Ingaruka zo kurwanya iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi

Ingaruka zo kurwanya iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi

Bitewe n’umuvuduko w’imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi zabaye ingenzi mu kurinda umutekano w’ibiribwa no kunoza umusaruro w’ubuhinzi. Nk’ “umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi” mu buryo bwo kohereza imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, imikorere y’imiyoboro y’imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi igena mu buryo butaziguye umutekano n’ubwizerwe bw’imikorere y’imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi. Mu turere tugoye kandi duhora duhinduka, imiyoboro y’imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi ikunze guhura n’ingaruka zitandukanye. Kubwibyo, kurwanya ingaruka nziza byabaye ikimenyetso cy’ingenzi cy’ubwiza bw’imiyoboro y’imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi. Iyi ngingo, ishingiye ku mikorere nyayo y’imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, izasesengura byimbitse akamaro kaurunigi rw'imashini z'ubuhinzikurwanya ingaruka, amahame ya tekiniki yayo, uburyo bwo kugenzura, n'akamaro gafatika izana ku musaruro w'ubuhinzi, bitanga ubumenyi busesuye kuri uyu "murinzi wihishe" mu mashini z'ubuhinzi.

I. "Ibipimo Bikomeye" by'Imikorere y'Imashini z'Ubuhinzi: Kuki Kurwanya Ingaruka ari ingenzi cyane? Imiterere y'ubuhinzi itandukanye cyane n'imiterere ihamye y'inganda. Imashini z'ubuhinzi zikorera mu murima zigomba guhangana n'imimerere itandukanye kandi igoye, akenshi bigatuma imiyoboro y'imashini ihura n'ingaruka zikomeye. Kudahangana n'ingaruka bihagije bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza, cyangwa bigatera no guhomba kw'ibikoresho, bigatera igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu.

(I) Ingaruka z'ubutaka bugoye bwo mu murima

Byaba bikorera ku bibaya birebire cyangwa ku misozi miremire mu misozi miremire n'imisozi miremire, imashini z'ubuhinzi zigira ingaruka zitandukanye zo gutigita no kunyeganyega mu gihe cyo gukora. Uku gutigita kwoherezwa mu minyururu y'imizingo iri mu nzira yo kuyiyobora, bigatuma itwarwa n'imizigo ihita irenga cyane imiterere isanzwe yo gukora. Urugero, iyo mashini ihinga ihuye n'umuringoti cyangwa ubutaka buzamutse mu gihe cyo gusarura, amapine arazamuka akongera akagwa, bigatuma habaho gukubitana gukomeye ku gice kiri hagati y'umuringoti n'umuyoboro. Iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umuringoti budafite imbaraga, ibibazo nko guhindagurika kw'imiyoboro no gucika kw'imigozi bishobora kubaho cyane. (2) Ihindagurika rikomeye mu mikorere y'imashini z'ubuhinzi

Mu gihe cy'imirimo y'imashini z'ubuhinzi, imizigo ntihora ihamye ariko akenshi irahindagurika cyane. Urugero, iyo traktori ikuruye ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi kugira ngo ihinge, iyo ubujyakuzimu bw'ubuhinzi bwiyongereye mu buryo butunguranye cyangwa iyo ihuye n'ubutaka bukomeye cyangwa amabuye, imbaraga zo gukurura ziyongera ako kanya, bigatuma imbaraga ku mugozi w'imodoka zizamuka cyane, bigatuma umutwaro ukomeye w'inkongi utera. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe cyo gutangira, gufunga feri, no guhinduranya, umugozi uhura n'ingaruka zidasanzwe bitewe n'impinduka zitunguranye z'umuvuduko. Iyo izi ngaruka ziyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita, zihutisha kwangirika no kunanirwa kw'umugozi, bigabanya igihe cyo kuwukoresha.

