Uburyo bwo Gupima Umunyururu w'Izingiro: Igice cy'ingenzi kigena uburyo bwo kohereza ubutumwa bwizewe
Mu rwego rw'inganda zikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa,iminyururu y'ibizingoni ibintu by'ingenzi mu kohereza ingufu n'ingendo, kandi imikorere yabyo igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza n'umutekano w'imashini zose. Kuva ku kohereza ingufu zikomeye mu mashini zicukura kugeza ku gutwara neza ibikoresho by'imashini zikoresha neza, kuva ku mirimo yo mu mirima mu mashini zihinga kugeza ku kohereza ingufu muri moteri z'imodoka, iminyururu ihora igira uruhare rwa "ikiraro cy'amashanyarazi." Mu gukora iminyururu ikora, gushyushya, intambwe y'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ni nk'intambwe y'ingenzi "ihindura ibuye zahabu," ikagena neza imbaraga z'umunyururu, gukomera kwawo, kudashira kw'ingufu, n'igihe umara ubikora.
1. Kuki gukonjesha ari "inzira y'ingenzi" mu gukora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi?
Mbere yo kuganira ku bijyanye no gushyushya, tugomba kubanza gusobanura ibi bikurikira: Kuki gushyushya iminyururu y'uruhererekane ari ingenzi? Ibi bitangirana no gutunganya ibice by'ingenzi by'uruhererekane: iminyururu, uduce duto, udupira, n'ibice bihuza. Nyuma yo gukora, ibice by'uruhererekane rw'uruhererekane rw'ingenzi bikunze kunyura mu nzira yo kuzimya: igikoresho gishyushya hejuru y'ubushyuhe bukabije (ubusanzwe 820-860°C), gifatwa kuri ubwo bushyuhe mu gihe runaka, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa vuba (urugero, mu mazi cyangwa mu mavuta) kugira ngo icyuma gihindure imiterere y'imbere muri martensite. Nubwo kuzimya byongera cyane ubukana bw'igikoresho (kigera kuri HRC 58-62), binagaragaza imbogamizi ikomeye: imbaraga nyinshi z'imbere n'ubudahangarwa, bigatuma gishobora kuvunika iyo gikubiswe cyangwa kinyeganyega. Tekereza gukoresha umunyururu w'uruhererekane w'uruhererekane mu buryo butazimye kugira ngo woherezwe mu buryo butazimye. Gucika intege nko gucika kw'udupira no gucika kw'udupira bishobora kubaho mu gihe cy'umutwaro wa mbere, bigatera ingaruka mbi.
Uburyo bwo gushyushya bukemura ikibazo "kidakomeye ariko cyoroshye" nyuma yo kuzimya. Igikoresho cyo kuzimya cyongera gushyushya kugeza ku bushyuhe buri munsi y'ubushyuhe buhambaye (ubusanzwe 150-350°C), kigashyirwa kuri ubwo bushyuhe mu gihe runaka, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa buhoro buhoro. Ubu buryo buhindura imiterere y'imbere y'icyuma kugira ngo kigere ku buringanire bwiza hagati y'ubukomere n'ubukomere. Ku minyururu izunguruka, kuzimya bigira uruhare runini mu bice bitatu by'ingenzi:
Kugabanya stress imbere: Bikuraho stress z’imiterere n’ubushyuhe ziterwa no kuzimya, bikarinda guhindagurika no kwangirika kw’ibikoresho bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’stress mu gihe cyo kubikoresha;
Kunoza imiterere ya mekanike: Hindura igipimo cy'ubukomere, imbaraga, n'ubukomere ukurikije ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa—urugero, iminyururu y'imashini z'ubwubatsi isaba ubukomere bwinshi, mu gihe iminyururu yo kohereza neza isaba ubukomere bwinshi;
Gutuza imiterere n'ibipimo bya mikoro: Gutuza imiterere y'imbere y'icyuma kugira ngo hirindwe ko imiyoboro y'icyuma ihinduka bitewe n'impinduka mu mikoro mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kuyikwirakwiza neza.
