Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge mu Gukora Urunigi rw'Amagururu

Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge mu Gutunganya Umuyoboro w'Amapine: Umurongo w'ingenzi wo Gushyigikira Ihangana ry'Ibicuruzwa

Mu rwego rw'inganda zikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa,iminyururu y'ibizingoni ibintu by'ingenzi mu kohereza ingufu n'ingendo. Ubwiza bwabyo bugena mu buryo butaziguye uburyo ibikoresho bya mekanike bihagaze neza, ubuzima bwabyo, ndetse n'umutekano w'umusaruro w'ibikoresho bya mekanike bihagaze neza. Ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, iminyururu y'iminyururu myiza si ishingiro ryo kumenyekana ku isoko mpuzamahanga gusa, ahubwo ni n'ishingiro ryo kubaka icyizere cy'igihe kirekire ku bakiriya. Kuva ibikoresho fatizo byinjira mu ruganda kugeza ku bicuruzwa bya nyuma byoherejwe ku bakiriya mpuzamahanga, kugenzura ubuziranenge muri buri cyiciro cy'umusaruro ni ingenzi nk'ibikoresho by'igikoresho gitanga imiterere ihamye - buri sano ifitanye isano kandi ni ingenzi. Iyi nkuru izasuzuma neza imiterere y'ingenzi mu gihe cyose cyo gukora iminyururu y'iminyururu, itanga ubumenyi burambuye ku buryo igenzura rikorwa mu gukora iminyururu y'iminyururu myiza ihuye n'amahame mpuzamahanga kandi igakemura ibibazo bitandukanye byo gukoreshwa.

I. Kugenzura Inkomoko: Gusuzuma Ibikoresho Bisanzwe—Umupaka wa Mbere w'Ubwiza

Imikorere n'igihe cy'akazi k'imigozi bigenwa cyane cyane uhereye ku cyiciro cyo guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo. Nubwo ibikoresho fatizo bitazakorwa neza, ntibitanga umusaruro wujuje ibisabwa kandi bishobora no guteza ibibazo by'imigozi mu cyiciro gikurikiraho cyo gukora, bigatuma ibiciro byiyongera. Twashyizeho uburyo bukomeye bwo "gusuzuma no gukurikirana ibikoresho fatizo" bwo gusuzuma ibikoresho fatizo, tukareba ko buri cyiciro cy'ibikoresho fatizo cyujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga (nka ISO, ANSI, DIN, nibindi) kandi cyujuje ibisabwa byihariye.

1. Guhitamo neza ibikoresho by'ingenzi

Ibice by'ingenzi by'umunyururu w'ibizingo birimo amasahani y'iminyururu, iminyururu, imisumari, imisumari, n'imiyoboro yo kumesa. Ibikenewe ku bikoresho kuri buri gice biratandukanye cyane bitewe n'imiterere y'umutwaro wabyo n'ibyo bisaba gukora:

Amasahani y'iminyururu: Nk'ibice by'ingenzi bifite imbaraga zo gukurura, bigomba kugira imbaraga nyinshi, gukomera cyane, no kudacika intege cyane. Dukunda ibyuma by'imiterere ya 20Mn2 cyangwa 30Mn2. Nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya, ibi byuma bishobora kugira imbaraga zo gukurura zirenga 800MPa, birwanya neza umunaniro uterwa n'imizigo isimburana igihe kirekire kandi bikwiranye n'ikoreshwa rikomeye nk'imashini z'ubwubatsi n'ibikoresho byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro.

Pin na bushing: Ibi bigize imiyoboro izenguruka kandi bisaba imbaraga zo kwangirika no kudakora neza. Ibyuma bikomeye bya 20CrMnTi bikunze gukoreshwa. Binyuze mu gukaraba no kuzimya, ubukana bw'ubuso bushobora kugera kuri HRC58-62, mu gihe igice cy'imbere gikomeza gukomera kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika cyangwa kuvunika mu gihe cyo kuzunguruka cyane.

Udupira: Tugera ku dupira kandi tugasaba imbaraga zo kwangirika no koroshya ubuso. Muri rusange, icyuma cya 10# cyangwa 20# gikoreshwa. Gutunganya icyuma cya karuboni byongera ubukana bw'ubuso mu gihe gihuza neza urukuta rw'imbere n'agapira, bigagabanya gukururana mu gihe cyo gukora.

