Ingano y'ubushyuhe ikwiriye mu isuzuma ry'ubukana bw'umunyururu utembera

Ingano y'ubushyuhe ikwiriye mu isuzuma ry'ubukana bw'umunyururu utembera

Mu rwego rw'umusaruro w'inganda n'ihererekanya ry'ibikoresho, umuyoboro w'ingufu ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ihererekanya ry'ibikoresho, kandi imikorere yawo ifitanye isano itaziguye n'imikorere myiza n'igihe cy'akazi k'ibikoresho bya mekanike. Ubukomere ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere y'umuyoboro w'ingufu, bigira ingaruka ku kudashira, kudacika intege ndetse n'imbaraga rusange z'umuyoboro w'ingufu. Kugira ngo hasuzumwe neza ubukomere bw'umuyoboro w'ingufu kandi hamenyekane ko ushobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu mikorere itandukanye, isuzuma ry'ubukomere ryabaye ihuriro ry'ingenzi mu gukora umuyoboro w'ingufu, kugenzura ubuziranenge n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Kugira ngo harebwe neza kandi hizewe ibisubizo by'isuzuma ry'ubukomere, ni ngombwa cyane gusobanura neza urwego rw'ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gupima ubukomere bw'umuyoboro w'ingufu. Duhereye ku mahame shingiro y'isuzuma ry'ubukomere bw'umuyoboro w'ingufu, iyi nyandiko izasuzuma byimbitse ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku bisubizo by'isuzuma ry'ubukomere, kandi ihuze amahame ajyanye n'ubushakashatsi n'igerageza kugira ngo isesengura kandi imenye urwego rw'ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gupima ubukomere bw'umuyoboro w'ingufu, hagamijwe gutanga icyerekezo cy'ingirakamaro ku bakora umuyoboro w'ingufu, ibigo bigenzura ubuziranenge n'abakora ibijyanye nayo.

1. Amahame shingiro yo gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu utembera
Ubukomere bwerekana ubushobozi bw'ikintu mu guhangana n'ibintu bikomeye byinjira mu buso bwacyo, kandi ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyo gupima ubukomere bw'ikintu. Ikizamini cy'ubukomere cy'umunyururu uzunguruka ubusanzwe gikoresha Rockwell hard tester, ikoresha diamond indenter cyangwa carbide indenter kugira ngo ikandagire indenter mu buso bw'igice cyageragejwe cy'umunyururu uzunguruka munsi y'umutwaro wagenwe, kandi ikagena agaciro k'ubukomere bwayo ipima uburebure bw'umunyururu uzunguruka. Rockwell hard tester ifite ibyiza byoroshye gukora, gukora neza cyane no gukandagira gato, kandi ikwiriye gupima ubukomere bw'ibice bito n'ibiciriritse byakozwe mu byiciro nka roller chain.
Umunyururu w'umunyururu ugizwe ahanini n'umunyururu w'imbere, umunyururu w'inyuma, umunyururu w'inyuma, umunyururu w'inyuma, umunyururu w'inyuma n'umunyururu w'inyuma, kandi ibisabwa ku bukomere bwa buri gice biratandukanye. Urugero, umunyururu w'inyuma n'umunyururu w'inyuma, nk'ibice by'ingenzi by'umunyururu w'inyuma, bigomba kugira ubukomere bwinshi kugira ngo byongere ubudashira no kudacika intege. Muri rusange, ubukomere bw'ubuso bw'umunyururu w'inyuma n'umunyururu bw'inyuma busabwa kuba hagati ya HRC30 na HRC40, mu gihe ubukomere bw'umunyururu w'inyuma n'umunyururu w'inyuma ari buke, akenshi hagati ya HRC20 na HRC30. Binyuze mu gushushanya no kugenzura ubukomere, bishobora kwemeza ko umunyururu w'inyuma ufite ubushobozi bwiza bwo guhuza no kumara igihe kirekire mu gihe cyo kohereza.

2. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku igeragezwa ry'ubukana bw'iminyururu izunguruka
Ubushyuhe ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku bukomere bw'ibikoresho. Iyo ubushyuhe buhindutse, imiterere mito n'imiterere y'ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'uruhererekane bizahinduka uko bikwiye, bigatuma ubukomere bwabyo buhinduka uko bikwiye. Mu gihe cyo gupima ubukomere, ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku bisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubukomere bw'umunyururu w'uruhererekane zigaragarira ahanini muri ibi bikurikira:
(I) Impinduka mu miterere y'ibikoresho
Ubukomere bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma bushingira ahanini ku miterere yabyo. Dufashe urugero rw'ibikoresho by'icyuma bikunze gukoreshwa mu minyururu izunguruka, imiterere ya metallografiya y'icyuma cya alloy izahinduka ku bushyuhe butandukanye. Urugero, ku bushyuhe buri hasi, ferrite, pearlite n'izindi miterere mu byuma bya alloy birahamye, kandi ubukomere bw'ibikoresho buterwa ahanini n'imiterere yabyo ya shimi n'imiterere ya metallografiya. Ariko, iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse, igipimo cyo gukwirakwira kwa atome za karuboni n'ibintu bivangavanze mu byuma bya alloy birihuta, bishobora gutera gukura kw'ibinyampeke no guhinduka kw'imiterere imbere mu bikoresho. Izi mpinduka mu miterere ya micro zizagira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bukomere bw'ibikoresho, bigatera ihindagurika mu bisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubukomere. Muri rusange, ubukomere bw'ibikoresho buzagabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Ibi biterwa nuko kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bigabanya imbaraga zo guhuza atome imbere mu bikoresho, bigatuma byoroha ko ibintu bihinduka, bigatuma ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bwo kwirinda kwinjira mu bintu bikomeye bugabanuka.
(II) Ubuziranenge bw'icyuma gipima ubukana
Nk'igikoresho gipima neza, ukuri kw'icyuma gipima ubukana bizaterwa n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere. Inyuguti ya indenter, impera, mikorometero n'ibindi bice by'icyuma gipima ubukana bikozwe mu byuma. Impinduka z'ubushyuhe zizatuma ubushyuhe bwaguka cyangwa bugabanuka by'ibi bice, bityo bigahindura imiterere y'igice cya indenter, ubukana bw'isoko n'ubuziranenge bw'icyuma gipima ubukana. Urugero, iyo ubushyuhe bw'ikirere buzamutse, igice cya indenter cy'icyuma gipima ubukana gishobora kwaguka gato, bigatuma agaciro k'ubujyakuzimu bw'igice cya indenter kaba kanini, bigatuma agaciro k'ubukana bwapimwe kagabanuka; ku rundi ruhande, iyo ubushyuhe bw'ikirere bugabanutse, igice cya indenter kigabanuka, agaciro k'ubujyakuzimu bw'igice cya indenter kaba gato, kandi agaciro k'ubukana bwapimwe kaba kari hejuru. Byongeye kandi, impinduka z'ubushyuhe zishobora no kugira ingaruka ku buryo icyuma gipima ubukana kidahinduka, bigatuma ibisubizo by'ibizamini bidasubiramo neza kandi bikongera kugaragara. Kubwibyo, iyo ukoresha icyuma gipima ubukana mu gukora ibizamini by'ubukana bw'urunigi mu bihe bitandukanye by'ubushyuhe, icyuma gipima ubukana kigomba gupimwa no guhindurwa kugira ngo harebwe ko ibisubizo byacyo bipima ari ukuri.
(III) Kwagura ubushyuhe bw'ibice by'umunyururu w'urushundura
Impinduka mu bushyuhe zizatuma ubushyuhe bukwirakwira cyangwa bugabanuka ku bice bitandukanye by'umunyururu w'urukiramende, bityo bigira ingaruka ku mwanya n'agaciro k'ikizamini cy'ubukomere. Imbere mu gice cy'imbere, inyuma mu gice cy'inyuma, agapira, agapira n'agapira byo mu munyururu w'urukiramende bifite ibipimo bitandukanye byo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe ku bushyuhe butandukanye. Iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse, ingano y'ibi bice irahinduka, bishobora gutuma aho ikizamini cy'ubukomere giherereye hatandukanye n'ibisabwa mu gishushanyo. Urugero, aho ubukomere bw'ubuso bw'agapira bugomba kugeragezwa bushobora kuba bugana imbere cyangwa ku nkengero z'agapira bitewe n'ubushyuhe bw'agapira nyuma y'uko ubushyuhe buzamutse, bityo bigira ingaruka ku buryo bufatika ku bisubizo by'ikizamini cy'ubukomere. Byongeye kandi, kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bizatera ikwirakwizwa ry'imihangayiko mu bice by'umunyururu w'urukiramende, bikagira ingaruka ku mikorere yabyo yo kwaguka.