II. Ibipimo by'ingenzi n'ingingo zo kugenzura inzira yo gushyushya imiyoboro ya roller chain
Ingufu z'uburyo bwo gukonjesha zishingiye ku kugenzura neza ibipimo bitatu by'ingenzi: ubushyuhe, igihe, n'umuvuduko wo gukonjesha. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukonjesha bushobora gutanga umusaruro utandukanye cyane. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha bugomba guhindurwa hakurikijwe ibice bitandukanye by'umuyoboro w'ingufu (imizingo, imigozi, imigozi, n'amasahani) bitewe n'imiterere yabyo itandukanye y'umutwaro n'ibisabwa mu mikorere.
1. Ubushyuhe bwo Gupima: "Igikoresho cy'ingenzi" cyo kugenzura imikorere
Ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane mu kumenya imikorere ya nyuma y'igikoresho. Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ubukana bwacyo buragabanuka kandi gukomera kwacyo kuriyongera. Bitewe n'uburyo umugozi ukoresha, ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya bushyirwa mu byiciro bikurikira:
Gushyushya ubushyuhe buke (150-250°C): Bikoreshwa cyane cyane ku bintu bisaba ubukana bwinshi no kudashira, nk'imizingo n'udupira. Gushyushya ubushyuhe buke bigumana ubukana bwa HRC 55-60 mu gihe bikuraho stress zimwe na zimwe zo mu mutima, bigatuma bikoreshwa mu buryo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bworoshye kandi budakoresha imbaraga nyinshi (nk'udupira tw'ibikoresho by'imashini).
Gushyushya ubushyuhe buringaniye (300-450°C): Bikwiriye ibikoresho bisaba imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukonje, nk'udupira n'amasahani y'iminyururu. Nyuma yo gushyushya ubushyuhe buringaniye, ubukana bw'umugozi bugabanuka bukagera kuri HRC 35-45, bikongera imbaraga z'umusaruro n'umupaka wo gushyushya, bigatuma ishobora kwihanganira imitwaro ikomeye (urugero, mu mashini z'ubwubatsi n'ibikoresho byo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro).
Gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi (500-650°C): Ntabwo ikoreshwa gake cyane ku bice by'umunyururu w'inyuma, ikoreshwa gusa mu bikorwa byihariye ku bice by'inyongera bisaba gukomera cyane. Kuri ubu bushyuhe, gukomera kuragabanuka cyane (HRC 25-35), ariko gukomera kw'ingaruka kurarushaho kwiyongera.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura: Ubushyuhe bungana mu itanura rishyushya ni ingenzi cyane, aho itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe rigenzurwa muri ± 5°C. Ubushyuhe budahuje bushobora gutuma habaho impinduka zikomeye mu mikorere mu itsinda rimwe ry'ibikoresho. Urugero, ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane ku byuma bishyushya bishobora gutera "ibice byoroshye," bigabanyiriza ubushobozi bwo kwangirika. Ubushyuhe buke cyane bushobora gukuraho burundu imihangayiko y'imbere, bigatera kwangirika.
2. Igihe cyo Gupima: "Ikintu gihagije" cyo guhindura imiterere y'uturemangingo
Igihe cyo gushyushya kigomba kwemeza impinduka zihagije mu miterere y’ibikoresho mu gihe hirindwa kwangirika kw’imikorere guterwa no gushyushya cyane. Igihe gito cyane kibuza kurekura burundu stress imbere, bigatuma imiterere y’ibikoresho ihinduka idahagije kandi ikagira ubukana budahagije. Igihe kirekire cyane cyongera ikiguzi cy’umusaruro kandi gishobora no gutuma ubukana bugabanuka cyane. Igihe cyo gushyushya ibice by’umunyururu w’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho muri rusange kigenwa n’ubugari bw’ibikoresho n’umutwaro w’itanura:
Ibice bifite inkuta nto (nk'amasahani y'iminyururu, ubugari bwa mm 3-8): Igihe cyo gushyushya ubusanzwe ni isaha 1-2;
Ibice bifite inkuta nini (nk'imizingo n'udupira, umurambararo wa mm 10-30): Igihe cyo gushyushya kigomba kongerwa kugeza ku masaha 2-4;
Ku bikoresho byinshi byo mu itanura, igihe cyo gushyushya kigomba kongerwaho 10%-20% kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugere ku gice cyo hagati cy'ibikoresho.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura: Gukoresha uburyo bwa "intambwe z'ubushyuhe" bishobora kunoza imikorere y'ubushyuhe—banza kuzamura ubushyuhe bw'itanura kugeza kuri 80% by'ubushyuhe bw'inyongera, ubirekere iminota 30, hanyuma ubizamure ku bushyuhe bw'inyongera kugira ngo wirinde ubushyuhe bushya mu gikoresho gikorerwamo bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe.
