Iminyururu y'amapine: Ibuye ry'imfuruka ritagaragara ry'ubuhinzi bugezweho

Iminyururu y'amapine: Ibuye ry'imfuruka ritagaragara ry'ubuhinzi bugezweho

Mu gihe cyo kuganira ku iterambere ry'ubuhinzi, akenshi bibanda ku bikoresho by'ubuhinzi bigaragara nk'imashini nini zo gusarura imyaka n'uburyo bwo kuhira bugezweho, ariko bake ni bo bita ku bikoresho bisa n'ibisanzwe.iminyururu y'ibizingomu buryo bwabo bwo kohereza umusaruro. Mu by’ukuri, kuva mu buhinzi bwo mu murima kugeza ku gutunganya ibinyampeke, kuva mu bworozi kugeza ku gutwara umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, imiyoboro y’amazi, hamwe n’imikorere yayo ihamye kandi yizewe yo kohereza umusaruro, byabaye ihurizo ritagaragara rituma uruhererekane rw’inganda z’ubuhinzi rukora neza. Agaciro kabyo katagaragara kagira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro w’ubuhinzi, kugenzura ikiguzi, n’iterambere rirambye.

1. Kugenzura ko umusaruro ukomeza: Inzitizi y'ingenzi mu kugabanya "igihombo cyihishe" mu buhinzi

Umusaruro w'ubuhinzi uterwa n'ibihe by'ihinga kandi uterwa n'igihe. Gupfa kw'ibikoresho mu buryo butunguranye bishobora gutuma ibihe by'ihinga bitagenda neza, ibihe by'isarura bitinda, ndetse bigatera igihombo kidasubirwaho mu bukungu. Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'imashini zihinga, iminyururu izunguruka, hamwe n'umuvuduko wayo muto wo gutsindwa, ni imbogamizi ikomeye mu gutuma umusaruro ukomeza.

Mu turere twinshi dukora ingano, ibintu by'ingenzi nk'umutwe n'ingunguru zo gusya ingano zivanze byishingikiriza ku minyururu yo kohereza. Iminyururu yo kororera ifite ubuziranenge buhanitse ikozwe mu cyuma gikomeye kandi ikorerwa mu buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugira ngo yihangane n'imizigo ihoraho yo gusarura. Amakuru agaragaza ko iminyururu ifite iminyururu yo kororera ifite ubuziranenge buhanitse igira igihe cyo gukora kirenga amasaha 800, ubwiyongere bwa 40% ugereranije n'iminyururu isanzwe. Ariko, mu gihe cyo gusarura ibigori, imirima imwe n'imwe ihura n'ikibazo cyo gucika bitewe no gukoresha iminyururu yo kororera ifite ubuziranenge buhanitse. Ibi ntibisaba gusa iminsi 2-3 yo gusimbuza ibice, ahubwo byongera igihombo cy'ibigori ku kigero cya 15% kuri hegitari bitewe n'aho icumbitse n'ibihumyo. Iyi miterere y'"nta gutsindwa bigira agaciro" ituma iminyururu yo kororera igira uruhare rugaragara mu kugabanya "igihombo cyihishe" mu buhinzi.

Mu bworozi bw'amatungo, imikorere ihoraho y'uburyo bwo kugaburira ingurube hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho byo gukuraho ifumbire nayo ishingiye ku miyoboro y'amapine. Ibigega binini byo kugaburira amatungo bikora ingendo nyinshi buri munsi, kandi kudashira kw'imiyoboro y'amapine bigena neza inshuro zo kubungabunga ibikoresho. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'ikigo cy'ingurube gikomeye bwagaragaje ko imiyoboro isanzwe y'amapine yasabaga gusimburwa buri mezi atatu. Buri guhagarika kubungabunga byatumye ingurube zitinda kugaburira, bigira ingaruka ku mikurire yazo. Guhindura imiyoboro y'amapine ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo hejuru byongereye igihe cyo kuzikorera kugeza ku mezi 18, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kuzitunganya ho amayuan 60.000 buri mwaka, ndetse birinda igihombo cyaterwaga no kuzigaburira ku gihe kitageze.

