Guhitamo ibikoresho by'iminyururu izunguruka mu bidukikije bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi

Guhitamo ibikoresho by'iminyururu izunguruka mu bidukikije bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi

Mu nganda nko mu gutunganya ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe ibyuma, guteka ibiryo, na peteroli,iminyururu y'ibizingo, nk'ibice by'ingenzi byo kohereza ibikoresho, akenshi bikora buri gihe mu bidukikije birenga 150°C. Ubushyuhe bukabije bushobora gutuma iminyururu isanzwe yoroha, ikora ogisijeni, irangirika, kandi ntiyongere gukoresha amavuta. Amakuru y'inganda agaragaza ko iminyururu isanzwe idatoranijwe neza ishobora kugabanya igihe cyo kubaho kwayo kirenze 50% mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ndetse bigatuma igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho kidakora. Iyi ngingo yibanda ku bisabwa ku mikorere y'iminyururu isanzwe mu bidukikije bishyuha cyane, isesengura ku buryo bunonosoye imiterere n'uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ingenzi kugira ngo bifashe abanyamwuga mu nganda kugera ku kuvugurura uburyo bwabo bwo kohereza ibikoresho mu buryo buhamye.

I. Imbogamizi z'ingenzi ku bidukikije bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi ku minyururu izunguruka

Kwangirika kw'iminyururu izunguruka biterwa n'ibidukikije bishyushye cyane ni ibintu byinshi. Imbogamizi nyamukuru ziri mu bintu bibiri: kwangirika k'imikorere y'ibikoresho no kugabanuka k'ubudahangarwa bw'imiterere. Izi ni na zo mbogamizi za tekiniki zigomba kurenga ku guhitamo ibikoresho:

- Kwangirika kw'Imiterere y'Ibintu: Ibyuma bisanzwe bya karuboni byoroha cyane hejuru ya 300°C, imbaraga zo gukurura zikagabanukaho 30%-50%, bigatuma plaque y'umunyururu icika, pin ihinduka, n'ibindi bintu binanirana. Ku rundi ruhande, icyuma gikoresha alloy nkeya kirushaho kwangirika bitewe no gushonga hagati y'udusimba ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma uburebure bw'umunyururu burenga imipaka yemewe.

- Oxidation na Corrosion byiyongera: Ogisijeni, umwuka w’amazi, n’ibindi bikoresho by’inganda (nk’imyuka ihumanya n’amavuta) mu bidukikije bishyuha cyane byihutisha ingese ku buso bw’uruhererekane rw’ibice. Ingano ya okiside ivamo ishobora gutera gufungana kw’ibice, mu gihe ibicuruzwa bya ingese bigabanya amavuta.

- Kunanirwa kwa Sisitemu yo Gusiga: Amavuta asanzwe yo gusiga amavuta y'agaciro arashira kandi agahinduka karuboni hejuru ya 120°C, agatakaza imbaraga zayo zo gusiga. Ibi bituma habaho kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe hagati y'imizingo n'udupira, bikongera umuvuduko wo kwangirika inshuro 4-6.

- Ikibazo cyo guhuza ubushyuhe: Niba ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bw'ibice by'uruhererekane (imigozi, udupira, imigozi) bitandukanye cyane, icyuho gishobora kwaguka cyangwa umugozi ugafata mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe, bigatera ingaruka ku buryo bwo kohereza.

II. Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'ingenzi n'isesengura ry'imikorere y'iminyururu y'ibizingo by'ubushyuhe bwinshi

Bitewe n'imiterere yihariye y'imikorere ikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'uruhererekane rw'imizingo byashyizeho sisitemu eshatu z'ingenzi: icyuma kidashonga, icyuma kidashyuha, n'ibyuma bikozwe muri nikeli. Buri gikoresho gifite imbaraga zacyo mu bijyanye no kudahangana n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, imbaraga, no kudahangana n'ingufu, bisaba guhuza neza hashingiwe ku miterere yihariye y'imikorere.