2. Isuzuma rusange ry’ibikoresho fatizo byinjira

Buri cyiciro cy'ibikoresho fatizo byinjira gikorerwa isuzuma rikomeye rya laboratwari mbere yo kubigeza kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibikoresho bidafite ishingiro byinjira mu gikorwa:

Isuzuma ry’imiterere: Spektrometero zipima mu buryo butaziguye zikoreshwa mu gusesengura neza imiterere y’ibinyabutabire by’icyuma kugira ngo harebwe ko ingano y’ibintu nka karuboni, manganese, chromium, na titaniyumu yujuje ibisabwa bisanzwe, birinda kwangirika kw’imiterere y’ibintu bitewe n’ihindagurika ry’imiterere y’ibinyabutabire.

Isuzuma ry'Imiterere y'Imashini: Imashini zipima imbaraga z'icyuma zikoreshwa mu gupima imbaraga z'icyuma, imbaraga z'umusaruro, uburebure, n'ubukomere bw'ingaruka kugira ngo harebwe ko imiterere yacyo yujuje ibisabwa mu gutunganya no gukoresha nyuma. Isura n'Igenzura ry'Ibipimo: Ibikoresho fatizo bigenzurwa neza kugira ngo harebwe niba ubuso burangiye, ubusumbane bw'umurambararo, n'ubugororotse kugira ngo hirindwe ko inenge ku buso cyangwa amakosa yo mu ngero bigira ingaruka ku buryo bunoze bwo gutunganya nyuma.

Gucunga isoko: Buri cyiciro cy'ibikoresho fatizo gihabwa kode yihariye yo gukurikirana amakuru, ikandika amakuru y'umutanga serivisi, raporo z'igenzura, n'igihe cyo kuhagera. Ibi bituma hakurikiranwa vuba ibibazo by'ubuziranenge kandi bigatuma habaho impinduka ku gihe ku ngamba z'ubufatanye bw'umutanga serivisi.

II. Kugenzura Imikorere: Imikorere - "Moteri y'ingenzi" y'Ubwiza

Gukora urunigi rw'imizingo bikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi, harimo gucura, gusiga kashe, gutunganya ubushyuhe, no guteranya. Kugenzura neza ibipimo by'imikorere kuri buri ntambwe bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bwiza bw'umusaruro. Binyuze mu mikorere isanzwe, kugenzura ibikoresho mu buryo bw'ubwenge, no gucunga abakozi neza, tugenzura neza inzira yo gukora, tugenzura ko buri gicuruzwa cyujuje ibisabwa mu bwiza.

1. Gutunganya neza: Kugenzura ingano n'ubuziranenge
Gukata ku isahani y'iminyururu: Imashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi zikoreshwa mu gukata ku masahani y'icyuma, zigenzura ko uburyo aho icyuma giherereye n'uburyo icyuma gihinduka bigenzurwa muri ± 0.05mm. Gutunganya no gusimbuza ifumbire buri gihe (kugenzura uburyo ifumbire yambara buri 100.000) birinda ko ifumbire yambara bitewe n'uko ifumbire yambara. Nyuma yo gukata ku masahani, ifumbire zikurwaho hakoreshejwe icyuma gisya imivuduko kugira ngo zikureho ifumbire mu myobo no ku nkengero kugira ngo ubuso burusheho kumera neza kandi hirindwe ko hari ibisebe ku bindi bice mu gihe cyo guteranya.

Imashini zitunganya imigozi, amaboko, n'imizingo: Imashini zitunganya imigozi zikoreshwa mu gucura neza, zigenzura ko ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira imigozi bugenzurwa mu rwego rwa H6 (urugero rwo kwihanganira ± 0.011mm), kandi ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira imigozi y'imbere n'inyuma y'imigozi n'imizingo bugenzurwa mu rwego rwa H7. Ibi byemeza ko icyuho kiri hagati y'ibice byujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo (ubusanzwe ni 0.01-0.03mm). Nyuma yo gucura, uburebure bw'inyuma bw'imigozi n'imizingo burashishwa hakoreshejwe icyuma kidakoresha icyuma cyo gusya kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa ubukana bw'ubuso (Ra ≤ 0.8μm) kandi bigabanye ubukana bw'ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa.