II. Kunoza Imikorere myiza yo Gukwirakwiza: Imbaraga zitagaragara zituma "Uburyo bunoze" n' "Ubunini" mu buhinzi

Ishingiro ry’iterambere ry’ubuhinzi ni “kunoza imikorere myiza,” kandi ubushobozi bwo kohereza imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi bufitanye isano itaziguye n’uburyo imashini zikora neza kandi zigakwirakwira. Ugereranyije n’uburyo imashini zikoresha imikandara zigenda zigwa n’igiciro kinini, imiterere y’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi “ihindagurika ry’ikigereranyo” ituma ibikoresho by’ubuhinzi bishyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y’imikorere neza, bitanga inkunga y’ibanze ku buhinzi bukora neza no ku musaruro munini.

Mu gihe cyo gutera, igipimo cy'imbuto cy'umuti utera imbuto neza gihuzwa n'amashanyarazi binyuze mu mugozi. Ikosa ryo kohereza imbuto mu mugozi rigomba kugenzurwa muri 0.5% kugira ngo harebwe ko intera y'ibimera ingana kandi ko uburebure bw'umugozi buhoraho. Imashini ikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi idahingura imbuto ikoresha umugozi wihariye, ikongera uburyo bwo gutera imbuto kuva kuri ± 3 cm kugeza kuri ± 1 cm. Ibi bigabanya amakosa yo gutera imbuto kuri hegitari ho 8%. Ibi ntibigabanya gusa ikiguzi cy'imbuto ahubwo byongera umusaruro kuri hegitari ho hafi 5% bitewe n'uburyo ibihingwa bingana. Uku kunoza uburyo bwo gutera imbuto mu buryo bwa "milimetero" bigaragaza neza agaciro katagaragara k'umugozi utera imbuto.

Ku buhinzi bunini, ubushobozi bwo kohereza ingufu z'imashini nini zihinga bugena urwego rw'imikorere n'ubushobozi bw'umusaruro. Imashini zizunguruka zikoresha traktori, imashini zisuka, n'ibindi bikoresho bikoresha iminyururu izunguruka kugira ngo zihindure ingufu za moteri mo imbaraga zo gukora. Iminyururu izunguruka ifite ubuziranenge buhanitse ishobora kugera ku bushobozi bwo kohereza ingufu burenga 98%, mu gihe iminyururu idakora neza ituma ingufu zigabanuka cyane kandi ikoresha lisansi kuva kuri 10% kugeza kuri 15%. Urugero, traktori ifite ingufu 150 z'amafarashi ifite umunyururu uzunguruka ushobora gukwira hegitari 30 z'inyongera ku munsi. Dufashe ko amafaranga yinjira kuri hegitari 80 y'amayuan kuri buri gihembwe cy'imirimo, ibi bishobora kwinjiza hafi amayuan 100.000 mu gaciro k'inyongera kuri buri gihembwe cy'imirimo.

III. Kwagura imikorere y'ibikoresho: Inkunga y'igihe kirekire yo kunoza imiterere y'ibiciro by'ubuhinzi

Ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi ni umutungo w'ingenzi mu buhinzi, kandi igihe bimara bigira ingaruka ku giciro cy'igihe kirekire cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi. Kuramba no kwihuza kw'iminyururu izunguruka ntibigabanya gusa inshuro zo gusimbuza ibikoresho ahubwo binagabanya kwangirika kw'ibice bifitanye isano binyuze mu kohereza ibikoresho mu buryo buhamye, bityo bikongera igihe cy'ubuzima bw'ibikoresho byose kandi bikagera ku gaciro k'igihe kirekire ko "kugabanya ikiguzi no kunoza imikorere."

