Igereranya ry'Ikiguzi cyo Kubungabunga Iminyururu ya Roller na Chain Drives

Igereranya ry'Ikiguzi cyo Kubungabunga Iminyururu ya Roller na Chain Drives

Mu nzego nyinshi nko gutwara ibikoresho mu nganda, imashini zihinga, n'amashanyarazi ya moto, gutwara ibikoresho mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi byahindutse ibintu by'ingenzi cyane bitewe n'inyungu zabyo zo gukora neza cyane, kwihutisha no guhangana n'imimerere mibi y'akazi. Amafaranga yo kubungabunga, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ikiguzi cyose cyo gutunga (TCO), agira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere y'ikigo n'inyungu z'igihe kirekire. Imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, nk'imwe mu miyoboro ikoreshwa cyane yo gutwara ibikoresho mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi, imaze igihe kinini yibandwaho n'abashinzwe gucunga ibikoresho n'abafata ibyemezo mu kugura bitewe n'itandukaniro ryayo mu mafaranga yo kubungabunga ugereranyije n'izindi sisitemu zo gutwara ibikoresho mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi (nk'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro idacecetse, n'imiyoboro y'amenyo). Iyi nkuru izahera ku bice by'ingenzi by'amafaranga yo kubungabunga, iha abahanga mu nganda ishingiro kandi ryuzuye binyuze mu kugereranya ibintu bitandukanye no gusesengura ibintu bishingiye ku mimerere.

I. Gusobanura ibice by'ingenzi by'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga

Mbere yo kugereranya, tugomba gusobanura neza imbibi zuzuye z'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi—si ugusimbuza ibice gusa, ahubwo ni amafaranga yose akubiyemo ikiguzi cy'uburyo buziguye n'ubutaziguye, cyane cyane harimo ibi bikurikira:
Amafaranga yo gukoresha: Igiciro cyo kugura no gusimbuza ibikoresho byo gusana nk'amavuta yo kwisiga, imiti igabanya ingese, n'udupfundikizo;
Ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza ibice: Ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza ibice byangiritse (imigozi, imigozi, imigozi, ibyuma by'iminyururu, nibindi) ndetse n'umugozi wose, ahanini biterwa n'igihe igice kimaze n'igihe cyo gusimbuza;
Ikiguzi cy'umurimo n'ibikoresho: Ikiguzi cy'abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga ibikoresho n'ikiguzi cyo kugura no kugabanya agaciro k'ibikoresho byihariye (nk'ibikoresho bihagarika iminyururu n'ibikoresho byo gusenya ibikoresho);
Igiciro cy'igihombo mu gihe cyo kudakora: Igihombo kitaziguye nko kubura umusaruro no gutinda gutumiza ibintu bitewe n'igihe cyo kudakora ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kubisana. Iki giciro gikunze kuba kirenze cyane amafaranga akoreshwa mu kubisana mu buryo butaziguye.

Igereranya rikurikira rizakurikiraho rizibanda kuri ibi bice bine, rihuza amakuru asanzwe mu nganda (nka DIN na ANSI) n'amakuru afatika akoreshwa kugira ngo habeho isesengura ryimbitse.

II. Kugereranya Ikiguzi cyo Gusana Iminyururu ya Roller n'izindi Minyururu

1. Ibiciro Bikoreshwa: Iminyururu y'imizingo itanga uburyo bwo gukora ibintu byinshi kandi ikungahaye ku bukungu
Igiciro cy'ingenzi cy'ibikoresho byo gusiga imiyoboro y'iminyururu kiri mu mavuta yo kwisiga—imiyoboro itandukanye ifite ibisabwa bitandukanye byo gusiga, ibyo bikaba bigena mu buryo butaziguye amafaranga akoreshwa mu gihe kirekire.

Iminyururu y'imizingo: Iminyururu myinshi y'imizingo (cyane cyane iminyururu y'imizingo yo mu rwego rw'inganda ikurikije amahame ya ANSI na DIN) ihuye n'amavuta yo kwisiga akoreshwa mu nganda rusange, nta miti yihariye isaba. Iraboneka cyane kandi ifite igiciro gito (amavuta yo kwisiga asanzwe akoreshwa mu nganda agura hafi 50-150 RMB kuri litiro). Byongeye kandi, iminyururu y'imizingo itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kwisiga, harimo gukoresha intoki, kwisiga amavuta yo kwisiga, cyangwa kwisiga amavuta yoroshye, bikuraho gukenera uburyo bugoye bwo kwisiga no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho bikoreshwa.