3. Ingano y'ubushyuhe ikwiriye mu isuzuma ry'ubukana bw'umunyururu utembera

Dukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mu igerageza, ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu muri rusange ni 10℃-35℃. Isuzuma ry'ubukana muri ubu bushyuhe rishobora kugabanya ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku bisubizo by'ibizamini no kwemeza ko ibisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubukana ari ukuri kandi byizerwa.

(I) Ibisabwa ku bushyuhe bw'ibipimo ngenderwaho bireba
Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga: ISO 606:2015 “Iminyururu migufi ikora neza, uduce duto n’uburyo bwo gutwara iminyururu” bivuga ko ikizamini cy’ubukana bw’iminyururu ikora neza kigomba gukorwa ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba, ubusanzwe bivuze ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 20℃ ± 5℃. Aya mahame ateganya ubushyuhe buhuriweho bwo gupima ubukana bw’iminyururu ku rwego mpuzamahanga no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’iminyururu ikora neza, ibi bifasha kwemeza ko ibimenyetso by’ubukana bw’iminyururu ikora neza kandi igereranywa.
Amabwiriza y'igihugu: Amabwiriza y'igihugu y'Ubushinwa yo mu rwego rwa GB/T 1243-2006 “Iminyururu migufi ikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ibyuma” nayo avuga neza ko ikizamini cy'ubukana bw'iminyururu ikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ibyuma kigomba gukorwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, muri rusange bugenzurwa hagati ya 10℃ na 35℃. Imiterere y'ubushyuhe ireba neza imiterere y'ikirere n'ibidukikije by'umusaruro w'inganda mu turere dutandukanye tw'igihugu cyanjye, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora no gukoresha neza.
(II) Ibisubizo by'ubushakashatsi bw'igerageza
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku bisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubukomere: Binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe, byagaragaye ko mu bushyuhe bwa 10℃-35℃, agaciro k'ubukomere bw'ibice bitandukanye by'umunyururu w'urukiramende gahoraho, kandi ingaruka z'impinduka z'ubushyuhe ku bisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubukomere ni nto. Urugero, itsinda ry'udupira tw'urukiramende tw'urukiramende dufite ibisobanuro bimwe byageragejwe kuri 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ na 35℃ uko bikurikirana. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko mu bushyuhe bwa 10℃-35℃, ihindagurika ry'agaciro k'ubukomere bw'urukiramende muri rusange riri muri ±2HRC. Iri hindagurika riri mu rugero rwemewe rw'amakosa kandi ntabwo rizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku isuzuma ry'ubuziranenge n'isuzuma ry'imikorere y'umunyururu w'urukiramende.
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe burenze urugero rukwiye: Iyo ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 10°C, ubukana bw'ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'urushundura buzazamuka cyane, bishobora gutuma habaho ibisubizo by'ikizamini cyo gukomera cyane no gusesengura nabi urwego rw'ubukana bw'umunyururu w'urushundura. Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane bushobora gutuma ibice by'umunyururu w'urushundura bicika intege kandi bikomeye, bigagabanya ubukana bwabyo, kandi bigatera imivuniko cyangwa kuvunika byoroshye mu gihe cy'ikizamini cyo gukomera, bigira ingaruka ku iterambere risanzwe ry'ikizamini. Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 35°C, ubukana bw'ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'urushundura buzagabanuka cyane, kandi ibisubizo by'ikizamini bizaba bike, bitagaragaza neza urwego rw'ubukana bw'umunyururu w'urushundura. Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora kandi kwihutisha kwangirika no guhinduka kw'ibice by'umunyururu w'urushundura kandi bikagabanya igihe cyo kubikoresha.