3. Igipimo cyo gukonjesha: "Umurongo wa nyuma w'ubwirinzi" kugira ngo imikorere ihamye
Igipimo cyo gukonjesha nyuma yo gukonjesha bigira ingaruka nke ku mikorere y'ibikoresho, ariko kiracyakeneye kugenzurwa neza. Ubusanzwe, gukonjesha umwuka (gukonjesha bisanzwe) cyangwa gukonjesha mu itanura (gukonjesha mu itanura) ni byo bikoreshwa:
Nyuma yo gukonjesha ubushyuhe buri hasi, ubusanzwe gukonjesha umwuka bikoreshwa mu kugabanya ubushyuhe bwihuse kugera ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba no kwirinda ko byangirika igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe buringaniye, bishobora gutuma ubukana bugabanuka.
Niba hakenewe imbaraga nyinshi nyuma yo gushyushya ubushyuhe buringaniye, gukonjesha itanura birashobora gukoreshwa. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha buhoro buhoro burushaho kunoza ingano y'ingano no kunoza ubudahangarwa bw'inkongi.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura: Mu gihe cyo gukonjesha, ni ngombwa kwirinda guhuza ubuso bw'ibikoresho n'umwuka, bishobora gutuma habaho ogisijeni cyangwa ihinduka rya karuboni. Imyuka irinda ibintu nka azote ishobora gushyirwa mu itanura rishyushya, cyangwa irangi rirwanya ogisijeni rishobora gushyirwa ku buso bw'ibikoresho kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwiza bw'ubuso.
III. Ibibazo n'ibisubizo bihuriweho byo Gutemesha Umunyururu w'Izingo
Nubwo ibipimo by'ingenzi byaba byumvikana, ibibazo by'ubuziranenge bw'ingufu bishobora kubaho mu musaruro nyakuri bitewe n'ibintu nk'ibikoresho, imikorere, cyangwa ibikoresho. Ibi bikurikira ni ibibazo bine bikunze kugaragara mu gihe cyo gushyushya imigozi n'ibisubizo bijyana nabyo:
1. Ubukomere budahagije cyangwa butangana
Ibimenyetso: Ubukana bw'imashini ikora ni buke ugereranyije n'ibisabwa mu gishushanyo (urugero: ubukana bw'imashini ikora ntibugera kuri HRC 55), cyangwa itandukaniro ry'ubukana hagati y'ibice bitandukanye by'imashini imwe rirenze HRC 3. Impamvu:
Ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ni bwinshi cyane cyangwa igihe cyo kugabanya ni kirekire cyane;
Ikwirakwizwa ry'ubushyuhe bw'itanura rishyuha ntiringana;
Igipimo cyo gukonjesha igikoresho nyuma yo kuzimya ntabwo gihagije, bigatuma martensite idakora neza.
Ibisubizo:
Gupima thermocouple y'itanura rishyushya, ukurikirane buri gihe uko ubushyuhe bukwirakwira mu itanura, kandi usimbuze imiyoboro ishyushya ishaje;
Genzura neza ubushyuhe n'igihe ukurikije urupapuro rw'ibikorwa kandi ukoreshe uburyo bwo gufata ibintu mu byiciro;
Ongera uburyo bwo kuzimya no gukonjesha kugira ngo urebe ko igikoresho gikonjeshwa vuba kandi kimwe.
2. Imihangayiko y'imbere ntikurwaho, bigatuma habaho gucikagurika mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha
Ibimenyetso: Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no gukoresha umugozi bwa mbere, agapira cyangwa icyuma gishobora kuvunika nta nteguza, bigatuma gicika intege.