(3) Ingaruka zihuriweho z'ibintu bibi bidukikije

Ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi bikunze gukorerwa hanze, aho imvura, ibyondo, ivumbi, n'ibyatsi by'ibihingwa n'imyanda bihora byinjira mu bice by'uruhererekane rw'imigozi. Iyi myanda ntiyongera gusa kwangirika kw'imigozi ahubwo inagira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kuyikwirakwiza neza, bigatuma imigozi ifungana kandi igasimbuka mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, bigatuma ibyangiritse birushaho kwiyongera bitewe n'ingaruka mbi. Urugero, mu gihe cy'isarura ry'umuceri, imirima iba itose kandi irimo ibyondo. Icyondo cyinjira mu ruhererekane, kivanze n'amavuta kugira ngo kibe umwanda, bigabanye ubukana bw'uruhererekane kandi byongera ingaruka mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha.

Nkuko bigaragara, imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ihura n'ingaruka nyinshi kandi zikomeye mu musaruro w'ubuhinzi. Ubudahangarwa bwazo bufitanye isano itaziguye n'imikorere myiza, igihe cyo gutanga serivisi, no gukomeza umusaruro w'ubuhinzi. Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwimbitse no kunoza ubudahangarwa bw'imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ni ingenzi cyane mu guteza imbere iterambere ry'imashini z'ubuhinzi rigezweho.

II. Gukuraho Ingaruka: "Ikoranabuhanga rikomeye" rishyigikira iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi

Ubudahangarwa bw'iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi mu guhangana n'ingaruka ntibugerwaho mu buryo butunguranye; ahubwo bugerwaho binyuze mu gushushanya imiterere ya siyansi, guhitamo ibikoresho byiza, no gukora ibintu bigezweho. Kugenzura neza buri ihuriro bitanga ubufasha bukomeye bwa tekiniki ku bushobozi bw'umunyururu mu guhangana n'ingaruka nyinshi.

(I) Imiterere myiza y'inyubako: Gukwirakwiza ingaruka no kugabanya ukwiyongera kw'imihangayiko
Kunoza Imiterere y'Imashini z'Ubuhinzi: Imashini z'ubuhinzi ni kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi bitwara imizigo by'umunyururu w'imashini z'ubuhinzi, kandi imiterere yayo igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buhanga bw'umunyururu. Iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi nziza cyane ikoresha igishushanyo cy'imashini z'ubuhinzi zikoresha ibice bitandukanye. Iki gishushanyo cyongera ubugari bw'imashini z'ubuhinzi mu bice bikomeye bitwara imihangayiko (nk'ibikikije amaso no ku nkengero) kugira ngo cyongere imbaraga zaho, mu gihe kigabanya ubunini mu bice bitari ingenzi kugira ngo kigabanye uburemere bw'umunyururu muri rusange. Iki gishushanyo ntigikwirakwiza gusa imitwaro y'ingaruka ahubwo kinagabanya uburemere bw'imihangayiko ku imashini z'ubuhinzi mu gihe cyo gukoresha imizigo, bikarinda kwangirika bitewe n'imihangayiko myinshi ikorerwa ahantu runaka. Byongeye kandi, zimwe mu mashini z'ubuhinzi zikora cyane zifite imashini z'ubuhinzi ...

Ukwinjira neza hagati y'udupira n'udupira: Udupira n'udupira ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bituma umugozi uzenguruka neza kandi ni ingenzi cyane mu kwihanganira ingaruka. Kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingaruka, imigozi y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ikoresha uburyo bwo guhuza udupira n'udupira, n'udupira n'udupira. Ibi bifasha guhuza neza kandi birinda gucika intege cyangwa gutandukana n'udupira tw'inkongi. Ubuso bw'udupira n'udupira bukorerwa mu buryo bunonosoye kugira ngo habeho umwanya umwe kandi uhagije hagati yatwo, bigabanye ingaruka n'igabanuka ry'igihe dukora. Byongeye kandi, imigozi imwe n'imwe ikoresha agapira kadashira hagati y'udupira n'udupira, ibyo bigatuma udupira tudashira gusa ariko nanone bigatuma udupira dushira ku rugero runaka, bigatuma ibice bimara igihe kirekire.