1. Uruhererekane rw'ibyuma bitagira umuze: Amahitamo meza ku giciro gito mu mikorere y'ubushyuhe buringaniye n'ubukonje bwinshi

Icyuma kidashonga, gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ogisijeni no kurwanya ingese, cyabaye ibikoresho bikunzwe cyane mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe buri hagati n'ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 400°C. Muri byo, 304, 316, na 310S ni byo bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora imiyoboro ya roller chain. Itandukaniro ry'imikorere rituruka ahanini ku gipimo cya chromium na nikeli.

Icyitonderwa ni uko iminyururu y'icyuma kidapfa gushonga atari "idashobora gucika intege." Icyuma kidapfa gushonga cya 304 kigaragaza ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 450°C, bigatuma habaho ingese hagati y'udukoko. Nubwo 310S irinda ubushyuhe, igiciro cyayo cyikubye inshuro 2.5 ugereranyije n'inshuro 304, bisaba gusuzuma neza ibisabwa mu gihe cy'ubuzima.

2. Uruhererekane rw'ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe: Ingufu zikomeye ku bushyuhe bukabije

Iyo ubushyuhe bw'imikorere burenze 800°C, imbaraga z'icyuma gisanzwe kidashyuha ziragabanuka cyane. Kuri iyi ngingo, icyuma kidashyuha gifite chromium nyinshi na nikeli kiba amahitamo y'ingenzi. Ibi bikoresho, binyuze mu guhindura ikigereranyo cy'ibice by'icyuma, bikora filime ya okiside ihamye ku bushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe bigumana imbaraga nziza zo gucika:

- 2520 Icyuma kidashyuha cyane (Cr25Ni20Si2): Nk'igikoresho gikoreshwa cyane mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe bwacyo bushobora kugera kuri 950℃, kikagira imikorere myiza mu kirere gishyushya. Nyuma yo kuvurwa no gukwirakwira kwa chromium ku buso, kurwanya ingese bishobora kongerwaho 40%. Ikunze gukoreshwa mu byuma bitwara imiyoboro myinshi y'ifuru na sisitemu zo gutwara ibikoresho mbere yo gutwika ifuru. Ingufu zayo zo gukurura ≥520MPa no kurekura ≥40% zirwanya neza impinduka mu miterere y'imashini mu bushyuhe bwinshi.

- Icyuma kidashyuha cya Cr20Ni14Si2: Kubera ko gifite nikeli iri munsi gato ya 2520, gitanga uburyo bworohereza ku giciro gito. Ubushyuhe bwayo buhoraho bushobora kugera kuri 850℃, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi buhendutse nko gukora ibirahure no gutwara ibintu biremereye. Ikintu cy'ingenzi kiyiranga ni uko ubushyuhe bwayo buhamye, bigatuma ihura neza n'ibikoresho bya sprocket kandi igagabanya shock yo gutwara.

3. Uruhererekane rw'ibirungo bishingiye kuri nikeli: Igisubizo cyiza ku mikorere mibi

Mu bihe bikomeye cyane birenga 1000℃ cyangwa mu gihe hari ibikoresho byangiza cyane (nk'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho byo mu kirere n'ibikoresho by'inganda za kirimbuzi), alloys zishingiye kuri nikeli ni ibikoresho bidasimburwa bitewe n'imikorere yazo ihanitse mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Alloys zishingiye kuri nikeli, urugero rwa Inconel 718, zirimo 50%-55% bya nikeli kandi zikomezwa n'ibintu nka niobium na molybdenum, bikomeza kugira imiterere myiza ya mekanike ndetse no kuri 1200℃.

Ibyiza by'ingenzi by'iminyururu ikoze muri nikeli ni ibi bikurikira: ① Ingufu zo mu bwoko bwa Creep zikubye inshuro zirenga eshatu iz'icyuma cya 310S kitarangirika; nyuma y'amasaha 1000 yo gukora ku bushyuhe bwa 1000℃, guhinduka burundu ni ≤0.5%; ② Irwanya ingese cyane, ishobora kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye byangiza nka aside sulfurike na aside nitrike; ③ Ikora neza cyane mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ikwiriye ikirere gishyushye kenshi. Ariko, ikiguzi cyazo ni inshuro 5-8 z'icyuma cya 310S kitarangirika, kandi zikoreshwa muri sisitemu zo kohereza ibintu neza cyane.