Impamvu:
Ubushyuhe bwo gushyuha buba buri hasi cyane cyangwa igihe cyo kubyihanganira kiba gito cyane, bigatuma umuntu adasohora neza stress imbere mu mubiri;
Igikoresho cyo gukora ntigikonjeshwa vuba nyuma yo kuzimya (igihe kirenze amasaha 24), bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kw'imihangayiko imbere. Umuti:
Ongera ubushyuhe bukwiye bushingiye ku bunini bw'ibikoresho (urugero, kuva kuri 300°C kugeza kuri 320°C ku migozi) kandi wongere igihe cyo gufata.
Nyuma yo kuzimya, igikoresho kigomba gushyuha mu masaha 4 kugira ngo hirindwe ko stress ikomeza kwiyongera.
Koresha uburyo bwo "gushyushya kabiri" ku bice by'ingenzi (nyuma yo gushyushya bwa mbere, gukonjesha kugeza ku bushyuhe bwo mu cyumba hanyuma wongere ushyushye ku bushyuhe buri hejuru) kugira ngo urusheho gukuraho stress isigaye.
3. Gukuraho ogisijeni ku buso no gukuraho karubone
Ibimenyetso: Igipimo cya okiside y'umukara kigaragara ku buso bw'ibikoresho, cyangwa icyuma gipima ubukana bw'ubukana kigaragaza ko ubukana bw'ubukana bw'ubukana bw'imbere (urwego rwo gukuramo karubone rufite ubugari burenze 0.1mm).
Impamvu:
Ubwinshi bw'umwuka mu itanura rishyushya butera imihindagurikire hagati y'ibikoresho n'umwuka wa ogisijeni.
Igihe kinini cyo gushyushya gitera karuboni gukwirakwira no gucika ku buso. Umuti: Koresha itanura rifunze rifite ikirere kirinda azote cyangwa hydrogen kugira ngo ugenzure ingano ya ogisijeni mu itanura kugeza munsi ya 0.5%. Gabanya igihe kidakenewe cyo gushyushya kandi ukoreshe uburyo bwo gupakira ibikoresho mu itanura kugira ngo wirinde gupakira ibikoresho byinshi. Ku bikoresho byahinduwe gato, kora udusasu two kurasa nyuma yo gushyushya kugira ngo ukureho ubunini bw'ubuso.
4. Guhindura imiterere y'ibipimo
Ibimenyetso: Ubwinshi bw'utubumbe tw'imizingo (bure 0.05mm) cyangwa utwobo tw'iminyururu tw'iminyururu tudahuye neza.
Impamvu: Gushyushya cyangwa gukonjesha vuba cyane bitera ubushyuhe bukabije butuma habaho guhinduka kw'ikirere.
Gushyira ibikoresho by'akazi mu buryo butari bwiza mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho mu itanura bitera stress idahagije.
Umuti: Koresha ubushyuhe buke (50°C/isaha) kandi ukonje buke kugira ngo ugabanye ubushyuhe.
Kora ibikoresho byihariye kugira ngo igikoresho gikomeze kuba cyoroshye mu gihe cyo gushyushya kugira ngo hirindwe guhindagurika kw'ibipimo.
Ku bice bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru, ongeramo intambwe yo kugorora nyuma yo gushyushya, ukoresheje uburyo bwo kugorora umuvuduko cyangwa uburyo bwo gushyushya kugira ngo ukore ingano.
IV. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'imikorere n'ibyo kwemerwa
Kugira ngo ibice by’umunyururu w’uruhererekane rw’ibizingo byujuje ibisabwa nyuma yo gukonjesha, hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo burambuye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, bukora igenzura ryimbitse mu ngero enye: imiterere, ubukana, imiterere ya mekanike, n’imiterere mito.
1. Igenzura ry'isura
Ibikubiye mu igenzura: Ubusembwa bwo hejuru nk'ubugari, imikaka, n'ibipfupfu.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura: Gusuzuma cyangwa kugenzura hakoreshejwe ikirahure gikurura ibintu (gukuza ibintu inshuro 10).
Ibipimo byo Kwemera: Nta gipimo kigaragara, imivune, cyangwa uduce duto ku buso, kandi nta bara rigaragara.
