Iterambere ry'uruhare rw'uruhererekane rw'imizingo mu nganda 4.0

Iterambere ry'uruhare rw'uruhererekane rw'imizingo mu nganda 4.0

Mu gihe urwego rwa Industry 4.0 ruhindura imiterere y’inganda ku isi, ikoreshwa ryimbitse ry’ikoranabuhanga nka robots zikoresha ubwenge, digital twins, na Internet of Things byakuruye imbaraga nyinshi ku bikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru na sisitemu zigezweho. Ariko, nk'inararibonye mu bijyanye no kohereza ibikoresho mu buryo bwa mekanike, uruhererekane rw'ibizingo ntirwazimye bitewe n'ikoranabuhanga; ahubwo rwahindutse cyane kuva ku gice cy'ibanze cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa kijya ku gice cy'ingenzi mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubwenge. Ku bantu bitabiriye cyane ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw'ubucuruzi bunini, gusobanukirwa iri hinduka ry'imyaka myinshi ni ingenzi mu gukoresha amahirwe mu ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.

I. Gushyira imbere y'inganda 4.0: "Igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo kohereza amakuru"

Mbere y'uko igitekerezo cya Inganda 4.0 kivuka, uruhererekane rw'ibizingo rwari rwarakoreye mu nganda mu gihe cy'ikinyejana, agaciro karwo k'ingenzi kari gashingiye ku ruhare rwarwo nk'"uruhererekane rw'amashanyarazi rwizewe." Uruhare rw'uruhererekane rw'ibizingo muri iki cyiciro rwari rufite imiterere yihariye y'icyo gihe:

1. Imashini ikoresha ingufu zisanzwe
Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20, hamwe n'ishyirwaho ry'amahame mpuzamahanga nka ISO 606 na ANSI, iminyururu y'imizingo yashinze uburyo bumwe bwo gusobanura, buhinduka "ikiraro gihuza moteri" n'uburyo bwo gukora. Kuva ku ngufu zikoreshwa mu mashini z'ubuhinzi kugeza kuri sisitemu yo gutwara imizigo y'imodoka, inshingano yayo y'ingenzi yahoraga ari ugutanga ingufu za mekanike ku gikoresho gikoresha ingufu, hamwe n'ibisabwa bike kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge n'ubuhanga. Irushanwa ry'isoko muri iki gihe ryakunze guhinduka imitekerereze yo "guhuza imiterere", aho itandukaniro ry'ibicuruzwa rigaragarira ahanini mu mbaraga z'ibikoresho n'imikorere y'ibanze.

2. Igice cy'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buryo burambye
Mu buryo busanzwe bwo gukora, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi yari isanzwe "igizwe n'ibintu bitagira ingaruka ku buryo busanzwe." Bitewe no kubura uburyo bwo kugenzura imiterere y'ibikoresho, ibigo byashoboraga kwishingikiriza gusa ku igenzura ry'imikorere n'uburyo bwo gusimbuza ibikoresho, akenshi bigahura n'ibibazo bibiri: gusimbuza imburagihe bigatera gutakaza ikiguzi, cyangwa impanuka zitunguranye zigatuma umurongo w'amashanyarazi udakora neza. Amakuru y'amateka aturuka mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Ubwubatsi ry'Abadage (VDMA) agaragaza ko mbere ya 2010, hafi 35% by'ihungabana rya sisitemu yo kohereza ibicuruzwa byaturutse ku ihungabana ritunguranye ry'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, aho igihombo cy'igihe cyo kudakora kirenga $100.000.

3. Adaptara y'ahantu hamwe
Iminyururu yo kuzenguruka muri iki cyiciro ahanini yari ibicuruzwa bisanzwe. Nubwo byujuje ibisabwa by'ibanze byo kohereza, ubushobozi bwo guhuza n'imiterere yihariye y'imikorere ntibwari buhagije. Urugero, mu miyoboro yo gutekeshamo ubushyuhe bwinshi mu nganda z'ibiribwa, iminyururu isanzwe ikunze kwangirika no kwanduzwa; mu bidukikije biremereye by'imashini zo ku cyambu, igihe cyo gukora inyubako gakondo akenshi kiba munsi y'amasaha 10.000. Kubura ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu byatumye bigorana kurenga agaciro k' "ibice bisanzwe."