Mu gutunganya ibinyampeke, sisitemu zo gukurura imigozi y’ifarini, inganda z’umuceri, n’ibindi bikoresho zishingira ku mikorere ihamye y’imigozi y’ifarini. Kudakora neza kw’imigozi idahagije bishobora gutuma imigozi idakora neza, bikongera kwangirika kw’ingufu, ibikoresho, n’ibindi bice, bigabanya igihe cy’ibikoresho muri rusange ho 30%. Ku rundi ruhande, imigozi y’ifarini ikoresha uburyo bwo gukaraba no kuzimya, ntiyongera gusa igihe cyo kubaho kwayo kugeza ku myaka irenga itanu ahubwo inagabanya inshuro zo gusimbuza ibice bifitanye isano, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga ibikoresho ho 40%. Imashini ikora ifarini iciriritse yagaragaje ko mu gusimbuza imigozi y’ifarini nziza, ishobora kuzigama amafaranga angana na 80.000 kugeza 100.000 y’amayuan mu ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga ibikoresho buri mwaka no kongera igihe cyo kugabanuka kw’agaciro k’ibikoresho kuva ku myaka 8 kugeza kuri 12.

Byongeye kandi, ubwiza bw'iminyururu y'amapine butuma ubuhinzi bugenzura ibiciro. Iminyururu y'amapine ifite imiterere imwe ishobora gukoreshwa n'ibirango bitandukanye n'ubwoko bw'imashini z'ubuhinzi, bigabanyiriza igitutu ububiko bw'ibice bisimburana ku mirima. Ku mirima iri kure, ibice bisimburana bidahagije akenshi biba imbogamizi ikomeye nyuma y'aho ibikoresho byangiritse. Ubushobozi bw'iminyururu y'amapine butuma imirima ibasha kubika gusa umubare muto w'imiterere y'ingenzi yo gukemura ibibazo byihutirwa ku bikoresho bitandukanye, bigagabanya amafaranga y'ishoramari n'ayo kubika.

IV. Guteza imbere ivugurura ry'imashini z'ubuhinzi: Ishingiro ry'Intego yo Gushyigikira Iterambere Rirambye ry'Ubuhinzi

Uko ubuhinzi ku isi bugenda bugana ku bikorwa bigamije kubungabunga ibidukikije, gukora neza no kurengera ibidukikije, ibisabwa kugira ngo ibikoresho bishya by’ubuhinzi bigerweho birimo kugenda birushaho gukomera. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi ririmo gutanga inkunga y’ibanze mu kuvugurura imashini z’ubuhinzi no guhindura uburyo bwo gukora ubuhinzi.

Mu rwego rw'imashini nshya zikoresha ingufu mu buhinzi, ibikoresho bishya nka traktori zikoresha amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho byo kuhira bikoresha imirasire y'izuba birushaho gukenera urusaku ruke no gukoresha ingufu nke mu buryo bwazo bwo gutwara. Mu kunoza imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi no gukoresha amavuta akoresha amavuta adacecetse, imiyoboro gakondo ishobora kugabanya urusaku ikagera munsi ya decibel 65 no gukoresha ingufu ho 5%, bigatuma ikwiranye neza n'imashini nshya zikoresha ingufu mu buhinzi. Imashini itunganya amashanyarazi yakozwe n'ikigo runaka, ifite umuyoboro ucunga amashanyarazi udacecetse, ntabwo yujuje gusa amahame y'urusaku mu bikorwa by'ubuhinzi ahubwo inagabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, yongera igihe cyo gukora ho amasaha 1.5 ku mushahara umwe, birushaho kunoza imikorere myiza.