2. Igenzura ry'ubukomere
Ibikubiye mu igenzura: Ubukomere bw'ubuso n'ubukomere bungana.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura: Koresha icyuma gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell (HRC) kugira ngo upime ubukana bw'ubuso bw'imizingo n'udupira. 5% by'ibikoresho byo muri buri gice bipimwa mu buryo butunguranye, kandi ahantu hatatu hatandukanye kuri buri gice cy'imirimo harasuzumwa.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo Kwemera:
Imigozi n'udukingirizo: HRC 55-60, hamwe n'itandukaniro ry'ubukana bwa ≤ HRC3 mu itsinda rimwe.
Igipi n'umunyururu: HRC 35-45, hamwe n'itandukaniro ry'ubukana bwa ≤ HRC2 mu itsinda rimwe. 3. Isuzuma ry'Imiterere ya Mekanike
Ibikubiye mu igerageza: Ingufu zo gukurura, gukomera kw'ingaruka;
Uburyo bwo Gupima: Ibipimo bisanzwe bitegurwa bivuye mu itsinda rimwe ry'ibikoresho buri gihembwe kugira ngo bipimwe ku buryo bwo gukurura (GB/T 228.1) no gupima ingaruka (GB/T 229);
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo Kwemera:
Ingufu zo Gukurura: Udupira ≥ 800 MPa, Iminyururu ≥ 600 MPa;
Ubukomere bw'ingaruka: Udupira ≥ 30 J/cm², Iminyururu ≥ 25 J/cm².
4. Isuzuma ry'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire
Ibikubiye mu igerageza: Imiterere y'imbere ni martensite ishyushye kimwe n'iyoroheje;
Uburyo bwo Gupima: Ibice by'aho igikoresho gikorerwa biracibwa, bigasukurwa, bigasimburwa, hanyuma bigafatwa hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'icyuma (ubunini bugera kuri 400);
Ibipimo byo Kwemera: Imiterere imwe idafite karubide z'urusobe cyangwa ibinyampeke bikomeye, hamwe n'ubugari bw'urwego rwakuwemo karubide ≤ 0.05 mm.
V. Inzira z'Inganda: Icyerekezo cy'Iterambere ry'Inzira zo Gutesha Ingufu z'Ubwenge
Bitewe no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Industry 4.0 mu buryo bugezweho, inzira zo gushyushya imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi zirimo gutera imbere zigana ku buryo bw'ubwenge, buhamye kandi butangiza ibidukikije. Ibi bikurikira ni ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi bikwiye kwitabwaho:
1. Sisitemu yo kugenzura ubushyuhe mu buryo bw'ubwenge
Hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya Internet of Things (IoT), amaseti menshi ya thermocouples zigezweho cyane na sensors z'ubushyuhe za infrared bishyirwa mu itanura rishyushya kugira ngo bikusanyirize amakuru y'ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo. Hakoreshejwe algorithms za AI, ingufu zo gushyushya zihinduka mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo hagerwe ku buziranenge bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe muri ± 2°C. Byongeye kandi, sisitemu yandika umurongo w'ingufu kuri buri gice cy'ibikoresho, bigatuma habaho amateka meza yo gukurikirana.
2. Gukurikirana Imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga
Hakoreshejwe porogaramu isesengura ibintu bingana (nka ANSYS), ubushyuhe n'imihangayiko by'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gukonjesha byiganwa kugira ngo bihanure impinduka zishobora kubaho n'imikorere idahwitse, bityo binoze ibipimo by'imikorere. Urugero, gukonjesha bishobora kugena igihe cyiza cyo gukonjesha ku gishushanyo runaka cy'urukiramende, byongera imikorere ku kigero cya 30% ugereranije n'uburyo busanzwe bwo kugerageza no gukora amakosa.
3. Uburyo bwo kurengera ibidukikije no kuzigama ingufu
Guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyushya mu gihe gito kandi rikoresha ubushyuhe buke bigabanya ubushyuhe n'ingufu bikoreshwa mu kongeramo kanduza. Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugarura ubushyuhe bw'imyanda kugira ngo ubushyuhe buva mu ifuru rishyushya cyane buva mu itanura kugira ngo bushyushye mbere y'uko rishyuha, bigatuma habaho kuzigama ingufu zirenga 20%. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry'udupira duto duto two kurwanya oxidation mu mazi nk'uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta gakondo bigabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya VOC.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Nzeri-08-2025