II. Impinduka mu ruhare ziterwa n'inganda 4.0: Ivugurura ry'ubwenge mu byiciro bitatu

Bitewe n’uko interineti y’ibintu (Internet of Things), algorithms za AI (AI), n’ikoranabuhanga rishya ry’ibikoresho, uruhare rw’iminyururu izunguruka rwatangiye guhinduka cyane. Iterambere ryayo si ukwirengagiza imikorere gakondo, ahubwo, nubwo ikomeza ibyiza by’ingenzi byo kohereza amakuru, yongeraho ubushobozi bushya nko kumva ibintu mu buryo bw’ubwenge, guhuza amakuru, no gukorana na sisitemu, bigakora icyerekezo bitatu by’ingenzi byo kuvugurura:

1. Kuva ku "Ibice bya Mechanical" kugeza ku "Intelligent Sensing Nodes" Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya sensor rito no kugabanya ikiguzi byatumye imiyoboro y'ibyuma ibasha kubona ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibidukikije no kugenzura imiterere y'ikirere. Imiyoboro y'ibyuma yo muri iki gihe ifite ubushobozi bwo "kwisuzuma" ubwayo, ifata amakuru y'imikorere mu gihe nyacyo kandi ikayashyikiriza sisitemu yo kugenzura binyuze mu guhuza sensor z'ibipimo byinshi nko ubushyuhe, gutigita, n'umutwaro.

Imiyoboro ya P4.1 series intelligent roller chains yo mu ruganda rw’Abadage rwa igus ni urugero rwiza. Ihuza imiyoboro idafite uburyo bwo kuyisana n’ibikoresho by’ubuhanga byo kugenzura ku miyoboro y’uruhererekane rw ...

2. Kuva ku "Ibicuruzwa Bigamije Intego Rusange" kugeza ku "Sisitemu Zishingiye ku Miterere Yihariye" Ibisabwa mu nganda zikora ibintu bihindagurika byatewe n'Inganda 4.0 biri gutuma imiyoboro y'ibyuma ihinduka kuva ku "bice bisanzwe" kugeza ku "sisitemu zihariye." Imiyoboro y'ibyuma igezweho yashyizeho sisitemu yuzuye y'ibisubizo ku nganda zitandukanye, igera ku guhuza neza mu guhitamo ibikoresho, igishushanyo mbonera cy'inyubako, no kunoza imikorere.

Mu miyoboro y’imodoka ivanze, iminyururu ikora, binyuze mu miterere ibiri y’amapine n’imiterere y’amapine ahuza, igenzura neza—”hagarara igihe ushakiye, wimuke igihe ushakiye.” Urubuga rwa TNGA rwa Toyota, rukoresha ubu buryo, rushobora gukusanya ubwoko 50 butandukanye icyarimwe, igihe cyo guhinduranya amasegonda 0. Mu nganda z’ibiribwa, iminyururu yihariye ikozwe mu byuma 304 bita fluffy, byemejwe na HACCP, igenzura ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe mu gice gikonjesha mu gihe ihuye n’ibisabwa mu gukora neza. Mu ikoreshwa ry’imashini zo ku cyambu, iminyururu ikora cyane ikoresha uburyo buvanze bwo “gushyiramo no kuzimya + PTFE oil seals” ishobora kugumana ubuziranenge bwa 0.02mm mu bidukikije kuva kuri -40℃ kugeza 120℃, kandi ubuzima bwayo burengeje imyaka 15.

3. Kuva ku "Ibice byigenga" kugeza ku "Imiterere y'impanga y'ikoranabuhanga" Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'impanga y'ikoranabuhanga bituma iminyururu y'urukiramende ihuzwa neza n'urusobe rw'umusaruro w'ubwenge. Mu kubaka indorerwamo y'ikoranabuhanga y'urukiramende mu isanzure, imicungire n'uburyo bwo kuyitunganya mu buzima bwayo bwose bishobora kugerwaho.

Mu gihe cyo gushushanya, amasosiyete akoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kwigana kugira ngo arusheho kunoza imiterere y’imiyoboro y’uruhererekane. Urugero, igishushanyo mbonera cy’aho hejuru gifite ishusho y’umurambararo, binyuze mu kwigana gukwirakwiza stress, byongera imikorere y’umutwaro urwanya imiyoboro y’uruhererekane ku kigero cya 40% mu gihe bigabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zo kohereza ku kigero cya 8%-12%. Mu cyiciro cyo gukora, guhuza sisitemu za ERP n’ibikoresho byo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga bitanga inzira ifunganye kuva ku gishushanyo kugeza ku gukora kugeza ku igenzura ry’ubuziranenge. Qianjiang Chain ikoresha 100% byuzuye igenzura ry’amaso kugira ngo igenzure amakosa yo kohereza ku kigero cya 0.1mm. Mu cyiciro cyo gukora no kubungabunga, sisitemu zo guhanura ubuzima bw’imiyoboro y’uruhererekane zakozwe n’amasosiyete nka ABB zishobora kunoza uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru y’amakosa kugeza kuri 92%, zihindura uburyo bwo kubungabunga kuva ku “gusana bidakora” kugeza ku “gutegura neza.”

