Amabwiriza ngenderwaho yo gukata plaque y'inyuma y'umuyoboro wa roller chain

Amabwiriza ngenderwaho yo gukata plaque y'inyuma y'umuyoboro wa roller chain

Mu buryo bwo kohereza ibikoresho mu nganda, iminyururu izunguruka ni ibice by'ingenzi byo kohereza ibikoresho, kandi imikorere yabyo igena mu buryo butaziguye imikorere myiza y'ibikoresho n'igihe bimara. Impande zo hanze, "urusuko" rwaumunyururu w'ibizingo, bigira uruhare runini mu kohereza imizigo no guhuza imiyoboro. Gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe n'ubuziranenge bw'imikorere yazo ni ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku bwiza rusange bw'umuyoboro w'imizingo. Gushyiraho sitampu, uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora plaque zo hanze, bisaba amahame akomeye kuri buri ntambwe, kuva ku guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo kugeza ku gutanga ibicuruzwa byarangiye, kugira ngo plaque zo hanze zigire imbaraga zihagije, gukomera, no gutungana. Iyi nkuru izatanga isesengura ryimbitse ry'amahame yose agenga imikorere yo gushyiraho sitampu zo hanze z'umuyoboro w'imizingo, iha abahanga mu nganda urubuga rw'inzobere kandi yemerere abakoresha kumva neza imiterere y'imikorere iri inyuma y'imiyoboro y'imizingo myiza.

I. Ibyishingizi by'ibanze mbere yo gukanda: Amahame yo guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bwo kubitunganya mbere yo kubitunganya

Imikorere y'ibice by'inyuma bitangirira ku bikoresho fatizo byiza cyane. Uburyo bwo gukaranga bushyiraho ibisabwa ku miterere y'ibikoresho n'imiterere yabyo, ari na byo bisabwa kugira ngo ibikorwa bikurikira bigende neza. Muri iki gihe, ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya bice by'inyuma bya bice by'inyuma mu nganda ni ibyuma by'imiterere ya karuboni nke (nka 20Mn2 na 20CrMnTi) n'ibyuma by'imiterere ya karuboni nziza (nka 45 ibyuma). Guhitamo ibikoresho biterwa n'ikoreshwa ry'umunyururu w'urukiramende (urugero: imitwaro iremereye, umuvuduko mwinshi, n'ibidukikije byangiza). Ariko, hatitawe ku bikoresho byatoranijwe, bigomba kuzuza ibipimo by'ingenzi bikurikira:

1. Amahame ngenderwaho y'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire mu bikoresho fatizo
Igenzura ry’ibiri muri karuboni (C): Ku byuma 45, ingano ya karuboni igomba kuba hagati ya 0.42% na 0.50%. Ingano ya karuboni nyinshi ishobora kongera ububobere n’ubusatsi bw’ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gukanda, mu gihe ingano ya karuboni nke ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mbaraga zabyo nyuma yo gushyushya. Ingano ya manganese (Mn) mu byuma 20Mn2 igomba kugumana hagati ya 1.40% na 1.80% kugira ngo yongere ubukomezi n’ubukomere bw’ibikoresho, bitume ibyuma byo hanze birwanya kuvunika mu gihe cy’ibintu byangiritse. Ingano z’ibintu byangiza: Ingano ya sulfur (S) na fosifore (P) igomba kugenzurwa cyane munsi ya 0.035%. Ibi bintu bibiri bishobora gukora ibintu bishongesha ibintu bike, bigatuma ibikoresho biba "bishyushye cyane" cyangwa "bikonje cyane" mu gihe cyo gukanda, bikagira ingaruka ku musaruro w’ibicuruzwa birangiye.