4. Gukoresha ingamba zo kugenzura ubushyuhe mu igeragezwa ry'ubukana bw'umunyururu utembera
Kugira ngo hamenyekane neza niba ibisubizo by'ikizamini cyo gukomera k'umunyururu w'urukiramende ari ukuri, ingamba zifatika zo kugenzura ubushyuhe zigomba gufatwa mu gihe cy'ikizamini nyirizina:
(I) Kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'ikirere
Laboratwari yo gupima ubukana igomba kuba ifite ibikoresho bitanga umwuka ushyushye, ibikoresho bitanga ubushyuhe buhoraho, nibindi, kugira ngo igenzure neza ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 10℃ na 35℃. Mbere yo gukora ikizamini, ibikoresho bitanga ubushyuhe bigomba gukazwa mbere kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwa laboratwari bukomeze kandi ubushyuhe bukomeze kudahinduka kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka ku bipimo bitewe n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa kwirinda gukora ibizamini by’ubukana mu zuba ryinshi, hafi y’aho ubushyuhe buturuka cyangwa aho umwuka uva, nibindi, kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka z’ibintu bituruka hanze ku bushyuhe bwa laboratwari.
(II) Isuzuma ry'ubushyuhe bw'icyitegererezo
Mbere yo gushyira icyitegererezo cy'umunyururu w'urukiramende mu gipimo cy'ubukana bw'ibipimo kugira ngo gipimwe, kigomba gushyirwa mu gipimo cy'ubukana bw'ibipimo mu gihe runaka kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwacyo buhuze n'ubushyuhe bw'ibipimo. Muri rusange, birasabwa gushyira icyitegererezo mu gihe kirenze amasaha 2-3 kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw'icyitegererezo bube bumwe. Ku ngero zimwe na zimwe z'umunyururu w'urukiramende wafashwe mu bipimo by'ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyangwa hasi, hagomba kwitabwaho cyane ku ihinduka ry'ubushyuhe kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushyuhe bushobora kwiyongera cyangwa gushyuha bitewe n'itandukaniro rinini riri hagati y'ubushyuhe bw'icyitegererezo n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere, ibyo bikaba byagira ingaruka ku bisubizo by'ikizamini cy'ubukana.
(III) Gupima ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gipima ubukana
Igipimo cy’ubukana kigomba gupimwa buri gihe mu gihe cyo gukoreshwa kugira ngo harebwe ko gipima neza mu bihe bitandukanye by’ubushyuhe. Igipimo cy’ubukana kirashobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe agace gasanzwe k’ubukana. Agaciro k’ubukana k’agace gasanzwe k’ubukana kapimwe n’ikigo cyemewe kandi gifite agaciro kazwi k’ubukana ku bushyuhe butandukanye. Mu gihe cyo gupima igipimo cy’ubukana, agace gasanzwe k’ubukana n’agace gapima ubukana bigomba gushyirwa hamwe ku bushyuhe bumwe n’ikizamini cy’ubukana bw’umunyururu. Nyuma y’ubushyuhe buringaniye, igikorwa cyo gupima kigomba gukorwa, kandi uburyo bwo gupima no kwerekana ubukana bigomba guhindurwa kugira ngo umusaruro wo gupima uhuze n’agaciro k’ubukana k’agace gasanzwe k’ubukana. Binyuze mu gupima ubushyuhe buringaniye, ingaruka z’impinduka z’ubushyuhe ku buziranenge bw’igipimo cy’ubukana zishobora gukurwaho neza, kandi ibisubizo by’ikizamini cy’ubukana bw’umunyururu bishobora kwemezwa.