Izindi mashini zikoresha iminyururu, nk'iminyururu idacecetse (iminyururu ifite amenyo), ikenera uburyo bwo gukoresha neza cyane kandi isaba gukoresha amavuta yihariye agabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi (agura hafi 180-300 RMB/litiro). Hakenewe kandi uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta bungana, kandi mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, sisitemu zo gusiga amavuta zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zirakenewe (ishoramari rya mbere rya RMB ibihumbi byinshi). Nubwo iminyururu ishobora gukoresha amavuta asanzwe yo gusiga, ikoreshwa ryayo ryo gusiga amavuta riri hejuru ya 20%-30% ugereranyije n'iminyururu izunguruka bitewe n'imiterere yayo, bigatuma habaho itandukaniro rikomeye mu gihe kirekire mu biciro bishobora gukoreshwa.

Umwanzuro w'ingenzi: Iminyururu y'imigozi itanga uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta menshi kandi ikoreshwa mu buryo budahagije, ibi bikaba biyiha inyungu igaragara mu biciro byo gukoresha.

2. Ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza ibice: Ibyiza by'iminyururu yo mu bwoko bwa "Gukora neza no kwangirika guke" birazwi cyane

Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kiguzi cyo gusimbuza ibice ni igihe cyo kubaho no koroherwa no gusimbuza ibice byangiritse:

Kugereranya igihe cyo kumara igice cyo kwambara:
Ibice by'ingenzi by'iminyururu y'imizingo ni imigozi, imigozi, n'udupira. Bikozwe mu byuma byiza cyane (nk'icyuma cy'imiterere y'icyuma) kandi bishyushye (bikurikije amahame ya DIN yo gukaraba no kuzimya), igihe cyabyo cyo gukora mu bihe bisanzwe (nk'imashini zitwara ibikoresho mu nganda n'iz'ubuhinzi) bishobora kugera ku masaha 8000-12000, ndetse bikanarenga amasaha 5000 mu bihe bimwe na bimwe by'imizigo iremereye.

Imigozi n'udupira tw'imigozi y'imigozi bisaza vuba cyane, kandi igihe cyo kuyikoresha ubusanzwe kiba gito kuri 30%-40% ugereranyije n'imigozi y'imigozi. Ubuso bw'imigozi y'imigozi n'udupira tw'imigozi idasobanutse bushobora kwangirika, kandi igihe cyo kuyisimbura kiba kingana na 60%-70% ugereranyije n'imigozi y'imigozi. Kugereranya uburyo bwo kuyisimbura byoroshye: Imigozi y'imigozi ikoresha igishushanyo mbonera, gifite imigozi ivanwaho kandi ishobora gucikamo ibice. Kuyisana bisaba gusa gusimbuza imigozi yashaje cyangwa ibice byangiritse, bigatuma habura gusimbuza imigozi yose. Igiciro cyo kuyisimbura kuri buri mugozi ni hafi 5%-10% by'umugozi wose. Imigozi idasobanutse n'imigozi imwe n'imwe ikora neza cyane ni imiterere ihuriweho. Iyo habayeho kwangirika kw'imigozi, umugozi wose ugomba gusimburwa, wongera ikiguzi cyo kuyisimbura kikagera ku nshuro 2-3 z'imigozi y'imigozi. Byongeye kandi, imigozi y'imigozi ifite imiterere mpuzamahanga y'imigozi, ishimangira ko ikoreshwa cyane. Ibice bishobora kwangirika bishobora kugurwa vuba kandi bigahuzwa, bikuraho gukenera kuyihindura no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutegereza.

Umwanzuro w'ingenzi: Iminyururu ikora ku migozi itanga igihe kirekire cyo kwangirika kw'igice cy'imodoka ndetse n'uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyisimbura, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo kuyisimbura kigabanuka cyane ugereranyije n'izindi sisitemu nyinshi zo gutwara imigozi.

3. Ikiguzi cy'akazi n'ibikoresho: Iminyururu y'imizingo ifite imbogamizi nke zo kuyisana kandi ikora neza cyane. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyisana bugena neza ikiguzi cy'akazi n'ibikoresho: Iminyururu y'imizingo: Imiterere yoroshye; kuyishyiraho no kuyisesa ntibisaba abatekinisiye b'inzobere. Abakora imirimo isanzwe yo kubungabunga ibikoresho bashobora kubikora nyuma y'amahugurwa y'ibanze. Ibikoresho byo kubungabunga bisaba ibikoresho bisanzwe gusa nk'imashini zo gusenya iminyururu n'udupira two gukurura (igiciro cyose cy'ibikoresho ni hafi 300-800 RMB), kandi igihe cyo kuyisana mu gihe kimwe ni hafi amasaha 0.5-2 (bihinduwe hakurikijwe ingano y'ibikoresho).