2. Amabwiriza yo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo kubitunganya

Mbere yo kwinjira mu gikorwa cyo gusiga irangi, ibikoresho fatizo bibanza kuvurwa: gusiga irangi, gusiga fosfati, no gusiga amavuta. Buri ntambwe ifite ibisabwa bisobanutse neza:

Guteka: Ukoresheje umuti wa aside hydrochloric wa 15%-20%, shyira ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba mu gihe cy'iminota 15-20 kugira ngo ukureho ubushyuhe n'ingese ku buso bw'icyuma. Nyuma yo guteka, icyuma kigomba kuba kidafite ubushyuhe bugaragara kandi kidafite ingese nyinshi (ibiturika), bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gufatana kwa fosifeti nyuma yaho.

Fosfati: Ukoresheje umuti wa fosfati ushingiye kuri zinc, shyira ku bushyuhe bwa 50-60°C mu gihe cy'iminota 10-15 kugira ngo ukore fosfati ifite ubugari bwa 5-8μm. Fosfati igomba kuba imwe kandi ikomeye, ifite ubushobozi bwo gufatana kugera ku rwego rwa 1 (nta gutobora) ukoresheje ikizamini cyo gukata. Ibi bigabanya gukururana hagati y'icyuma gifata n'icyuma gifatana, bikongera ubuzima bwa fosfati kandi byongera ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma gifatana cyo hanze.

Gukoresha amavuta: Siga amavuta yo kurwanya ingese ku ruhu (ubunini bwa ≤ 3μm) ku ruhu rw’amavuta ya fosifero. Agapfukamunwa k’amavuta kagomba gushyirwaho kimwe nta cyuho cyangwa icyirundanye. Ibi birinda ingese ku isahani y’icyuma mu gihe cyo kubika ariko bigakomeza gukora neza mu gihe cyo kuyasiga.

II. Amahame ngenderwaho yo Gushyiraho Imashini: Kugenzura neza kuva ku gusiba kugeza ku gushushanya

Uburyo bwo gukata imisatsi ku miyoboro y'inyuma y'umunyururu ugendanwa bugizwe ahanini n'intambwe enye z'ingenzi: gusiba, gukubita, gushushanya, no gukata. Ibipimo by'ibikoresho, uburyo bwo gukora neza, n'imikorere ya buri ntambwe bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buziranenge bw'ibipimo n'imiterere ya mekanike y'imiyoboro y'inyuma. Amahame akurikira agomba kubahirizwa cyane:

1. Amahame ngenderwaho yo Guhagarika Icyuho
Gushyira ubusa bikubiyemo gushyira impapuro z'icyuma mu mwanya udafite ishingiro uhuye n'ibipimo by'inyuma bidafite ishingiro. Kugenzura neza imiterere y'aho hantu n'ubwiza bw'aho hantu ni ingenzi muri iki gikorwa.

Guhitamo Ibikoresho: Imashini ifunganye ifite agace kamwe irakenewe (ingano ya toni iratandukanye bitewe n'ingano y'inyuma y'imashini, muri rusange 63-160kN). Ubuhanga bwo gukanda bugomba kugenzurwa muri ± 0.02mm kugira ngo buri mashini ikanda ihore ikora neza kandi wirinde ko ihinduka.

Ubuziranenge bw'icyuma: Icyuho kiri hagati y'aho icyuma gikubira n'aho icyuma gikubira kigomba kugenwa hashingiwe ku bunini bw'igikoresho, muri rusange 5%-8% by'ubunini bw'igikoresho (urugero, ku bunini bw'igikoresho bwa 3mm, icyuho ni 0.15-0.24mm). Ubukana bw'inkombe y'icyuma igomba kuba iri munsi ya Ra0.8μm. Kwangirika kw'inkombe kurenza 0.1mm bisaba kongera gusya vuba kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyuma gikubira kidakora ku nkombe y'icyuma (uburebure bwa icyuma ≤ 0.05mm).

Ibisabwa ku bipimo: Itandukaniro ry'uburebure buriho ubusa rigomba kugenzurwa muri ± 0.03mm, itandukaniro ry'ubugari muri ± 0.02mm, n'itandukaniro ry'ubugari muri 0.04mm nyuma yo gusiba kugira ngo hamenyekane neza amakuru ajyanye n'intambwe zikurikiraho zo gutunganya.