2. Gutunganya ubushyuhe: Imiterere myiza y'ibikoresho
Gutunganya ubushyuhe ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kunoza imiterere y'ibice by'urunigi rw'imizingo. Ibice bitandukanye bisaba uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bugamije kurengera ubukana, gukomera, no kudashira:
Uburyo bwo gushyushya plate y'iminyururu: Kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi bikorwa mu itanura rihoraho ryo kuzimya no gushyushya. Ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya bugenzurwa kuri 880-920°C, naho ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya bugenzurwa kuri 560-600°C. Ibi byemeza ko plate y'iminyururu igera ku bukomere bwa HRC28-32, igatanga imbaraga zihagije mu gihe ikomeza gukomera kugira ngo wirinde kuvunika nabi mugihe cyo gukurura. Uburyo bwo gushyushya pin n'amaboko: Hakoreshwa uburyo bwo kuzimya kaburizing no gushyushya ubushyuhe buke. Ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya kaburizing ni 900-930°C, kandi igihe cyo kuyifata gihinduka hakurikijwe ubunini bw'igice (muri rusange amasaha 2-4). Ibi byemeza ko urwego rwa kaburizing rufite ubujyakuzimu bwa 0.8-1.2mm. Ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya ni 850-870°C, naho ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe buke ni 180-200°C. Ubukomere bwa nyuma bw'ubuso bugera kuri HRC 58-62, naho ubukomere bw'ibanze bugera kuri HRC 30-35, bigatuma habaho ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika no kudakora neza.
Uburyo bwo gushyushya imigozi: Carbonitriding ikoreshwa ku bushyuhe bwa 850-880°C n'igihe cyo kuyifata amasaha 3-5. Ibi bituma urwego rw'ubukomere bwinshi kandi rudashira (ubugari bwa 0.01-0.03mm) ku buso bw'imigozi rurushaho gukomera, rudashira, bityo bikagabanya ibyago byo gufatwa n'ingufu mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. Gukurikirana Ubwiza bw'Ubushyuhe: Buri gice cy'ibice byavuwe ubushyuhe gikorerwa isuzuma ry'ubukomere (hakoreshejwe isuzuma ry'ubukomere bwa Rockwell cyangwa Vickers), isuzuma ry'ubujyakuzimu bw'urwego rwa carburised (hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'icyuma), n'isuzuma ry'ubuhinduzi (hakoreshejwe ikimenyetso cy'ibara cyangwa mikorometero) kugira ngo harebwe ko ibisubizo byo gushyushya byujuje ibisabwa. Byongeye kandi, isuzuma ry'ubushyuhe bw'itanura (buri gihembwe) rituma ubushyuhe bugabanuka mu itanura rivurwa ubushyuhe butarenga ±5°C muri buri gace kugira ngo hirindwe ihindagurika ry'imikorere y'ibice riterwa n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe.

3. Guteranya: Guteza imbere imikoranire rusange

Guteranya ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu guhuza ibice bigize umuyoboro wuzuye w'ingufu, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buhanga bw'umuyoboro, ubworoherane, no kudahungabana kw'imikorere yawo.

Gusukura ibice: Mbere yo guteranya ibice, ibice byose bikorerwa isuku ya ultrasound kugira ngo bikureho amavuta yo hejuru, imyanda, n'ibipimo, kugira ngo ubuso busukure kandi birinde imyanda gutera ibisebe cyangwa kwangirika cyane.

Guteranya neza: Imashini iteranya umugozi ikora yikora ikoreshwa mu guteranya. Moteri ya servo igenzura imbaraga n'ubujyakuzimu bw'imashini ikandagiramo, igenzura ko hagati y'imashini, icyuma gifunga n'umugozi hashobora kuba hari icyuho kimwe, kandi ikagenzura ko umugozi unyura muri ± 0.1mm. Ku migozi minini (pitch ≥ 25.4mm), hakoreshwa guteranya intoki. Isuzuma rya pitch rikorwa buri mpande 10, rituma habaho gukosora ku gihe ibipimo byo guteranya.

Gushyiramo imbaraga mbere yo guteranya umugozi: Nyuma yo guteranya umugozi, umugozi urakira mbere ufite imbaraga zingana na 30%-50% by'imbaraga zagenwe mu gihe cy'isaha 1-2 kugira ngo hakurweho impinduka za mbere zo guhindagurika kw'umugozi, habeho umutekano mu gice cy'umugozi, kandi bigabanye uburebure mu gihe cyo kuwukoresha.

Igenzura ry’isura: Nyuma yo guteranya, umunyururu ugenzurwa neza kugira ngo harebwe ko ibyuma bihuza nta mpinduka cyangwa imikurire, ko imigozi idafunguye cyangwa ngo igaragare, imigozi izunguruka neza, kandi ubuso bw’umunyururu nta nkovu, ingese, n’ibindi bitagira inenge.

III. Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa byarangiye: Igenzura ryuzuye – “Umurongo wa nyuma w'uburinzi” ku bwiza

Nubwo nyuma yo guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo no kugenzura uburyo ibintu bikorwamo, igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa byarangiye riracyari intambwe ikomeye mu kwemeza ko ubuziranenge bw’umunyururu w’ibizingo bwujuje ibisabwa. Twashyizeho uburyo bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa byarangiye mu buryo butandukanye bukubiyemo imiterere ifatika, ubuziranenge bw’imiterere y’ibishushanyo mbonera, n’imikorere. Buri gice cy’ibicuruzwa gikorerwa isuzuma ryimbitse kandi ntikirekurwa kugeza igihe kizatsindira igenzura.