4. Ibikoresho by'inyongera n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubuso

Uretse guhitamo substrate, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubuso ni ingenzi cyane mu kunoza imikorere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Muri iki gihe, ibikorwa by'ingenzi birimo: ① Kwinjira kwa Chromium: gukora filime ya Cr2O3 oxide ku buso bw'umunyururu, kunoza ubudahangarwa bwa corruption ku kigero cya 40%, bikwiranye n'ibidukikije bikoresha chemicals; ② Gusiga irangi rishingiye kuri nickel: ku bice byoroshye kwambara nk'udupira n'udupira, ubukana bw'irangi bushobora kugera kuri HRC60 cyangwa irenga, bikongera igihe cyo gukora inshuro 2-3; ③ Gusiga irangi rya ceramic: bikoreshwa mu bihe biri hejuru ya 1200℃, bigatandukanya neza oxidation y'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bikwiranye n'inganda zikora ibyuma.

III. Ibyifuzo byo guhitamo ibikoresho n'ibitekerezo bifatika ku minyururu y'imizingo ishyushye cyane

Guhitamo ibikoresho ntabwo ari ugukurikirana gusa "uko ubushyuhe burushaho gukomera, niko birushaho kuba byiza," ahubwo bisaba gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibintu bine muri kimwe "ikiguzi cy'ubushyuhe-umutwaro-giciriritse." Ibi bikurikira ni inama z'ingirakamaro zo guhitamo mu bihe bitandukanye:

1. Gusobanura neza ibipimo by'ibanze by'imikorere

Mbere yo guhitamo, ibipimo bitatu by'ingenzi bigomba gukusanywa neza: ① Ingano y'ubushyuhe (ubushyuhe buhoraho bwo gukora, ubushyuhe bwinshi, n'inshuro z'urugendo); ② Imiterere y'umutwaro (ingufu zipimirwa, igipimo cy'umutwaro w'ingaruka); ③ Uburyo bwo gusiga ibiribwa (kuba hari umwuka w'amazi, imyuka ihumanya, amavuta, nibindi). Urugero, mu nganda ziteka ibiribwa, uretse kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa 200-300℃, iminyururu igomba kandi kuzuza amahame y'isuku ya FDA. Kubwibyo, icyuma cya 304 cyangwa 316 ni cyo gikundwa cyane, kandi irangi ririmo icyuma cya lisansi rigomba kwirindwa.

2. Guhitamo hakurikijwe ingano y'ubushyuhe

- Ingano y'ubushyuhe buringaniye (150-400℃): Icyuma cya 304 cy'icyuma gitemba ni cyo gikunzwe cyane; iyo habayeho ingese nke, vugurura icyuma cya 316 cy'icyuma gitemba. Gukoresha amavuta yo mu rwego rwo hejuru y'ibiryo (akwiriye inganda z'ibiribwa) cyangwa amavuta ashingiye kuri grafiti (akwiriye gukoreshwa mu nganda) bishobora kongera igihe cy'ubuzima bw'uruhererekane kugeza ku nshuro zirenga eshatu z'iminyururu isanzwe.

- Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwinshi (400-800℃): Icyuma kidashonga cya 310S cyangwa icyuma kidashyuha cya Cr20Ni14Si2 ni cyo cy'ingenzi gihitamo. Ni byiza gushyira chromium kuri uru runigi no gukoresha amavuta ya grafiti ashyushye cyane (ubushyuhe ≥1000℃), kongera kuzuza amavuta buri nshuro 5000.

- Ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane (hejuru ya 800℃): Hitamo icyuma cya 2520 kidashyuha (kuva hagati kugeza hejuru) cyangwa Inconel 718 ishingiye kuri nickel (hejuru) hashingiwe ku ngengo y'imari. Muri iki gihe, igishushanyo kidakoresha amavuta cyangwa amavuta akomeye (nk'ipamba rya molybdenum disulfide) kirakenewe kugira ngo hirindwe ko amavuta yangirika.

3. Shimangira guhuza ibikoresho n'imiterere

Guhindagurika k'ubushyuhe bw'ibice byose by'umunyururu ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Urugero, iyo ukoresha plaque za 310S z'icyuma kitagira umugese, pin zigomba kuba zikozwe mu bikoresho bimwe cyangwa zifite coefficient y'ubushyuhe nk'icyuma kidashyuha cya 2520 kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushyuhe budasanzwe buterwa n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe. Muri icyo gihe, hagomba gutoranywa ibyuma bifunganye n'ibyuma bifunganye by'umunyururu kugira ngo birusheho kurwanya ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi.