Izindi nzira zo gukurura iminyururu: Gushyiraho iminyururu idacecetse bisaba kugenzura neza uburyo ikoreshwa mu gukurura iminyururu, bigasaba ko abatekinisiye b’inzobere bakora (ikiguzi cy’abakozi kiri hejuru ya 50%-80% ugereranyije n’abakozi basanzwe bashinzwe kubungabunga), no gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye byo kugenzura (ibikoresho bigura hafi 2000-5000 RMB). Gukuraho iminyururu y’amaboko bisaba gusenya iminyururu y’amaboko n’izindi nyubako z’inyongera, aho igikorwa kimwe cyo kubungabunga kimara amasaha 1.5-4, bigatuma ikiguzi cy’abakozi kiri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’iminyururu y’amapine.

Umwanzuro w'ingenzi: Gusana umuyoboro w'ibyuma bifite imbogamizi nto ku kwinjira, bisaba ishoramari rito ry'ibikoresho, kandi ni vuba, aho abakozi n'ibikoresho bitwara 30%-60% gusa by'ibyo kuri zimwe mu modoka zikoresha umuyoboro w'ibyuma neza cyane.

4. Ikiguzi cyo gutakaza igihe cyo gukora: "Umuvuduko wihuse" wo kubungabunga umuyoboro wa roller ugabanya ibibazo byo guhagarara k'umusaruro

Ku musaruro w’inganda n’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, isaha imwe yo kuruhuka ishobora gutera igihombo cy’ibihumbi cyangwa ndetse n’ibihumbi icumi bya Yuan. Igihe cyo kubungabunga kigena neza ingano y’igihombo cy’igihe cyo kuruhuka:

Iminyururu izunguruka: Bitewe no koroshya kuyitunganya no kuyisimbuza vuba, kuyitunganya buri gihe (nk'amavuta no kuyigenzura) bishobora gukorwa mu gihe cy'ibikoresho, bigatuma hatabaho igihe kirekire cyo kuyihagarika. Nubwo usimbuza ibice byangiritse, igihe cyo kuyihagarika rimwe gusa ntabwo kirenga amasaha 2, bigabanyiriza ingaruka ku muvuduko w'umusaruro.

Izindi nzira zo kugabanya umugozi: Gusana no gusimbuza imigozi idakora bisaba gupima neza, bigatuma igihe cyo kugabanya umugozi kigabanuka inshuro 2-3 z'igihe cyo kugabanya umugozi. Ku migozi y'amaboko, iyo habayeho gusenya inyubako z'inyongera, igihe cyo kugabanya umugozi gishobora kugera ku masaha 4-6. Cyane cyane ku nganda zifite umusaruro uhoraho (nk'imiyoboro y'inganda n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi), igihe cyo kugabanya umugozi kirenze urugero gishobora gutera gutinda gukomeye kw'itunganywa ry'umugozi no gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kuwukoresha.

Umwanzuro w'ingenzi: Iminyururu ikora neza cyane kandi ikora neza igihe gito, bigatuma igihe cyo kuyihagarika kigabanuka cyane ugereranyije n'izindi sisitemu zo kuyitwara.

III. Inyigo ku Itandukaniro ry'Ibiciro mu Miterere y'Ikoreshwa ry'Ibintu Bisanzwe

Urugero rwa 1: Sisitemu yo Guteranya Imirongo y'Inganda
Sisitemu yo guteranya ibice by'imodoka mu ruganda ikoresha iminyururu yombi (ANSI 16A standard) n'iminyururu idacecetse. Imirimo yo gukora ni: amasaha 16 ku munsi, amasaha agera ku 5000 ku mwaka.

Umuyoboro w'Ingufu: Gusiga amavuta buri mwaka bitwara hafi RMB 800; gusimbuza imiyoboro y'insinga idakora neza buri myaka 2 (bitwara hafi RMB 1200); abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga buri mwaka batwara hafi RMB 1000; igihombo mu gihe cyo kudakora ni gito cyane; igihombo cyose cyakoreshejwe mu kubungabunga buri mwaka kigera kuri RMB 2000.