2. Amahame ngenderwaho yo Gukubita

Gukubita ni inzira yo gukubita imyobo y'amaboliti n'imyobo y'amapine y'inyuma mu mwanya udafite icyo ukoze nyuma yo gukubita. Ubuziranenge bw'aho umwobo uherereye n'ubuziranenge bw'umurambararo bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere y'umunyururu w'amapine.

Uburyo bwo Gushyiramo: Gushyiramo datum ebyiri (hakoreshejwe impande ebyiri zegeranye z'aho hantu nk'aho ari icyerekezo). Udupira two gushyiramo ibintu tugomba kuba twujuje ubuziranenge bwa IT6 kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ahantu hatarimo hahoraho mu gihe cyo gukubita. Gutandukanya aho hari umwobo bigomba kuba ≤ 0.02mm (ugereranije n'ubuso bw'aho hari link plate). Ubuziranenge bw'umurambararo w'umwobo: Gutandukanya uburebure hagati y'imyobo ya bolt n'imyobo ya roller bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa mu kwihanganira IT9 (urugero, ku mwobo wa 10mm, gutandukanya ni +0.036mm/-0mm). Guhangana n'uruziga rw'umwobo bigomba kuba ≤0.01mm, kandi ubukana bw'urukuta rw'umwobo bugomba kuba munsi ya Ra1.6μm. Ibi birinda ko imiyoboro y'urunigi irekura cyane cyangwa ifunganye cyane bitewe n'ubugari bw'umwobo, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kohereza ibintu.

Uko batera: Banza utere umwobo w'amaboliti, hanyuma ufate umwobo w'amaboliti. Intera yo hagati hagati y'imyobo ibiri igomba kuba iri hagati ya ± 0.02mm. Intera yo hagati hagati y'imyobo izatera kunyura mu mugozi w'amaboliti, ibi bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kohereza amaboliti.

3. Amahame ngenderwaho yo gushyiraho

Gushinga igishushanyo bisaba gukanda ahantu hapfundikiye ukoresheje agakoresho kabigenewe mu ishusho ya nyuma y’agakoresho k’inyuma (urugero: gafite inyuguti cyangwa gateye intambwe). Iyi gahunda isaba kwemeza ko ishusho y’agakoresho k’inyuma ikora neza kandi ko gashobora kugenzurwa.

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibihumyo: Icuma cyo gukora kigomba kugira imiterere igabanyijemo ibice, hamwe n'ahantu habiri, habanje gukorwa n'aho harangiye, hakurikije imiterere y'icyuma cyo hanze. Icuma cyo gukora kigomba gutangira gikanda ahantu hadafite ikintu mu ishusho y'ibanze kugira ngo kigabanye stress yo guhinduka mu gihe cyo gukora. Ubukana bw'ubuso bw'icyuma cyo gukora bugomba kugera kuri Ra0.8μm kugira ngo habeho ubuso bw'icyuma cyo hanze cyo gukora butagira amenyo.

Kugenzura Umuvuduko: Umuvuduko wo gukora ugomba kubarwa hashingiwe ku mbaraga z'umusaruro w'ibikoresho kandi muri rusange ukubye inshuro 1.2-1.5 imbaraga z'umusaruro w'ibikoresho (urugero, imbaraga z'umusaruro w'icyuma cya 20Mn2 ni 345MPa; umuvuduko wo gukora ugomba kugenzurwa hagati ya 414-517MPa). Umuvuduko muke cyane uzatuma habaho irema rituzuye, mu gihe umuvuduko mwinshi uzatuma habaho kwangirika gukabije kwa pulasitiki, bigatera ingaruka ku mikorere yo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Kugenzura Umuvuduko: Nyuma yo gukora, umuvuduko wo gukora inyuma y'icyuma cyo hanze ugomba kugenzurwa muri dogere 0.5. Ibi bishobora kurwanywa hashyirwaho inguni yo kwishyura mu mwobo w'ibumba (igenwa hashingiwe ku miterere y'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho, muri rusange 0.3°-0.5°) kugira ngo harebwe ko ibicuruzwa byarangiye byujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo.

