Uburyo bwo Kwemera Ireme ry'Urunigi rw'Amapine

Uburyo bwo Kwemera Ireme ry'Urunigi rw'Amapine

Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu nganda, ubwiza bw'iminyururu izunguruka bugena mu buryo butaziguye uburyo ibikoresho bihamye, imikorere myiza, n'igihe bimara. Byaba bikoreshwa mu mashini zitwara ibicuruzwa, ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, cyangwa imashini z'ubwubatsi, uburyo bwa siyansi kandi buhamye bwo kwakira ubuziranenge ni ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyago byo gutanga ibicuruzwa no kwemeza ko umusaruro ugenda neza. Iyi ngingo izasobanura mu buryo burambuye inzira yo kwakira ubuziranenge bw'iminyururu izunguruka uhereye ku bintu bitatu: gutegura mbere yo kwakira ibicuruzwa, gupima ingano y'ibipimo, no gutunganya nyuma yo kwakira ibicuruzwa, bitanga ingero zifatika ku bakozi bashinzwe gutanga ibicuruzwa no kugenzura ubuziranenge ku isi yose.

I. Kwemerwa mbere y'igihe: Gusobanura amahame ngenderwaho n'ibikoresho byo gutegura

Intego yo kwemerwa kw'ubuziranenge ni ugushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho bisobanutse neza kugira ngo hirindwe amakimbirane aterwa n'amahame adasobanutse neza. Mbere yo gukora isuzuma ryemewe, imirimo ibiri y'ingenzi yo gutegura igomba kurangira:

1. Kwemeza Ibipimo byo Kwemera n'Ibipimo bya Tekiniki

Ubwa mbere, inyandiko z'ingenzi za tekiniki z'urunigi rw'imizingo zigomba gukusanywa no kwemezwa, harimo urupapuro rugaragaza ibipimo by'ibicuruzwa, icyemezo cy'ibikoresho (MTC), raporo yo gutunganya ubushyuhe, n'icyemezo cy'ibizamini by'undi muntu (niba bishoboka) bitangwa n'umutanga serivisi. Ibipimo by'ingenzi bikurikira bigomba kwemezwa kugira ngo harebwe ko bihuye n'ibisabwa mu gutanga amasoko:

- Ibisobanuro by'ibanze: Nimero y'umunyururu (urugero, igipimo cya ANSI #40, #50, igipimo cya ISO 08A, 10A, nibindi), ubugari bw'umunyururu, ubugari bw'umunyururu w'imbere, ubugari bwa plate y'umunyururu, n'ibindi bipimo by'ibipimo by'ingenzi;

- Ibisabwa ku bikoresho: Ibikoresho by'iminyururu, imigozi, imigozi, n'udupira (urugero: ibyuma bisanzwe by'imiterere nka 20Mn na 40MnB), byemeza ko byujuje ibisabwa (urugero: ASTM, DIN, nibindi);

- Ibipimo by'imikorere: Umutwaro muto wo gukurura, igihe cyo kunanirwa, ubushobozi bwo kudashira, n'urwego rwo kudashira (urugero, ibisabwa mu gutunganya ibyuma bishyushya cyangwa bihindura umukara ahantu hatose);

- Isura n'ibipfunyika: Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso (urugero: gukaraba no kuzimya, gusiga fosfati, gusiga amavuta, nibindi), ibisabwa mu kurinda ibipfunyika (urugero: gupfunyika impapuro zirinda ingese, ikarito ifunze, nibindi).

2. Tegura ibikoresho by'abahanga mu gupima n'ibidukikije

Bitewe n'ibikoresho byo gupima, hagomba gutangwa ibikoresho bifite ubushishozi bungana, kandi ahantu ho gupima hagomba kuba hujuje ibisabwa (urugero: ubushyuhe bw'icyumba, ubwumye, kandi nta mukungugu ubangamira). Ibikoresho by'ingenzi birimo:

- Ibikoresho byo gupima ingano: Calipers za vernier z'ikoranabuhanga (ubunyangamugayo bwa 0.01mm), mikorometero (yo gupima umurambararo wa roller na pin), pitch gauge, imashini ipima tensile (yo gupima umutwaro wa tensile);

- Ibikoresho byo kugenzura uko ibintu bimeze: Ikirahuri cyongera ubwiza (inshuro 10-20, cyo kureba imiturire cyangwa inenge ntoya), igipimo cy'ubuso butoshye (urugero, cyo gupima uko ubuso bw'umunyururu bugenda neza);

- Ibikoresho by'inyongera ku mikorere: Intebe yo gupima ubukana bw'umunyururu (cyangwa ikizamini cyo guhindura imiterere y'umunyururu n'intoki), ikizamini cyo gupima ubukana (urugero, ikizamini cyo gupima ubukana bwa Rockwell cyo gupima ubukana nyuma yo kuvurwa n'ubushyuhe).

II. Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo kwemerwa: Igenzura ryimbitse kuva ku isura kugeza ku mikorere

Kwemerwa kw'iminyururu izunguruka bigomba kuzirikana "imiterere yo hanze" na "imikorere y'imbere," bigasobanura inenge zishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo gukora (nk'impinduka mu ngero, ubushyuhe budafite ishingiro, guteranya ibintu birebire, nibindi) binyuze mu igenzura ry'ibipimo byinshi. Ibi bikurikira ni ibipimo bitandatu by'ingenzi by'igenzura n'uburyo bwihariye:

1. Ubwiza bw'Isura: Isuzuma ry'Ibintu Bifite Ubusembwa ku Isura

Isura ni "igitekerezo cya mbere" cy'ubwiza. Ibibazo byinshi bishobora kubaho (nk'imyanda y'ibintu, inenge zo mu buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe) bishobora kubanza kumenyekana binyuze mu kwitegereza ubuso. Mu gihe cyo kugenzura, ni ngombwa kwitegereza munsi y'urumuri rusanzwe ruhagije cyangwa isoko y'urumuri rwera, hakoreshejwe igenzura ry'amaso n'ikirahuri gikuza, hibandwa ku nenge zikurikira:

- Ubusembwa bw'umunyururu: Ubuso bugomba kuba budafite iminyururu, uduce duto, ubwihindurize, n'imivurungano igaragara; impande zigomba kuba zidafite uduce duto cyangwa imigozi; ubuso bw'umunyururu bushyushye bugomba kuba bufite ibara rimwe, budafite ingano ya okiside cyangwa ihinduka ry'umunyururu mu gace runaka (guhinduka kw'amabara cyangwa guhinduka kw'ibara bishobora kugaragaza inzira yo kuzimya idahindagurika);

- Imigozi n'amaboko: Ubuso bw'imigozi bugomba kuba bworoshye, budafite uduce duto, ibibyimba, cyangwa ingese; amaboko agomba kuba adafite uduce duto ku mpera zombi kandi agafatana neza n'imigozi nta gucika intege;

- Udupira n'udupira: Ahantu ho gupfundika hagomba kuba hatarimo gupfundika cyangwa gushwanyagurika, kandi imigozi (niba ihari) igomba kuba imeze neza kandi idakomeretse; udupira tw'udupira tugomba kuba dufite ubushobozi bwo gupfundika neza kandi ntitugomba kuba ducitse cyangwa ngo duhinduke nyuma yo gushyirwaho;

- Gutunganya ubuso: Ubuso bukozwe muri galvani cyangwa chrome bugomba kuba budafite ibishishwa cyangwa ibisebe; iminyururu irimo amavuta igomba kuba ifite amavuta amwe, nta bice byabuze cyangwa amavuta avanze; ubuso bwijimye bugomba kuba bufite ibara rimwe kandi nta gice cy’imbere kigaragara.

Ibipimo byo Gusuzuma: Gukomeretsa guto (ubujyakuzimu < 0.1mm, uburebure < 5mm) birakwiye; imiyoboro, guhindagurika, ingese, n'izindi nenge zose ntizemerwa.

2. Ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo: Gupima neza ibipimo by'ingenzi

Gutandukana kw'ibipimo ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma habaho kudahuza neza hagati y'umunyururu w'urukiramende n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ndetse no gufungana kw'ibipimo. Gupima ibipimo by'ibipimo by'ingenzi ni ngombwa (igipimo cy'ibipimo kigomba kuba kitari munsi ya 5% bya buri gice, kandi kitari munsi y'ibintu 3). Ibintu n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima ni ibi bikurikira:

Icyitonderwa: Irinde ko igikoresho n'ubuso bw'aho gikorerwaho ubushakashatsi bihurira cyane mu gihe cyo gupima kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika; ku bicuruzwa byakozwe mu itsinda, ingero zigomba gutoranywa mu buryo butunguranye mu bikoresho bitandukanye byo gupakira kugira ngo hagaragare neza ko bihagarariwe neza.