III. Ingero z'ingenzi z'ikoreshwa: Akamaro gafatika kagaragazwa mu nganda zikora ibintu by'ubwenge

Iterambere ry'uruhare rw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu rukora ibintu bitandukanye si iterambere ry'ibitekerezo gusa, ahubwo ni ukwiyubaka kw'agaciro kwagaragaye mu nganda zitandukanye. Imiterere yarwo y'ubwenge irimo kuba inkunga ikomeye mu kunoza imikorere myiza y'umusaruro mu nzego z'ingenzi:

1. Imirongo y'Iteraniro ry'Imodoka Ifite Ubwenge: "Imitsi Itumanaho" mu Gukora Ikoranabuhanga
Mu rwego rwo gukora imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, iminyururu ya roller yabaye igice cy'ingenzi cy'umusaruro woroshye. Umurongo w'ibizamini by'umwuka bya Gree ukoresha sisitemu y'iminyururu ya roller, ishobora kwegeranya ibikoresho 200 byo mu nzu mu gice cya metero 15. Ibi bihuye neza n'uburyo bwo gupima ibikoresho byo hanze, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bifatwa nabi 100%. Inyuma y'ubu buryo bworoshye bwo guhindura ibintu hari ubufatanye bwimbitse hagati y'iminyururu ya roller na sisitemu za PLC / SCADA. Binyuze mu gushyiraho ahantu habiri hakoreshejwe ibyuma bipima imiyoboro ya laser na RFID, bituma ikurikirana neza imodoka zirenga 1000 zifite ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo ibintu neza bwa ± 1mm. Dukurikije amakuru aturuka mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Abakora Imodoka mu Bushinwa, mu 2024, hejuru ya 70% bya sisitemu zo gutwara ibintu mu nganda nshya z'imodoka zikoresha uburyo bwo gupima iminyururu ya roller, ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 8.2 kuri buri ruganda.

2. Gutondekanya Ibikoresho mu buryo bw'ubwenge: "Imbaraga z'ingenzi" zo Guteza Imbere Imikorere myiza
Mu rwego rwo gukora ikoranabuhanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga, kuvugurura imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi mu buryo bw’ubwenge byatumye habaho kwiyongera gukomeye mu buryo bwo gutondeka. Ikigo cya JD.com cya mbere muri Asia gikoresha uburyo bwo gutondeka imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi mu buryo bw’ubwenge buhindura intera hagati y’ibipaki, kikagera ku bushobozi bwo gutunganya imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi 200.000 ku munsi, gifite ubushobozi bwo gutondeka imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi bwa 99.99%. Ubu buryo bwiza buturuka ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ribiri: ubwa mbere, imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi ifite ubugari bubiri ifite ubuso bwa nikeli, yongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo ikagera kuri 3000 kg/m2 kandi ikagira igihe cyo kumara amasaha arenga 80.000; ubwa kabiri, guhuza ibice by’imodoka zikwirakwiza imizigo n’uburyo bwo gutondeka imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu ku kigero cya 35% ugereranije na sisitemu zisanzwe. Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ingufu (IEA) kivuga ko ikoreshwa rya sisitemu nk’izo z’amashanyarazi mu buryo bw’ubwenge rishobora kunoza imikorere myiza y’ingufu z’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi ku kigero cya 18%-22%.

3. Ibikoresho Bishya by'Ingufu: Umufatanyabikorwa Wizewe mu Bidukikije Bikomeye Mu rwego rw'ingufu z'umuyaga, bateri za lithiamu, n'ibindi bikoresho bishya by'ingufu, uruhare rw'iminyururu y'amapine rwavuye ku bice bisanzwe byo kohereza ibicuruzwa kugeza ku "mpuguke mu guhangana n'imimerere." Ku bijyanye n'ibidukikije bibi byo hanze by'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza turbine y'umuyaga, amasosiyete yashyizeho iminyururu yihariye y'amapine irwanya ingese. Binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rya graphene coating, ubudahangarwa bw'imyanda burushaho kwiyongeraho 40%, kandi ubuzima bwa serivisi burenga amasaha 50.000 mu bidukikije byo ku nkombe bifite ubushuhe bwinshi. Mu byumba by'isuku bikoreshwa mu gukora bateri za lithiamu, iminyururu y'amapine ifite inyubako zifunze neza n'amavuta yo kwisiga akoreshwa mu biribwa ikora neza, ihuye n'amahame yo kurinda IP67. Kugaragara kw'ibi bicuruzwa byihariye byatumye igipimo cyo guhomba kwa sisitemu zo kohereza ibikoresho bishya by'ingufu kigabanukaho 65%.

