Intangiriro ku buryo busanzwe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ku minyururu izunguruka

Intangiriro ku buryo busanzwe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ku minyururu izunguruka
Mu gikorwa cyo gukora iminyururu izunguruka, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere yayo. Binyuze mu gutunganya ubushyuhe, imbaraga, ubukana, kudashira no gukomera kw'iminyururu izunguruka bishobora kunozwa cyane, bityo bikanongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha no kubahiriza ibisabwa mu bihe bitandukanye bigoye gukora. Ibi bikurikira ni intangiriro irambuye ku buryo butandukanye busanzwe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ku minyururu izunguruka:

I. Uburyo bwo kuzimya no gushyushya
(I) Kuzimya
Kuzimya ni uburyo bwo gushyushya umugozi w’umuzingo kugeza ku bushyuhe runaka (ubusanzwe buri hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Ac1), kuwugumana ushyushye igihe runaka, hanyuma ugakonjesha vuba. Intego yawo ni ukugira ngo umugozi w’umuzingo ubone imiterere ikomeye kandi ikomeye ya martensitic. Ibyuma bikunze gukoreshwa mu kuzimya birimo amazi, amavuta n’amazi y’umunyu. Amazi afite umuvuduko wo gukonjesha vuba kandi akwiriye imigozi y’umuzingo ifite imiterere yoroshye n’ingano nto; amavuta afite umuvuduko wo gukonjesha buhoro kandi akwiriye imigozi y’umuzingo ifite imiterere ikomeye n’ingano nini.
(II) Gupima
Gushyushya ni uburyo bwo kongera gushyushya umuyoboro w’amazi utemba ku bushyuhe runaka (ubusanzwe uri munsi ya Ac1), kuwukomeza ubushyuhe, hanyuma ukawukonjesha. Intego yawo ni ukugabanya umuvuduko w’imbere uterwa no kuzimya, guhindura ubukana, no kunoza ubukomere. Dukurikije ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya, bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hasi (150℃-250℃), gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hagati (350℃-500℃) n’ugushyushya ubushyuhe buri hejuru (500℃-650℃). Gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hasi bishobora kubona imiterere ya martensite itemba neza kandi ikomeye neza; gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hagati bishobora kubona imiterere ya troostite itemba neza kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi ifite ubukana bwiza; gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hejuru bishobora kubona imiterere ya troostite itemba neza kandi ifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike.

2. Uburyo bwo gushyiramo kaburimbo
Gushyiramo kaburimbo ni ugutuma atome za karuboni zinjira mu buso bw'umunyururu w'uruhererekane kugira ngo zikore urwego rwa kaburimbo rufite karuboni nyinshi, bityo bikongera ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira, mu gihe igice cy'imbere kigikomeza gukomera nk'icyuma gifite karuboni nke. Imikorere ya kaburimbo irimo gukwirakwiza kaburimbo ikomeye, gukwirakwiza gaze na kaburimbo y'amazi. Muri byo, gukwirakwiza gaze ni byo bikoreshwa cyane. Mu gushyira umunyururu w'uruhererekane mu kirere gihindura kaburimbo, atome za karuboni zinjira mu buso ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka. Nyuma yo gukwirakwiza kaburimbo, kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe buke akenshi birakenewe kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira.

3. Uburyo bwo gusiga nitridi
Nitriding ni ukwinjira mu atome za azote mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende kugira ngo habeho nitrides, bityo bikongera ubukana bw'ubuso, ubushobozi bwo kudashira no gukomera k'umuruho. Uburyo bwo gukora nitriding burimo nitriding ya gaze, nitriding ya iyoni na nitriding y'amazi. Nitriding ya gaze ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo azote, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, bigatuma atome za azote zinjira mu buso. Umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma yo gukora nitrides ufite ubukana bwinshi bw'ubuso, ubudashira neza, kandi ufite ubukana buto, bukwiriye iminyururu y'urukiramende ifite imiterere igoye.

4. Uburyo bwo gukoresha karuboni
Carbonitriding ni ukwinjira muri karuboni na azote mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende icyarimwe kugira ngo habeho karubonitrides, bityo bikongera ubukana bw'ubuso, ubudahangarwa bw'ubusa n'imbaraga z'umunaniro. Uburyo bwo gukora karubonitrides burimo gukora karubonitrides mu mwuka urimo karubonitrides na karubonitrides mu mazi. Carbonitrides mu mwuka ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo karuboni na azote, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, bigatuma karuboni na azote byinjira mu buso icyarimwe. Umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma yo gukora karubonitrides ufite ubukana bwinshi bw'ubuso, ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika, kandi urwanya kurumwa neza.