3. Ubwiza bw'ibikoresho n'ubushyuhe: Kugenzura imbaraga z'imbere

Ubushobozi bwo kwikorera imizigo n'igihe cy'akazi k'umunyururu uzunguruka biterwa ahanini n'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho n'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Iyi ntambwe isaba inzira ebyiri zo kugenzura zivanze "isuzuma ry'inyandiko" n' "igenzura ry'umubiri":

- Kugenzura Ibikoresho: Kugenzura icyemezo cy’ibikoresho (MTC) cyatanzwe n’umucuruzi kugira ngo hemezwe ko imiterere y’ibinyabutabire (nk’ibikubiye mu bintu nka karuboni, manganese, na boroni) yujuje ibisabwa. Iyo hari gushidikanya ku bikoresho, umuryango wa gatatu ushobora guhabwa inshingano zo gukora isesengura rya spectral kugira ngo usuzume ibibazo byo kuvanga ibikoresho.

- Gupima Ubukomere: Koresha icyuma gipima ubukomere bwa Rockwell (HRC) kugira ngo upime ubukomere bw'ubuso bw'amasahani y'iminyururu, imigozi, n'udupira. Ubusanzwe, ubukomere bw'amasahani y'iminyururu busabwa kuba HRC 38-45, naho ubukomere bw'imigozi n'udupira bikaba HRC 55-62 (ibisabwa byihariye bigomba guhuza n'ibipimo by'ibicuruzwa). Ibipimo bigomba gufatwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye, ahantu hatatu hatandukanye hapimwe kuri buri gikoresho, n'agaciro mpuzandengo gafatwa.

- Igenzura ry'urwego rwa kaburimbo: Ku bice bya kaburimbo n'ibizimye, ubujyakuzimu bw'urwego rwa kaburimbo (ubusanzwe ni 0.3-0.8 mm) bugomba gupimwa hakoreshejwe isuzuma rya microhardness cyangwa isesengura rya metallographic.

4. Uburyo bwo guteranya neza: Gutuma ihererekanya rigenda neza

Ubwiza bw'iminyururu ikora ku buryo itaziguye bigira ingaruka ku rusaku rw'imikorere n'umuvuduko wo kwangirika. Isuzuma ry'ibanze ryibanda ku "guhindagurika" no "gukomera":

- Ikizamini cyo Koroherana: Shyira umunyururu mu buryo butambitse hanyuma uwukurure n'intoki ku burebure bwawo. Reba niba umunyururu ugonda kandi ugenda neza nta gufungana cyangwa gukomera. Hindura umunyururu uzengurutse igiti gifite umurambararo ukubye inshuro 1.5 z'umurambararo w'uruziga rw'umurambararo, inshuro eshatu muri buri cyerekezo, urebe ko buri gice cy'umuyoboro kigenda neza.

- Igenzura ry'ubukonje: Reba niba agapira n'icyuma bifatanye neza, bidacitse cyangwa ngo bihinduke. Ku bijyanye n'imirongo ishobora gukurwaho, reba niba udupira tw'impeshyi cyangwa udupira twa cotter byashyizweho neza, nta ngaruka zo gucika.

- Guhuza kw'imbunda: Pima uburebure bwose bw'imbunda 20 zikurikiranye hanyuma ubare icyuho kimwe cy'imbunda, urebe neza ko nta busumbane bugaragara bw'imbunda (ihindagurika rya ≤ 0.2mm) kugira ngo wirinde ko imbunda ihuza neza n'imbunda mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha.

5. Imiterere ya mekanike: Kugenzura ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo gutwara imizigo

Imiterere ya mekanike ni yo kimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'ubwiza bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende, hibandwa ku gupima "imbaraga zo gukurura" n' "imikorere y'umunaniro." Gupima ingero bikunze gukoreshwa (umunyururu 1-2 kuri buri gice):

- Ikizamini cy'umutwaro muto wo gukurura: Icyitegererezo cy'umunyururu gishyirwa ku mashini ipima gukurura kandi umutwaro umwe ushyirwa kuri mm 5-10/minota kugeza igihe umunyururu ucitse cyangwa uhinduke burundu (guhinduka kw'imiterere > 2%). Umutwaro wo gukurura urafatwa kandi ntugomba kuba munsi y'umutwaro muto wo gukurura wavuzwe mu bisobanuro by'umusaruro (urugero, umutwaro muto wo gukurura ku munyururu #40 ubusanzwe ni 18 kN);

- Ikizamini cy'ubuzima bw'umunaniro: Ku miyoboro ikora munsi y'imitwaro myinshi, ikigo cy'umwuga gishobora guhabwa inshingano yo gukora ikizamini cy'umunaniro, bigana imitwaro nyayo ikora (ubusanzwe 1/3-1/2 cy'umutwaro ugenwe) kugira ngo igerageze ubuzima bw'umuyoboro munsi y'imitwaro ikora ku buryo buhoraho. Ubuzima bw'umurimo bugomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu gishushanyo.