5. Isesengura ry'imanza
Iyo uruganda rukora iminyururu y'urudodo rwakoraga itsinda ry'iminyururu y'urudodo ikomeye cyane, rwatunganyaga cyane ibice bitandukanye by'umunyururu w'urudodo hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gutunganya. Mu igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'ubudahangarwa mbere yo kuva mu ruganda, iminyururu y'umunyururu w'urudodo yapimwe ubudahangarwa hakurikijwe amahame agenga ubuziranenge bw'ikigo. Ariko, mu gihe cyo kugerageza, byagaragaye ko ubudahangarwa bw'iminyururu imwe n'imwe bwari buri hasi ugereranyije n'ibisabwa mu gishushanyo mbonera, ibyo bikaba byarakuruye ibitekerezo by'ikigo.
Nyuma y’iperereza ryimbitse, byagaragaye ko ku munsi w’ikizamini cyo gukomera, bitewe n’ikosa ry’ibikoresho bikonjesha muri laboratwari, ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bwari hejuru ya 38°C, byarenze urugero rw’ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gupima ubushyuhe bw’umunyururu. Isosiyete yahise ifata ingamba zo kwimurira ikizamini cyo gukomera mu kindi kigo gifite ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bwujuje ibisabwa (22°C) kugira ngo cyongere gipimwe. Ibisubizo byo gusubiramo ikizamini byagaragaje ko agaciro k’ubushyuhe bw’iminyururu kari mu bisabwa mu gishushanyo kandi kujuje ibisabwa mu buziranenge. Ibi bigaragaza ko ikirere cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi cyatumye ibisubizo by’ikizamini cyo gukomera bihinduka, bituma agaciro k’ubushyuhe bw’iminyururu kagabanuka. Uru rubanza rugaragaza akamaro ko kugenzura ubushyuhe mu ikizamini cyo gukomera cy’iminyururu. Gukoresha ibizamini byo gukomera mu rugero rw’ubushyuhe bukwiye ni byo byonyine bishobora kwemezwa, kandi ubwiza n’imikorere y’ibicuruzwa byo mu munyururu bishobora kwirindwa, kandi ubwiza n’imikorere y’ibicuruzwa byo mu munyururu bishobora kwemezwa.

6. Umwanzuro
Ingano y'ubushyuhe ikwiye mu bizamini by'ubukomere bw'umunyururu ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo ibisubizo by'ibizamini bigerweho neza kandi byizewe. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku bizamini by'ubukomere bw'umunyururu zigaragarira ahanini mu mpinduka mu miterere y'ibikoresho, ukuri kw'icyuma gipima ubukomere, no kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bw'ibice by'umunyururu. Dukurikije ibipimo by'amahame bireba no kugenzura ubushakashatsi bw'igerageza, 10℃-35℃ ifatwa nk'ingano y'ubushyuhe ikwiriye mu bizamini by'ubukomere bw'umunyururu. Gukora ibizamini by'ubukomere muri ubu bushyuhe bishobora kugabanya ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku bisubizo by'ibizamini no gutanga ishingiro ryizewe ryo kugenzura ubuziranenge n'imikorere y'umunyururu w'umunyururu.
Mu gikorwa nyacyo cyo gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende, ibigo n'ibigo bigenzura ubuziranenge bigomba gukurikiza neza ibisabwa no gufata ingamba zihamye zo kugenzura ubushyuhe, harimo kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'ikirere, guhindura ubushyuhe bw'icyitegererezo, no gupima ubushyuhe bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende, kugira ngo harebwe neza kandi hizewe ibisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubukana. Muri icyo gihe, gusobanukirwa neza uburyo ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende bizafasha mu kunoza uburyo n'imikorere yo gupima ubukana, kunoza urwego rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa by'umunyururu w'urukiramende, no guteza imbere iterambere ryiza ry'inganda z'umunyururu w'urukiramende.

Muri make, urugero rw'ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu ni ikibazo kigomba guhabwa agaciro kanini. Gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu w'umunyururu ni byo byonyine bishobora kugaragara neza kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa neza mu bihe bitandukanye by'akazi. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere rihoraho ry'ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima, dufite impamvu zo kwizera ko ubushakashatsi ku bushyuhe bwo gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu w'umunyururu buzarushaho kuba bwimbitse kandi bunoze, bugatanga inkunga ikomeye ya tekiniki yo kugenzura ubuziranenge no kunoza imikorere y'umunyururu w'umunyururu w'umunyururu.