1. Isuzuma ry'imikorere y'umubiri
Isuzuma ry'Ingufu zo Gukurura: Iminyururu ipimwa imbaraga zo gukurura hakoreshejwe imashini ipima ibikoresho byose. Hashingiwe ku bipimo by'umunyururu n'ibisabwa bisanzwe, imbaraga zo gukurura zirakoreshwa, kandi imbaraga zo gukurura n'uburebure birafatwa. Imbaraga zo gukurura zemezwa ko zitari munsi y'inshuro 1.2 z'imbaraga zigenwa, kandi uburebure bugenzurwa hagati ya 2% na 5% (ibi bishobora gutandukana gato hagati y'ibipimo n'ibipimo).

Isuzuma ry'ubuzima bw'umunaniro: Isuzuma ry'ubuzima bw'umunaniro rikorwa hakoreshejwe imashini ipima umunaniro, igakoresha imiterere nyayo y'imikorere (nk'imizigo isimburana n'umuvuduko utandukanye). Uru runigi rukorerwa imikorere y'igihe kirekire kandi igihe cyo kunanirwa kw'umunaniro kirafatwa kugira ngo harebwe ko ubuzima bw'umunaniro bwujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga (urugero, ISO 606 ivuga ko igihe cyo kunanirwa kw'urunigi rwa A series munsi y'umutwaro ugenwe ari nibura uruziga miliyoni 1).

Isuzuma ryo Kurwanya Kwambara: Igipimo cyo kwambara gipima kwambara hagati y'umunyururu n'agace k'umunyururu, gipima kwambara k'umunyururu mu gihe runaka. Igipimo cyo kwambara kibarwa kugira ngo harebwe ko kwambara k'umunyururu mu gihe cy'imikorere kitarenze 0.1mm / amasaha 1000, bigamije gutuma habaho gutuza igihe kirekire.

2. Igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bwa jeometrike

Igenzura ry’Uburyo bw’Umuvuduko: Igikoresho cyo gupima umuvuduko gikoreshwa mu gupima umuvuduko wa buri muvuduko, kikandika uburyo umuvuduko w’umu ...

Igenzura rya Camber: Umunyururu ushyirwa ku meza y'igerageza itambitse kandi ingano ya camber y'umunyururu munsi y'uburemere bwayo irapimwa. Camber kuri metero imwe irakorwa neza ko itarenze mm 5. Ibi bibuza umunyururu gucika mu gihe cyo gukora.

Igenzura ry'umurambararo w'urukiramende n'ubuzengurutse: Igipimo cy'umurambararo wa laser gikoreshwa mu gupima umurambararo w'urukiramende n'ubuzengurutse. Guhindagurika kw'umurambararo n'ubuzengurutse byemewe ko bitarenze ± 0.03mm kandi ikosa ry'ubuzengurutse ntirirenze 0.02mm, bigatuma urukiramende n'umusego bihurira neza.

3. Igenzura ry'Imikorere
Igenzura ry’uburyo ibintu bihinduka: Umunyururu ushyirwa ku gasanduku gasanzwe kandi agasanduku kazunguruka n'intoki kugira ngo wumve uburyo umunyururu uhagaze neza. Ibi byemeza ko umunyururu uzenguruka neza nta rusaku cyangwa ngo urusaku rudasanzwe rufata. Igikoresho cyo gupima imbaraga z'umunyururu gikoreshwa kandi mu gupima imbaraga z'umunyururu mu gihe cyo gukora kugira ngo kidarenze agaciro gasanzwe (muri rusange ≤5 N·m, gihinduwe hakurikijwe ibisobanuro).

Gupima urusaku: Muri laboratwari ipima urusaku, urunigi rushyirwa ku ntebe y'igerageza kandi rugakora ku muvuduko utandukanye (urugero: 100 rpm, 500 rpm, na 1000 rpm). Igipimo cy'urusaku gipimwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima urusaku kugira ngo kitarenze 75 dB (A), cyujuje ubuziranenge bw'urusaku ku bikoresho by'inganda.