5. Uburyo bwo gufunga
Kubika ibirungo ni uburyo umuyoboro w'ibirungo ushyushywa ku bushyuhe runaka (ubusanzwe 30-50°C hejuru ya Ac3), bikabikwa bishyushye igihe runaka, bigakonjeshwa buhoro buhoro kugeza munsi ya 500°C hamwe n'itanura, hanyuma bigakonjeshwa mu kirere. Intego yabyo ni ukugabanya ubukana, kunoza imiterere y'ibirungo no gukomera, no koroshya gutunganya no gutunganya ubushyuhe nyuma yo kubibika. Umuyoboro w'ibirungo nyuma yo kubibika ufite imiterere imwe n'ubukana buri hagati, bishobora kunoza imikorere yo gukata.

6. Guhindura inzira
Guhindura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe ni uburyo umuyoboro w’urukiramende ushyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe runaka (ubusanzwe buri hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Acm), ukabikwa ushyushye, ukakurwa mu itanura ugakonjeshwa mu kirere. Intego yawo ni ukunoza ibinyampeke, gutuma imiterere ihinduka imwe, kunoza ubukana n’imbaraga, no kunoza imikorere yo gukata. Umuyoboro w’urukiramende nyuma yo guhindura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe ufite imiterere imwe n’ubukana buringaniye, bushobora gukoreshwa nk’uburyo bwa nyuma bwo kuvura ubushyuhe cyangwa nk’uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.

7. Uburyo bwo kuvura abantu bageze mu zabukuru
Kuvura gusaza ni inzira aho umugozi ushyushya kugeza ku bushyuhe runaka, ugakomeza gushyuha igihe runaka, hanyuma ugakonjeshwa. Intego yawo ni ukugabanya stress isigaye, ugatuza ingano, no kunoza imbaraga n'ubukana. Kuvura gusaza bigabanyijemo gusaza karemano n'ubusaza bw'ubukorano. Gusaza karemano ni ugushyira umugozi ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba cyangwa mu bihe bisanzwe igihe kirekire kugira ngo ukureho buhoro buhoro stress isigaye; gusaza karemano ni ugushyushya umugozi ku bushyuhe bwinshi no gukora treatment ishaje mu gihe gito.

8. Uburyo bwo kuzimya ubuso
Gushyushya ubuso ni uburyo bwo gushyushya ubuso bw'umunyururu w'umuzingo kugeza ku bushyuhe runaka no kubukonjesha vuba. Intego yabwo ni ukunoza ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira, mu gihe igice cy'imbere kigikomeza gukomera neza. Uburyo bwo gushyushya ubuso burimo gushyushya ubuso, gushyushya ubushyuhe bw'umuriro, no gushyushya ubuso hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi. Gushyushya ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe buva mu muyoboro w'umuzingo, bufite ibyiza byo gushyushya vuba, ubwiza bwo gushyushya neza, no guhindagurika guke.

9. Uburyo bwo gukomeza ubuso
Uburyo bwo gukomeza ubuso ni ugukora urwego rwo gukomeza rufite imiterere yihariye ku buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende binyuze mu buryo bufatika cyangwa bwa chimique, bityo bikanoza ubukana bw'ubuso, ubukana bw'ubusa n'imbaraga z'umunaniro. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukomeza ubuso burimo gusohora amasasu, gukomeza gukurura, gukomeza kwinjira mu byuma, nibindi. Gusohora amasasu ni ugukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi kugira ngo ugere ku buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende, bityo imbaraga zisigaye zo gukanda zigatera hejuru y'ubuso, bityo bikanoza imbaraga z'umunaniro; gukomeza gukurura ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byo gukurura kugira ngo uzunguruke ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende, kugira ngo ubuso butange ubukana bwa pulasitiki, bityo burusheho kunoza ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira.

10. Uburyo butuma umuntu arambirwa
Kuborera ni ukwinjira muri atome za boroni mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende kugira ngo habeho borides, bityo bikongera ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira. Imikorere yo kuborera irimo kuborera gaze no kuborera amazi. Kuborera gaze ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo boroni, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, bigatuma atome za boroni zinjira mu buso. Umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma yo kuborera ufite ubukana bwinshi bw'ubuso, ubudashira neza, kandi urwanya kurumwa neza.

11. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe buvanze n'ibinyabutabire
Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya umuriro bugizwe n'ibice bibiri ni uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bugezweho, butuma imiyoboro y'amazi ikora neza binyuze mu buryo bubiri bwo kuzimya umuriro no kuwushyushya. Ubu buryo busanzwe bukubiyemo intambwe zikurikira:
(I) Kuzimya bwa mbere
Umunyururu w'umuzunguruko ushyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe bwinshi (ubusanzwe buri hejuru y'ubushyuhe busanzwe bwo kuzimya) kugira ngo imiterere yawo y'imbere ikomeze gukomera, hanyuma ikonje vuba kugira ngo ikore imiterere ya martensitic. Intego y'iyi ntambwe ni ukunoza ubukana n'imbaraga by'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko.
(II) Gupima bwa mbere
Umunyururu w'umuzingo nyuma yo kuzimya bwa mbere ushyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe buringaniye (ubusanzwe hagati ya 300℃-500℃), ukabikwa ushyushye igihe runaka hanyuma ugakonjeshwa. Intego y'iyi ntambwe ni ukugabanya umuvuduko w'imbere uterwa no kuzimya, mu gihe ukosora ubukana no kunoza ubukomere.
(III) Kuzimya kwa kabiri
Umunyururu w'umuzunguruko nyuma yo gushyushya bwa mbere wongera gushyuha kugeza ku bushyuhe buri hejuru, ariko ukaba uri munsi gato y'ubushyuhe bwa mbere bwo kuzimya, hanyuma ugakonjeshwa vuba. Intego y'iyi ntambwe ni ukunoza imiterere ya martensitic no kunoza ubukana n'ubudahangarwa bw'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko.
(IV) Gupima ubushyuhe bwa kabiri
Umunyururu w'umuzingo nyuma yo kuzimya bwa kabiri ushyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe buri hasi (ubusanzwe hagati ya 150℃-250℃), ukabikwa ushyushye igihe runaka hanyuma ugakonjeshwa. Intego y'iyi ntambwe ni ukugabanya imbaraga zo imbere mu mubiri, gushimangira ingano, no kugumana ubukana bwinshi no kudashira.

12. Uburyo bwo gushyiramo kaburimbo mu mazi
Gushyiramo kaburimbo mu mazi ni uburyo bwihariye bwo gushyiramo kaburimbo mu mazi butuma atome za karuboni zinjira mu buso binyuze mu gushyiramo umuyoboro w’amazi mu buryo bwo gushyiramo kaburimbo mu mazi. Ubu buryo bufite ibyiza byo kwihuta kwa kaburimbo, urwego rumwe rwa kaburimbo, no kugenzura neza. Bikwiriye imiyoboro y’amazi ifite imiterere igoye kandi isaba ubuziranenge buhanitse. Nyuma yo gushyiramo kaburimbo mu mazi, kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe buke akenshi birakenewe kugira ngo birusheho kunoza ubukana bw’ubuso no kudashira.

13. Uburyo bwo gukomeretsa
Gukomera bivuga kunoza ubukana no kudashira binyuze mu kunoza imiterere y'imbere y'umunyururu uzunguruka. Intambwe zihariye ni izi zikurikira:
(I) Gushyushya
Umunyururu w'umuzunguruko ushyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe bukomeje kugira ngo ushongeshe kandi ukwirakwize ibintu nka karuboni na azote mu munyururu.
(ii) Gukingira ubushyuhe
Umaze kugera ku bushyuhe bukomeye, komeza igihe runaka cyo gukingira kugira ngo ibintu bikwirakwire neza kandi bibe umuti ukomeye.
(iii) Gukonjesha
Konjesha vuba umuyoboro, umuti ukomeye uzakora imiterere myiza y'ibinyampeke, wongere ubukana n'ubudahangarwa.

14. Uburyo bwo kwinjira mu byuma
Uburyo bwo kwinjira mu byuma ni ukwinjira mu byuma mu buso bw'umunyururu w'icyuma kugira ngo hakorwe imvange z'icyuma, bityo bikanoza ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kwinjira mu byuma burimo chromization na vanadium infiltration. Uburyo bwo kwinjira mu byuma ni ugushyira umunyururu w'icyuma mu kirere kirimo chromium, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, atome za chromium zinjira mu buso kugira ngo zikore imvange za chromium, bityo bikanoza ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira.