4. Amahame ngenderwaho yo Gukata
Gukata ni ugukuraho urumuri n'ibindi bintu byakozwe mu gihe cyo gukora kugira ngo impande z'aho igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta giherereye zigororotse.

Uburyo bwo Gukata Imashini: Icyuho kiri hagati y'aho imashini ikanda n'aho imashini ikanda igomba kugenzurwa hagati ya 0.01 na 0.02mm, kandi ubukana bw'inkombe zo guca bugomba kuba munsi ya Ra0.4μm. Menya neza ko impande z'inkombe zo hanze nyuma yo gukata zidafite imashini (uburebure bwa imashini ≤ 0.03mm) kandi ikosa ryo kugorora inkombe rikaba ≤ 0.02mm/m.

Uburyo bwo Gukata: Banza ukate impande ndende, hanyuma ukate impande ngufi. Ibi birinda kwangirika kw'igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta bitewe n'uburyo bwo gukata butari bwiza. Nyuma yo gukata, igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta kigomba gusuzumwa neza kugira ngo harebwe neza ko nta nenge nk'imfuruka zacitse cyangwa imitumba ihari.

III. Amahame ngenderwaho yo kugenzura ubuziranenge nyuma yo gusimbuza: Igenzura ryimbitse ry'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa byarangiye

Nyuma yo gukaranga, ibyuma byo hanze bigenzura ubuziranenge bikorerwa mu nzira eshatu zikomeye: kugenzura imiterere y'ibipimo, kugenzura imiterere y'ibikoresho, no kugenzura uko bigaragara. Ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa byose ni byo byonyine bishobora gukomeza ibikorwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe no guteranya. Amabwiriza yihariye yo kugenzura ni aya akurikira:

1. Amabwiriza agenga igenzura ry'ibipimo
Igenzura ry’ibipimo rikoresha imashini ipima ibipimo bitatu (ubuziranenge ≤ 0.001mm) ihujwe n’ibipimo byihariye, yibanda ku bipimo by’ingenzi bikurikira:

Ingufu: Ingufu yo hanze y'icyuma gihuza (intera iri hagati y'imyobo ibiri y'amaboliti) igomba kugira ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ± 0.02mm, hamwe n'ikosa ryo gukusanya ingano ya ≤0.05mm kuri buri gice 10. Guhindagurika cyane kw'ingufu bishobora gutera guhinda no gukurura urusaku mu gihe cyo kohereza umugozi w'urukiramende.

Ubunini: Ubunini bw'inyuma bw'umugozi bugomba kuba bwujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo IT10 yihangane (urugero, ku bunini bwa mm 3, ubugari ni +0.12mm/-0mm). Ihindagurika ry'ubunini mu itsinda rigomba kuba ≤0.05mm kugira ngo hirindwe ko umutwaro utaringaniye ku miyoboro y'urunigi bitewe n'ubunini butaringaniye. Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira aho umwobo uherereye: Ubugari bw'aho umwobo uherereye hagati y'umwobo w'umunyururu n'umwobo w'umunyururu bugomba kuba ≤0.02mm, kandi ikosa ryo guhuza umwobo rigomba kuba ≤0.01mm. Menya neza ko aho umwobo n'umunyururu bigeze ku bisabwa mu gishushanyo (aho umwobo uherereye muri rusange ni 0.01-0.03mm).

2. Amabwiriza agenga isuzuma ry'umutungo wa mekanike

Gupima imiterere y’ibikoresho bisaba guhitamo ingero 3-5 muri buri cyiciro cy’ibicuruzwa mu buryo butunguranye kugira ngo harebwe imbaraga zo gukurura, ubukana, no gupima uburyo bwo kugorora.