Umuyoboro Utuje: Gusiga amavuta buri mwaka bitwara hafi 2400 RMB; gusimbuza umuyoboro wose buri mwaka (bitwara hafi 4500 RMB); abakozi bo kubungabunga buri mwaka batwara hafi 2500 RMB; gufunga inshuro ebyiri zo kubungabunga (amasaha 3 kuri buri kimwe, igihombo cy'igihe cyo kuruhuka kingana na 6000 RMB); ikiguzi cyose cyo kubungabunga buri mwaka kingana na 14900 RMB.

Ikibazo cya 2: Sisitemu y'ubuhinzi yo gutwara traktori
Imashini itwara amatarakiteri yo mu murima ikoresha iminyururu yombi (DIN 8187 standard) n'iminyururu ya bushing. Imiterere y'imikorere ni iy'ibihe, aho amasaha agera ku 1500 akora ku mwaka.

Umunyururu w'imizingo: Gusiga amavuta buri mwaka bitwara hafi RMB 300, gusimbuza umunyururu buri myaka 3 (bitwara hafi RMB 1800), abakozi bo kubungabunga buri mwaka batwara hafi RMB 500, amafaranga yose yo kubungabunga buri mwaka agera kuri RMB 1100;
Umunyururu w'amatara: Gusiga amavuta ku mwaka bitwara hafi RMB 450, gusimbuza umunyururu buri myaka 1.5 (bitwara hafi RMB 2200), akazi ko kubungabunga ku mwaka gatwara hafi RMB 800, n'amafaranga yose yo kubungabunga ku mwaka agera kuri RMB 2400.

Nk’uko uru rubanza rubigaragaza, hatitawe ku bikorwa by’inganda cyangwa ubuhinzi, ikiguzi cy’igihe kirekire cyo kubungabunga imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’izindi sisitemu zo gutwara imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, uko ikoreshwa rirushaho kuba rigoye kandi igihe cyo kurikoresha kikaba kirekire, niko inyungu y’ikiguzi igaragara cyane.

IV. Inama Rusange zo Kunoza: Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi

Uko uburyo bwo gutwara imiyoboro bwatoranyijwe bwaba bumeze kose, imicungire y’ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibikoresho mu buryo bwa siyansi ishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyose cyo gutunga ibintu. Inama eshatu rusange zikurikira ni ngombwa kuzibandaho:
Guhitamo neza, Guhuza n'Imiterere y'Umurimo: Hashingiwe ku miterere y'imikorere nko gutwara, umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, n'umukungugu, hitamo ibicuruzwa by'iminyururu byujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga (urugero, DIN, ANSI). Iminyururu myiza ifite ibikoresho byizewe cyane n'uburyo bwo kuyikora, kandi imara igihe kirekire ku bice byangiritse, bigabanura inshuro zo kuyisana kuva itangiye.
Gusiga amavuta mu buryo busanzwe, kongeramo amavuta uko bikenewe: Irinde "gusiga amavuta menshi" cyangwa "gusiga amavuta make." Shyiraho uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta hashingiwe ku bwoko bw'umunyururu n'imiterere y'imikorere (iminyururu izunguruka isabwa gushyirwamo amavuta buri masaha 500-1000). Hitamo amavuta akwiye kandi urebe neza ko umunyururu usukuye neza kugira ngo wirinde ko ivumbi n'imyanda byangiza vuba.
Igenzura rihoraho, Kwirinda ni ingenzi: Kugenzura ubukana bw'iminyururu n'ubusaze (urugero, kwangirika kw'umurambararo w'imizingo, kurengerwa kw'imirongo) buri kwezi. Hindura cyangwa usimbuze ibice byangiritse vuba kugira ngo wirinde ko amakosa magufi yakwiyongeramo ibibazo bikomeye no kugabanya igihombo gitunguranye mu gihe cyo kudakora.

V. Umwanzuro: Ukurikije ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga, iminyururu y'imizingo ifite inyungu zikomeye. Ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga iminyururu y'imizingo si ikibazo cyihariye, ahubwo gifitanye isano rikomeye n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, ubushobozi bwo guhuza imikorere, n'imicungire y'imizingo. Binyuze mu kugereranya ibintu bitandukanye no gusesengura ibintu, biragaragara ko iminyururu y'imizingo, hamwe n'inyungu zayo z'ingenzi zo "gukoresha ibikoresho byose kandi bihendutse, kumara igihe kirekire ibice byangiritse, kuyitunganya byoroshye kandi neza, hamwe n'igihombo gito cyo gukora," irusha cyane izindi sisitemu zo gutwara iminyururu nk'iminyururu y'amaboko n'iminyururu idakora neza mu bijyanye n'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga igihe kirekire.