyushya iminyururu y'icyuma cya alloy bishobora kongera imbaraga n'ubukomere bwayo; gutunganya iminyururu y'icyuma cya alloy bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya ingese no kurwanya ogisijeni.
(III) Gucunga amavuta yo kwisiga
Mu bidukikije ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubuke, hagomba kwitabwaho uburyo bwo gutunganya amavuta y'iminyururu izunguruka. Hitamo amavuta akwiriye ubushyuhe bw'imikorere kandi ukore isuku buri gihe kugira ngo habeho firime nziza yo gusiga ku buso bw'iminyururu izunguruka. Mu bidukikije ubushyuhe bwinshi, amavuta arwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa amavuta akomeye ashobora gukoreshwa; mu bidukikije ubushyuhe buke, amavuta afite ubushyuhe buke agomba gutoranywa, kandi umunyururu ugomba gushyuha mbere yo gukoreshwa.

VI. Imanza zikoreshwa mu buryo bufatika
(I) Imiterere y'ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bwinshi
Iminyururu y'ibyuma bizingira ikoreshwa mu buryo bwo kohereza ibikoresho bishyushya cyane mu nganda zikora ibyuma. Bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo gutwika no kubika imbaraga ibikoresho bizingira ibishingwe, umunyururu ushobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi, bigabanyiriza umusaruro uterwa no kwangirika k'umunyururu. Muri icyo gihe, kubungabunga amavuta ashyushye mu bushyuhe bwinshi birushaho kongera igihe cyo gukora k'umunyururu.
(II) Imiterere y'ibipimo byo gukoresha mu bushyuhe buri hasi
Mu bikoresho byo kubika ibintu mu buryo bukonjesha by’iminyururu ikonjesha, hakoreshwa iminyururu y’ibyuma byakozwe mu buryo bwihariye ku bushyuhe buke. Uyu munyururu ufite imbaraga nziza kandi urwanya ingaruka ku bushyuhe buke kandi ushobora kwimenyereza ibidukikije mu bushyuhe buke bwo kubika ibintu mu bushyuhe buke. Byongeye kandi, hakoreshejwe amavuta yo kwisiga mu bushyuhe buke, imikorere yoroshye no kwangirika k’umunyururu ku bushyuhe buke biragaragara.

VII. Umwanzuro
Ibidukikije bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa buke bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ibikoresho by'iminyururu, harimo impinduka mu mbaraga z'ibikoresho, itandukaniro mu kurwanya ogisijeni no kurwanya ingese, ibibazo byo gusiga amavuta, no kwiyongera kw'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho. Mu guhitamo ibikoresho by'iminyururu, imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'aho bakorera igomba kwitabwaho byuzuye, kandi iminyururu y'iminyururu y'ibikoresho bitandukanye nk'icyuma kidashonga, icyuma cya alloy cyangwa icyuma cya karuboni igomba gutoranywa mu buryo bukwiye, kandi hagafatwa ingamba zijyanye no gutunganya ubushyuhe n'ingamba zo gucunga amavuta kugira ngo hamenyekane imikorere yizewe n'igihe kirekire cy'umunyururu w'iminyururu mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'ubuke. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibicuruzwa, gusobanukirwa ibi bintu bigira ingaruka n'ingamba zo kubirwanya bizafasha gufata ibyemezo byiza mugihe ugura iminyururu y'iminyururu kugira ngo ihuze n'ibyo abakiriya batandukanye bakeneye mu duce dutandukanye tw'akazi.