4. Imashini ziremereye: "Abarinzi b'abanyabwenge" ku bintu bikomeye
Mu bintu bikomeye nko mu byambu n'ibirombe, iminyururu y'ibyuma ikoresha ubwenge irimo kwandika uburyo gakondo bwo kubungabunga. Iminyururu y'ibyuma ikoreshwa muri Qingdao Port ishobora gukurikirana ubushyuhe n'amakuru ajyanye n'imihindagurikire y'iminyururu mu gihe nyacyo, kandi, hamwe n'inzira zo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, itanga uburinzi bw'ikosa hakiri kare, yongera igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bya crane ku kigero cya 20%. Agaciro kazanwa n'iri vugurura ry'ikoranabuhanga ni ingenzi: nk'uko raporo yo mu 2024 yakozwe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Ubuziranenge n'Ikoranabuhanga (NIST) ibigaragaza, imashini ziremereye zikoresha iminyururu y'ibyuma ikoresha ubwenge zigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga ku kigero cya 32% n'ubwiyongere bw'imikorere muri rusange ku kigero cya 15%.

IV. Igitekerezo Mpuzamahanga ku Bucuruzi Bunini: Gukoresha amahirwe y'isoko mu iterambere ry'uruhare

Impinduka mu ruhare rw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu rukora ku isoko ntizahinduye agaciro k'inganda gusa, ahubwo zanafunguye amahirwe mashya yo gukura ku bakiriya mpuzamahanga bacuruza ibintu byinshi. Bahanganye n'umuraba mpuzamahanga w'impinduka mu nganda, abacuruzi bagurisha ibintu byinshi bakeneye kuvugurura imiterere y'ubucuruzi bwabo bahereye ku mpande eshatu:

1. Guhindura imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bikajya ku bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru
Amakuru ku isoko agaragaza ko icyifuzo cy’imigozi yo mu bwoko bwa roller kigenda cyiyongera ku isi: igipimo cy’ibikenewe ku bicuruzwa byo mu bwoko bwa roller cyazamutse kuva kuri 35% muri 2022 kigera kuri 47% mu 2025, aho imigozi yo mu bwoko bwa roller ifite ubwenge igaragaza ko izamuka ry’umwaka rirenze 12%. Ku bacuruzi benshi, kwibanda ku byiciro bitatu by’ingenzi by’ibicuruzwa bizatanga inyungu yo guhangana: icya mbere, imigozi yo kugenzura ifite ubwenge ifite sensors zihujwe, cyane cyane ikwiriye amasoko y’inganda zo mu Burayi na Amerika; icya kabiri, ibicuruzwa byihariye ku mikorere yihariye, nk’imigozi y’icyuma kidashonga cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru n’imigozi irwanya ingese, ishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by’inganda nshya z’ingufu n’ibiribwa mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Aziya; icya gatatu, sisitemu z’imigozi zisanzwe, nk’imigozi yo koherezamo ibintu, ishobora guhuza n’ivugurura ry’umusaruro w’inganda z’imodoka ku isi.

2. Kwagura ubushobozi bwa serivisi mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda
Mu rwego rw'Inganda 4.0, abakiriya ntibagikeneye ibicuruzwa by'uruhererekane rumwe, ahubwo bakeneye ibisubizo byuzuye byo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Uburyo bwiza bwo kugurisha ibicuruzwa bwavuye ku "gutanga ibicuruzwa" burajya ku "serivisi z'agaciro": gutanga ubufasha kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera harimo guhitamo uruhererekane, ubuyobozi bwo gushyiraho, no guhuza amakuru; gufasha abakiriya gushyira amakuru y'uruhererekane muri sisitemu zabo za SCADA cyangwa MES zisanzweho kugira ngo bafatanye mu buryo butandukanye; ndetse banatanga ibitekerezo byo kubungabunga no kunoza imikorere hashingiwe ku makuru yakusanyijwe. Ubunararibonye bwa Hangzhou Qianjiang Chain bwerekana ko amasosiyete atanga ibisubizo bya sisitemu afite igipimo cyo kugura abakiriya kiri hejuru ya 40% ugereranyije n'abacuruzi basanzwe bacuruza ibicuruzwa.