Ingufu zo Gufata: Iyo bipimwe hakoreshejwe imashini ipima ibikoresho byose, imbaraga zo gufata za plaque yo hanze igomba kuba ≥600MPa (nyuma yo gushyushya icyuma cya 45) cyangwa ≥800MPa (nyuma yo gushyushya 20Mn2). Gucikamo ibice bigomba kuba mu gace k'plaque yo hanze katarimo umwobo. Kunanirwa hafi y'umwobo bigaragaza uburemere bw'umuvuduko mu gihe cyo gukubita, kandi ibipimo bya die bigomba guhindurwa. Ikizamini cy'Ubukomere: Koresha icyuma gipima ubukomere bwa Rockwell kugira ngo upime ubukomere bw'ubuso bw'plaque zo hanze. Ubukomere bugomba kugenzurwa muri HRB80-90 (imiterere ya annealed) cyangwa HRC35-40 (imiterere yazimye kandi ishyushye). Ubukomere bwinshi cyane buzongera ubukomere bw'ibikoresho no kwangirika; ubukomere buke cyane buzagira ingaruka ku kudashira.

Ikizamini cyo Kugonda: Kunda plaque zo hanze zihuza 90° mu burebure bwazo. Nta mvune cyangwa ibicika bigomba kugaragara hejuru nyuma yo gugonda. Inyuma nyuma yo gupakurura igomba kuba ≤5°. Ibi byemeza ko plaque zo hanze zihuza plaque zifite imbaraga zihagije zo kwihanganira imitwaro y'impanuka mu gihe cyo kohereza.

3. Amabwiriza agenga igenzura ry'isura

Igenzura ry'isura rikoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura amaso n'igenzura ry'ibirahure binini (gupima inshuro 10). Ibisabwa byihariye ni ibi bikurikira:

Ubwiza bw'ubuso: Ubuso bw'inyuma bw'icyuma kigomba kuba cyoroshye kandi kigororotse, kidafite imishwanyaguro (ubujyakuzimu ≤ 0.02mm), imiterere y'inyuma, cyangwa izindi nenge. Igishishwa cya phosphate kigomba kuba kimwe kandi kidafite irangi ribuze, umuhondo, cyangwa gucika. Ubwiza bw'impande: Impande zigomba kuba zidafite imishwanyaguro (uburebure ≤ 0.03mm), gucika (ingano y'ikirahure ≤ 0.1mm), imivuniko, cyangwa izindi nenge. Imishwanyaguro mito igomba gukurwaho binyuze mu gucika (kwinjizwa mu gikoresho cyo gucika mu gihe cy'iminota 5-10) kugira ngo hirindwe ko umukoresha cyangwa ibindi bice bishobora gucika mu gihe cyo guteranya.
Ubwiza bw'urukuta rw'umwobo: Urukuta rw'umwobo rugomba kuba rworoshye, rudafite intambwe, imivundo, ubwihindurize, cyangwa izindi nenge. Iyo rugenzuwe hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima uburebure/ubugari, icyuma gipima uburebure kigomba guca neza, mu gihe icyuma gipima uburebure kidaca neza kigomba guca neza, kugira ngo harebwe ko umwobo wujuje ibisabwa mu guteranya neza.

IV. Amabwiriza yo kunoza inzira zo gusiga imashini: Kuva ku buryo busanzwe kugeza ku bwenge

Bitewe n'iterambere rihoraho ry'ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, amahame ngenderwaho yo gukata imigozi y'uruhererekane rw'ibice by'imbere arimo kuvugururwa buri gihe. Iterambere ry'ejo hazaza rizashingira ku buryo bw'ubwenge, ubw'icyatsi kibisi, n'ubuhanga bwo hejuru. Amabwiriza yihariye yo kunoza ni aya akurikira:

1. Gukoresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga mu gukora

Gushyiraho imashini zikoresha CNC zitera ibicapo n'amarobo yo mu nganda kugira ngo hagerwe ku igenzura ryikora kandi ry’ubwenge ry’uburyo bwo gutera ibicapo:

Imashini zishyiraho sitampu za CNC: Zifite sisitemu ya servo ikora neza cyane, zituma habaho guhindura ibipimo mu buryo nyabwo nko gukanda umuvuduko n'umuvuduko wa stroke, zifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura bwa ± 0.001mm. Zifite kandi ubushobozi bwo kwisuzuma, bigatuma hamenyekana ibibazo ku gihe nko kwangirika kw'icyuma n'ibintu bidafite ishingiro, bikagabanya umubare w'ibicuruzwa bifite inenge.

Roboti zo mu nganda: Zikoreshwa mu gupakira ibikoresho fatizo, kohereza ibice, no gutunganya ibicuruzwa byarangiye, zisimbura ibikorwa by'intoki. Ibi ntibituma umusaruro urushaho kuba mwiza gusa (bituma habaho gukora amasaha 24 ahoraho), ahubwo binakuraho ihindagurika ry'ibipimo riterwa no gukora n'intoki, bigatuma habaho ireme ry'ibicuruzwa rihoraho.

2. Guteza imbere inzira zo kubungabunga ibidukikije

Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ihumana ry'ibidukikije mu gihe byujuje ibisabwa:

Gukoresha ibumba rivanze rikozwe mu cyuma cyihuta cyane (HSS) na karubide ikozwe muri sima (WC) byongera igihe cyo gukora ibumba (igihe cyo gukora gishobora kongerwaho inshuro 3-5), bigabanya inshuro zo gusimbuza ibumba, kandi bigabanya imyanda y'ibikoresho.

Kunoza uburyo bwo kuvura mbere y’uko bivurwa: Guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha fosifore idafite fosifore no gukoresha imiti ya fosifore irinda ibidukikije bigabanya umwanda wa fosifore. Byongeye kandi, gutera amavuta arwanya ingese hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi bituma ikoreshwa ry’amavuta arwanya ingese rirushaho kwiyongera (umuvuduko wo kuyakoresha ushobora kwiyongera ukagera kuri 95%) kandi bikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ihumanya ikirere.

3. Kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura neza cyane

Hashyizweho uburyo bwo kugenzura imashini kugira ngo habeho igenzura ryihuse kandi nyaryo ry’ubuziranenge bw’ibice by’inyuma by’aho bihurira.

Ifite kamera ifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura amashusho (resolution ≥ 20 megapixels) na porogaramu yo gutunganya amashusho, sisitemu yo kugenzura imiterere y'imashini ishobora gusuzuma icyarimwe plaque zo hanze kugira ngo irebe niba ari nziza, inenge, aho igaragara, aho iherereye, n'ibindi bipimo. Sisitemu ifite umuvuduko w'igenzura w'ibice 100 ku munota, ikagera ku nshuro zirenga 10 z'ukuri kw'igenzura ry'intoki. Ituma kandi amakuru y'igenzura abikwa neza mu gihe nyacyo, igatanga ubufasha mu kunoza imikorere.

Umwanzuro: Amabwiriza ni yo atuma habaho ubuziranenge, kandi ibisobanuro birambuye ni byo bigena uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru bwizewe.

Uburyo bwo gusiga irangi ku mapine y'inyuma y'umunyururu ushobora gusa n'aho woroshye, ariko amahame akomeye agomba kubahirizwa muri buri cyiciro—kuva ku kugenzura imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'ibikoresho fatizo, kugeza ku kugenzura neza ingano y'ibipimo mu gihe cyo gusiga irangi, kugeza ku igenzura ryuzuye ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa byarangiye. Kugenzura utuntu duto dushobora gutuma imikorere y'amapine y'inyuma y'umunyururu igabanuka, bityo bigatuma umunyururu wose w'umunyururu ukomeza kugaragara neza.