Ikizamini cyo Kurwanya Ingeso: Ku minyururu igenewe gukoreshwa ahantu hakonje kandi hangiritse (nk'ikoreshwa mu mashini zitunganya ibiribwa n'ibikoresho byo mu mazi), ikizamini cyo gutera umunyu (gishingiye kuri ISO 9227, ikizamini cyo gutera umunyu mu masaha 48) gikorwa kugira ngo hagenzurwe uburyo umunyururu urwanya ingeso kandi hamenyekane neza ko nta ngeso cyangwa plating igaragara nyuma y'ikizamini.
IV. Igenzura rya Sisitemu: Impamyabushobozi y'Ubuziranenge no Gukomeza Guteza Imbere – “Uburyo bw'Igihe Kirekire” bwo Guteza Imbere Ubuziranenge

Ibicuruzwa by’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse ntibisaba gusa kugenzura buri gikorwa cyane, ahubwo bisaba no gushyiraho uburyo bw’ubuziranenge busesuye nk’ishingiro. Twashyizeho uburyo bwo gucunga ubuziranenge buhanitse ku rwego mpuzamahanga, tubona ibyemezo bivuye mu bigo byemewe, kandi dushyiraho uburyo buhoraho bwo kunoza imikorere yacu n’amahame y’ubuziranenge, kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byacu bikomeze kumererwa neza no guhangana.

1. Icyemezo Mpuzamahanga cy'Ubuziranenge bwa Sisitemu
Twabonye icyemezo cya ISO 9001 cy’imicungire y’ubuziranenge, icyemezo cya ISO 14001 cy’imicungire y’ibidukikije, n’icyemezo cya OHSAS 18001 cy’imikorere y’ubuzima n’umutekano mu kazi, bihuza imicungire y’ubuziranenge mu gikorwa cyose cyo gushushanya ibicuruzwa, gukora, kugurisha, na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha. Byongeye kandi, ibicuruzwa byacu by’uruhererekane rw’imizingo byujuje amahame mpuzamahanga menshi, nka ISO 606 (amahame mpuzamahanga), ANSI B29.1 (amahame y’Abanyamerika), DIN 8187 (amahame y’Abadage), na JIS B1801 (amahame y’Abayapani). Dushobora gutanga raporo zijyanye n’amahame ngenderwaho iyo abakiriya babisabye kugira ngo twuzuze ibisabwa mu bihugu bitandukanye no mu turere dutandukanye.

2. Gutanga ibitekerezo ku bakiliya no kunoza ibikorwa byabo buri gihe
Twashyizeho uburyo bwuzuye bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ku bakiliya. Binyuze mu nzira nko gusuzuma urubuga rw'ubucuruzi bw'amahanga, gusura abakiriya, na serivisi aho bakorera, dukusanya ibitekerezo byihuse ku bibazo by'ubuziranenge n'ibitekerezo byo kunoza igihe cyo gukoresha. Kugira ngo abakiriya batange ibitekerezo, dushyiraho amatsinda yihariye yo kunoza ubuziranenge kugira ngo akore isesengura ryimbitse ry'ibikoresho fatizo, inzira zo gukora, n'amahame ngenderwaho yo gupima, dutegure ingamba zo kunoza, kandi dukurikirane ibisubizo byo kunoza kugira ngo dukemure burundu. Urugero, mu gusubiza ikirego cy'umukiriya w'i Burayi ku kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe mu bidukikije, twanogeje formula y'amavuta ku mapine na bushings (dukoresheje amavuta y'ubukonje afite imikorere myiza mu bushyuhe buke) kandi twahinduye ibipimo byo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugira ngo twongere ubukomere bw'imbere. Nyuma y'ibizamini byinshi no kugenzura, imikorere y'ibicuruzwa kuri -30°C yarushijeho kuba myiza cyane, bituma abakiriya bamenyekana cyane.

3. Amahugurwa y'abakozi n'ubukangurambaga ku ireme ry'akazi

Abakozi ni bo bashinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge, kandi ubuhanga bwabo mu kazi no kumenya ubuziranenge bigira ingaruka ku ireme ry'umusaruro. Dutegura buri gihe amahugurwa ku bakozi mu gucunga ubuziranenge, tuganirira ku ngingo nka ISO standards, inzira z'ingenzi zo gukora, uburyo bwo gupima, n'isesengura ry'ibibazo by'ubuziranenge no gukemura, kugira ngo buri mukozi azi neza amahame y'ubuziranenge n'imikorere. Muri icyo gihe, binyuze mu bikorwa nka "Ukwezi kw'Ubuziranenge" na "Irushanwa ry'Ubuziranenge", dukomeza ubumenyi ku buziranenge bw'abakozi kandi tukabashishikariza kuvumbura no gukemura ibibazo by'ubuziranenge mu nzira yo gukora, bityo tugashyiraho umwuka mwiza aho "buri wese yita ku buziranenge kandi buri wese akitabira ubuziranenge."