4. Uburyo bwo guhuza imikorere n'ikiguzi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukoresha amafaranga neza

Mu mikorere idakabije, nta mpamvu yo guhitamo ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Urugero, mu itanura risanzwe rikoreshwa mu gutunganya ubushyuhe mu nganda zikora ibyuma (ubushyuhe bwa 500℃, nta kwangirika gukomeye), ikiguzi cyo gukoresha iminyururu ya 310S ibyuma bitagira umugese ni hafi 60% by'icyuma kidashyuha cya 2520, ariko igihe cyo kumara kigabanukaho 20% gusa, bigatuma igiciro rusange kirushaho kuba cyiza. Ikiguzi cyo kubara gishobora kubarwa hagabanyijwe ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho hakurikijwe igihe cyo kubara, hagashyirwa imbere ikiguzi gito kuri buri gikoresho.

IV. Ibitekerezo bidasanzwe n'ibisubizo ku bibazo bikunze kubazwa

1. Igitekerezo Kitari cyo: Igihe cyose ibikoresho bidashobora gushyuha, urunigi ruzahora rukwiriye?

Ntabwo ari byo. Ibikoresho ni umusingi gusa. Imiterere y'umunyururu (nk'ingano y'icyuho n'imiyoboro yo gusiga amavuta), uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe (nk'uburyo bwo gutunganya umuti kugira ngo wongere imbaraga z'ubushyuhe bwinshi), hamwe n'uburyo bwo kuwushyiraho neza byose bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Urugero, umunyururu w'icyuma kitagira umugese wa 310S uzagabanukaho 30% niba utaratunganywa ku gipimo cya 1030-1180℃.

2. Ikibazo: Ni gute wakemura ikibazo cyo gufungana kw'iminyururu mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi ukoresheje uburyo bwo guhindura ibikoresho?

Guca amasasu ahanini biterwa no gushwanyagurika kwa okiside cyangwa kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bungana. Ibisubizo: ① Niba ari ikibazo cya okiside, vugurura icyuma cya 304 kidashonga kuri 310S cyangwa ukore ubuvuzi bwa chromium plating; ② Niba ari ikibazo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe, huza ibikoresho by'ibice byose by'urunigi, cyangwa uhitemo udupira tw'umuringa dushingiye kuri nikeli dufite coefficient yo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe iri hasi.

3. Ikibazo: Ni gute imiyoboro y'ubushyuhe bwinshi mu nganda z'ibiribwa ishobora kuringaniza ibisabwa mu kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'isuku?

Shyira imbere icyuma cya 304 cyangwa 316L kitarangirika, wirinde gusiga irangi ririmo ibyuma biremereye; koresha igishushanyo kidakoresha imiyoboro kugira ngo byoroshye gusukura; koresha amavuta yo kwisiga afite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi yemewe na FDA cyangwa igikoresho cyisiga (nk'iminyururu irimo amavuta ya PTFE).

V. Incamake: Kuva ku guhitamo ibikoresho kugeza ku kwizerwa kwa sisitemu

Guhitamo ibikoresho by'umunyururu wo kuzenguruka ibidukikije bishyushye cyane bikubiyemo cyane cyane gushaka igisubizo cyiza hagati y'ibihe bikomeye by'imikorere n'ikiguzi cy'inganda. Kuva ku bukungu bw'icyuma kitagira umugese cya 304, kugeza ku mikorere y'icyuma kitagira umugese cya 310S, hanyuma kugeza ku iterambere ry'inganda zishingiye kuri nikeli, buri gikoresho gihuye n'ibisabwa byihariye mu mikorere. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'ibikoresho, ibikoresho bishya by'inganda bihuza imbaraga z'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'igiciro gito bizaba ari byo bigezweho. Ariko, muri iki gihe, gukusanya neza ibipimo by'imikorere no gushyiraho uburyo bwa siyansi bwo gusuzuma ni byo bintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo sisitemu zo kohereza zigerweho kandi zihamye.