Mu rwego rw'ubuhinzi bushingiye ku bidukikije, kurwanya ingese z'imigozi yo mu bwoko bwa roller chain byoroshya ikoreshwa ry'imashini z'ubuhinzi zitangiza ibidukikije. Imashini zitera umuceri n'izirinda imyaka zikoreshwa mu mirima y'umuceri zihura n'ahantu hatose kandi hafite ivumbi igihe kirekire, aho imigozi isanzwe ishobora kwangirika no gucika intege. Ariko, imigozi yo mu bwoko bwa roller ikozwe mu byuma bita ngura cyangwa ifite irangi ryo hejuru ishobora kwihanganira ingese ya aside na alkali no kwibira mu mazi y'ibyondo, bigatuma igihe cyayo cyo gukora kiyongera inshuro zirenga ebyiri. Ibi ntibigabanya gusa imyanda iterwa no gusimbuza imigozi ahubwo binagabanya umwanda w'ubutaka n'amazi uturuka ku mirimo y'imashini z'ubuhinzi, bijyana n'iterambere ry'ubuhinzi bushingiye ku bidukikije.

Byongeye kandi, imiterere y’iminyururu izunguruka yorohereza kuvugurura imashini z’ubuhinzi mu buryo bw’ubwenge. Mu gushyira mu munyururu ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe, ibipimo nk’ubushyuhe n’ubushyuhe bya sisitemu yo kohereza amakuru bishobora gukurikiranwa mu gihe nyacyo, bigatanga aya makuru kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura imashini mu buryo bw’ubwenge, bigatuma habaho kubungabunga mbere y’igihe. Iyo hagaragaye uburyo bwo kuburira abakoresha iminyururu, sisitemu ishobora kuburira abakoresha mu buryo bwihuse gusimbuza umunyururu, birinda ihungabana ry’umusaruro riterwa no gutsindwa gutunguranye. Uku guhuza "ubwenge + kohereza amakuru byizewe" birimo kuba igice cy'ingenzi cy’ubuhinzi bw’ubwenge.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo: Kumenya "Agaciro katagaragara" k'iminyururu izunguruka

Ku bakora mu buhinzi, guhitamo umuyoboro ukwiye w’imashini zizunguruka ni ngombwa kugira ngo ubone agaciro kawo kadafatika. Mu gihe uguze, shyira imbaraga ku bimenyetso bitatu by'ingenzi: Icya mbere, "Ibikoresho n'Ubukorikori." Hitamo ibikoresho bikozwe mu byuma bikomeye nka 40Cr na 20Mn2, binyuzwa mu gukomerera no gukaraba imiyoboro. Icya kabiri, "Icyiciro cyiza." Imashini zihinga zisaba gukoresha imiyoboro ifite ISO Grade 6 cyangwa iri hejuru kugira ngo ihererezwe neza. Icya gatatu, "Kuba ihuye n'ubushobozi." Hitamo umuvuduko w'imashini zizunguruka n'umurambararo w'imashini zihinga ujyanye n'imbaraga, umuvuduko, n'aho zikorera. Guhindura ibintu birahari niba bibaye ngombwa.

Gukomeza kubungabunga no kubungabunga ni ingenzi cyane. Mu gihe cyo gukoresha buri munsi, sukura umwanda n'imyanda vuba kandi ushyireho amavuta yihariye buri gihe kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika vuba guterwa no gukururana kw'umukungugu. Ingamba zoroshye zo kubungabunga zishobora kongera igihe cy'iminyururu izungurukaho 30%, bikongera agaciro kayo kadafatika.

Umwanzuro: Agaciro katagaragara gashyigikira ahazaza harambye
Iminyururu idafite urusaku nk'urw'umusaruzi cyangwa ubuhanga buhanitse, nyamara yinjira mu buryo bucece muri buri gice cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi. Ituma umusaruro ukomeza, ikongera imikorere myiza, ikongera imiterere y'ibiciro, kandi igatuma ubuhinzi burushaho kuzamuka. Iyi ndangagaciro idafatika ni inkingi y'ifatizo mu imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi ndetse ni na moteri itagaragara yo kuvugurura ubuhinzi.