3. Imiterere y'Uruhererekane rw'Ibicuruzwa Ihuza n'Isi Inzira zitandukanye z'iterambere rya Inganda 4.0 mu turere dutandukanye zigena imiterere itandukanye y'ubusabe bw'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Mu masoko y'i Burayi na Amerika, Ikigo gishinzwe Gutunganya Imipaka ya Karuboni (CBAM) gisaba ko habaho kongera 45% mu kugura imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije, gisaba abacuruza ibicuruzwa byinshi gushyira imbere ububiko bw'ibicuruzwa bito kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Mu isoko rya Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu n'inganda z'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byatumye habaho ubusabe bw'imiyoboro mito kandi ifite ubwenge buhanitse, aho igipimo cy'ubusabe buri mwaka mu bihugu nka Vietnam n'Ubuhinde kigera kuri 18%-22%. Mu isoko rya Afurika, igihe gito cyo gusimbuza ibikoresho byo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro cyatumye habaho ukwiyongera kwa 15% buri mwaka mu busabe bw'ibicuruzwa bisimbura imiyoboro iremereye idapfa kwangirika.

V. Amahirwe Mashya ku Ruhare mu Gihe cy'Ubuhanga bwo Guhuza Ibikoresho

Uko Inganda 4.0 igenda irushaho kwiyongera, uruhare rw'iminyururu igenda ihinduka ku muvuduko wihuta. Mu myaka itanu iri imbere, ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi bizahindura uko inganda zihagaze:

Ku rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, ikoreshwa ryimbitse rya moderi nini za AI rizatuma habaho intambwe iva ku "gutegura amakuru mbere y'igihe" ikagera ku "gutegura amakuru mbere y'igihe." Mu gusesengura ingano nini y'amakuru akoreshwa, sisitemu ishobora guhindura mu buryo bwikora ibipimo nk'umuvuduko w'uruhererekane n'ingendo zo gusiga amavuta kugira ngo ikomeze gukora neza mu gutwara amakuru. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Beijing Zhongdao Taihe bwerekana ko sisitemu za AI zikozwe neza zishobora kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ku kigero cya 10%-15%.

Mu rwego rw'ibikoresho, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bishya bivanze rizanyura mu bushobozi bw'umubiri. Ingufu zo gukurura iminyururu ya titaniyumu ziyongereyeho 35% ugereranije n'ibicuruzwa gakondo, mu gihe imiterere y'ibivanze bya pulasitiki n'ibyuma bigabanya uburemere bw'iminyururu ho 40% mu gihe bikuba kabiri igihe cyo kubaho kwayo. Ubu bushya bw'ibikoresho buzatera imbere mu ikoreshwa ry'iminyururu izunguruka mu bintu bigezweho nko mu kirere no mu byuma by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho.

Ku rwego rw'ibidukikije, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi izaba amakuru y'ingenzi kuri interineti y'inganda. Mu guhuza na porogaramu z'inganda ku isi, amakuru y'imikorere y'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi aturutse ku bigo bitandukanye ashobora gusangizwa mu buryo butazwi, bigashyiraho uburyo bwo gusuzuma amakosa ku rwego rw'inganda n'amahame agenga kubungabunga. Ubu bufatanye bw'ibidukikije buzahindura cyane cyane uburyo bwo gukora no gutanga serivisi z'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, bukava ku "gukora ibikorwa byigenga" bukajya ku "guhanga udushya mu nganda."

Umwanzuro Kuva ku gice cy’ibanze cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu kinyejana gishize kugeza ku gice cy’ingenzi mu nganda zikora ibintu by’ubwenge muri iki gihe, iterambere ry’uruhare rw’uruhererekane rw’ibintu byemeza ukuri gusanzwe: mu gihe cy’impinduramatwara mu nganda, ibicuruzwa bisanzwe ntibitinya kongera kwiyubaka mu ikoranabuhanga, ahubwo bihora bivugururwa binyuze mu guhanga udushya. Ku bakiriya mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibicuruzwa byinshi, iri hinduka ritanga imbogamizi n’amahirwe - abashobora gusobanukirwa neza inshingano zihinduka no gusubiza vuba ibyo isoko risaba, amaherezo bazaba bafite umwanya w’ingenzi muri sisitemu yo gutanga ibicuruzwa by’ikoranabuhanga ku isi.