6. Guhuza ibidukikije: Imikoreshereze ihuye

Hashingiwe ku mikorere y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa, hakenewe ibizamini byo kwihutisha ibidukikije. Ibipimo bisanzwe birimo:

- Ikizamini cyo Kurwanya Ingeso: Ku minyururu ikoreshwa ahantu hakonje, hakoreshwa imiti cyangwa ahandi hantu hangiza, ikizamini cyo gutera umunyu (urugero, ikizamini cyo gutera umunyu mu masaha 48) gishobora gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo urwego rwo gutunganya ubuso rushobora guhangana n’ingeso. Nta ngeso igaragara igomba kugaragara ku buso nyuma y’ikizamini.

- Ikizamini cyo Kurwanya Ubushyuhe Bukabije: Ku bushyuhe bwinshi (urugero, ibikoresho byo kumisha), umugozi ushyirwa mu itanura ku bushyuhe bwagenwe (urugero, 200℃) mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Nyuma yo gukonja, imiterere y'ubudahangarwa n'ubukomere biragenzurwa. Nta guhindagurika gukomeye cyangwa kugabanuka gukomeye biteganijwe.

- Ikizamini cyo kurwanya kwangirika: Hakoreshejwe imashini ipima kwangirika no kwangirika, kwangirika hagati y'umunyururu n'udusimba bigaragazwa, kandi ingano y'ubwangirike nyuma y'umubare runaka ipimwa kugira ngo harebwe ko kwangirika kwujuje ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa.

III. Nyuma yo Kwemerwa: Uburyo bwo Guca Icyaha no Gukemura Ikizamini

Nyuma yo kurangiza ingingo zose z’ibizamini, hagomba gufatwa umwanzuro urambuye hashingiwe ku bisubizo by’ibizamini, kandi hagafatwa ingamba zijyanye na byo zo kubikemura:

1. Icyemezo cyo Kwemera: Iyo ibikoresho byose by’igeragezwa byujuje ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki kandi nta bintu bidafite aho bihuriye n’ibyo byatanzweho icyitegererezo, itsinda ry’iminyururu ishobora gufatwa nk’iyujuje ibisabwa kandi inzira zo kubikamo ibintu zishobora kurangizwa;

2. Gusuzuma no Gufata Ibintu mu buryo butujuje ibisabwa: Iyo ibintu by'ingenzi (nk'imbaraga zo gukurura, ibikoresho, guhindagurika kw'ibipimo) bigaragaye ko bitakurikije ibisabwa, igipimo cy'ingero kigomba kongerwa (urugero, kikagera kuri 10%) kugira ngo byongere bipimwe; niba hakiri ibicuruzwa bitakurikije ibisabwa, itsinda rifatwa nk'ibidakurikije ibisabwa, kandi umucuruzi ashobora gusabwa gusubiza, kuvugurura, cyangwa gusimbuza ibicuruzwa; niba ari inenge nto gusa (nk'udukoko duto) kandi ntigire ingaruka ku ikoreshwa, uburenganzira bushobora kumvikana n'umucuruzi kugira ngo yemerwe, kandi ibisabwa nyuma yo kunoza ubuziranenge bigomba gusobanurwa neza;

3. Kubika inyandiko: Kwandika neza amakuru y’ibyemejwe kuri buri cyiciro, harimo ibintu by’ibizamini, agaciro, ingero z’ibikoresho, n’abakozi bapimisha, kora raporo y’ibyemerwa, hanyuma uyibike kugira ngo ikurikirane ubuziranenge n’isuzuma ry’umutanga serivisi.

Umwanzuro: Kwemerwa kw'Ubuziranenge ni wo Mutwe wa Mbere w'Ubwunganizi ku Mutekano w'Ihererekanyamakuru

Kwemera ubuziranenge bw'iminyururu izunguruka si ikintu cyoroshye "gushaka amakosa," ahubwo ni inzira isuzuma ishingiye ku "miterere, ingano, ibikoresho, n'imikorere." Byaba ari ugushaka abatanga ibicuruzwa ku isi cyangwa gucunga ibikoresho bisimbura ibikoresho byo mu nzu, uburyo bwa siyansi bwo kwakira ibikoresho bushobora kugabanya neza igihombo cy'igihe cyo kuruhuka giterwa no kunanirwa k'iminyururu. Mu by'ukuri, ni ngombwa guhindura intego y'igenzura hashingiwe ku miterere yihariye y'imikorere (nk'umutwaro, umuvuduko, n'ibidukikije), mu gihe hakongerwa imbaraga mu itumanaho rya tekiniki n'abatanga ibicuruzwa kugira ngo hasobanurwe neza amahame y'ubuziranenge, amaherezo kugera ku ntego yo "gutanga ibicuruzwa byizewe no gukoresha neza."