15. Uburyo bwo gushyira aluminiyumu mu bintu bidafite akamaro
Uburyo bwo gushyira aluminiyumu mu isanzure ry'umunyururu kugira ngo hakorwe imvange za aluminiyumu, bityo bikanoza uburyo ubuso burwanya ogisijeni n'ubudahangarwa. Uburyo bwo gushyira aluminiyumu mu isanzure burimo aluminiyumu n'ubudahangarwa bw'amazi. Gushyira aluminiyumu mu isanzure ni ugushyira urunigi mu kirere kirimo aluminiyumu, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, aminome za aluminiyumu zinjira mu isanzure. Ubuso bw'urunigi nyuma yo kwinjira muri aluminiyumu bufite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo gushyira ogisijeni mu isanzure no kudahangarwa n'ubudahangarwa, kandi bukwiriye gukoreshwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'ubudahangarwa.

16. Uburyo bwo kwinjira mu muringa
Uburyo bwo kwinjira mu muringa ni ukwinjira mu atome z'umuringa mu buso bw'umunyururu w'umuzingo kugira ngo habeho imvange z'umuringa, bityo bikanoza ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kw'ubuso no kurwanya kurumwa. Uburyo bwo kwinjira mu muringa burimo kwinjira mu muringa w'umuringa n'ubwinjira mu muringa w'amazi. Kwinjira mu muringa w'umuringa ni ugushyira umunyururu w'umuzingo mu kirere kirimo umuringa, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, atome z'umuringa zinjira mu buso. Ubuso bw'umunyururu w'umuzingo nyuma yo kwinjira mu muringa bufite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika neza no kurwanya kurumwa, kandi bukwiriye gukoreshwa mu bihe by'umuvuduko mwinshi n'ibiremereye.

17. Uburyo bwo kwinjira kwa titanium
Uburyo bwo kwinjira kwa titaniyumu ni ukwinjira muri atome za titaniyumu mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende kugira ngo hakorwe imvange za titaniyumu, bityo bikongera ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira. Uburyo bwo kwinjira kwa titaniyumu burimo kwinjira kwa titaniyumu ya gaze no kwinjira kwa titaniyumu y'amazi. Kwinjira kwa titaniyumu ya gaze ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo titaniyumu, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, atome za titaniyumu zinjira mu buso. Ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma yo kwinjira kwa titaniyumu bufite ubukana bwiza kandi budashobora kwangirika, kandi bukwiriye imiterere y'akazi ifite ubukana bwinshi kandi idashobora kwangirika cyane.

18. Uburyo bwo guteranya amasafuriya
Uburyo bwo gukusanya gazi ni ukwinjira muri atome za kobalti mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende kugira ngo hakorwe imvange za kobalti, bityo bikongera ubukana n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubuso. Uburyo bwo gukusanya gazi burimo gukusanya gazi na kobalti y'amazi. Gukusanya gazi ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo kobalti, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, atome za kobalti zinjira mu buso. Ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma ya kobalti bufite ubukana bwiza n'ubudahangarwa, kandi bukwiriye imiterere y'akazi ifite ubukana bwinshi n'ubudahangarwa bwinshi.

19. Uburyo bwo gushyira zirconization mu nganda
Uburyo bwo gushyira zirconization mu isanzure ni ukwinjira mu mato ya zirconium mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende kugira ngo hakorwe imvange za zirconium, bityo bikongera ubukana n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubuso. Uburyo bwo gushyira zirconization mu isanzure burimo gaze zirconization na zirconization y'amazi. Gushyira zirconization mu isanzure ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo zirconium, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, atome za zirconium zinjira mu isanzure. Ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma ya zirconization bufite ubukana bwiza n'ubudahangarwa, kandi bukwiriye imiterere y'akazi ifite ubukana bwinshi n'ubudahangarwa bwinshi.

20. Uburyo bwo kwinjira kwa molybdenum
Uburyo bwo kwinjira kwa molybdenum ni ukwinjira muri atome za molybdenum mu buso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende kugira ngo hakorwe imvange za molybdenum, bityo bikanoza ubukana n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubuso. Uburyo bwo kwinjira muri molybdenum burimo kwinjira muri molybdenum ikoresheje gaze no kwinjira muri molybdenum y'amazi. Uburyo bwo kwinjira muri molybdenum ikoresheje gaze ni ugushyira umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere kirimo molybdenum, kandi ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka, bituma atome za molybdenum zinjira mu buso. Ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma yo kwinjira muri molybdenum bufite ubukana bwiza kandi budashobora kwangirika, kandi bukwiriye imiterere y'akazi isaba ubukana bwinshi kandi budashobora kwangirika cyane.