Igishushanyo cyihariye cya Roller: Roller zikora nk'uburyo bwo gukururana mu gihe cyo gushyiramo imigozi y'umunyururu n'umugozi, kandi imiterere yazo ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubudahangarwa bwazo. Imigozi y'imashini z'ubuhinzi nziza ifite inkuta zikomeye kugira ngo yongere imbaraga zazo zo gukanda no kudahangarwa n'inkongi, ikarinda guhindagurika cyangwa gusenyuka iyo igongana n'amenyo y'umugozi. Byongeye kandi, roller zirakomera kugira ngo zongere ubukana bw'ubuso kandi zigabanye kwangirika. Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira uruziga rugenzurwa cyane ku rugero ruto cyane, bigatuma amenyo y'umugozi arushaho gukururana neza kandi bikagabanya urusaku rw'inkongi n'imizigo mu gihe cyo gushyiramo imigozi.

(II) Guhitamo ibikoresho byiza cyane: Kubaka "urufatiro rukomeye rw'ibikoresho" byo kurwanya ingaruka

Ikoreshwa ry'Ibyuma Bikozwe mu Miterere ya Alloy: Ibice by'ingenzi by'iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi, nk'amasahani y'iminyururu, imigozi, n'udukingirizo, ahanini bikorerwa mu byuma by'imiterere bya alloy byiza cyane (nka 40MnB na 20CrMnTi). Ibi byuma bitanga imbaraga nyinshi, gukomera cyane, no gukomera neza. Nyuma yo gushyushya neza, bigumana imbaraga nyinshi ariko bikanatanga gukomera cyane, bikarinda kuvunika nabi mu gihe cy'imizigo. Urugero, nyuma yo gukaraba no kuzimya, icyuma cya 20CrMnTi gishobora kugira uburemere bwa HRC58-62, kigatanga ubushobozi bwo kudashira no kudacika intege neza, mu gihe igice cyo hagati gikomeza gukomera cyane, kikanyunyuza neza ingufu z'imizigo no kurwanya kwangirika kw'imizigo.

Gusuzuma no Gupima Ibikoresho mu buryo Bukomeye: Kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge, abakora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi bazwi bakora isuzuma n'igerageza rikomeye ry'ibikoresho fatizo. Kuva ku isesengura ry'imiterere y'icyuma, isuzuma ry'imiterere ya mashini (nk'imbaraga zo gukurura, imbaraga z'umusaruro, n'ubukomere bw'ingaruka), kugeza ku isuzuma ridasenya (nk'isuzuma rya ultrasound n'isuzuma ry'uduce twa magnetique), buri ntambwe igenzurwa cyane kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibikoresho bidafite ishingiro byinjira mu musaruro. Ibikoresho bitsinda ibi bizamini bikomeye ni byo byonyine bikoreshwa mu gukora ibice by'ingenzi by'imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi, bigashyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rwo kwirinda ingaruka z'umuyoboro.

(III) Uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bugezweho: Kunoza imikorere no kunoza imikorere
Uburyo bwo Gutunganya Ubushyuhe Bwiza: Gutunganya ubushyuhe ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kunoza imiterere y'imashini z'ubuhinzi zikora umunyururu w'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bushyuhe bw'uruhererekane. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bukoreshwa ku bice bitandukanye. Ibyuma by'uruhererekane bikunze kuzura burundu bigakurikirwa n'uburyo bwo gushyushya buri hagati, bikagera ku mbaraga nyinshi n'ubukomere runaka, bigatuma bihanganira imitwaro iremereye no kwihanganira impanuka. Udupira n'udupira bikorerwa mu buryo bwa carburizing bigakurikirwa n'uburyo bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe buke, bigatuma habaho urwego rwo gukomera cyane, rudashira hejuru mu gihe rugumana ubukomere bwiza mu gice cy'imbere. Mu gihe cy'impanuka, urwego rwo kudashira hejuru rugabanya kwangirika, mu gihe gukomera kw'igice cy'imbere bikuramo ingufu z'impanuka kandi bikarinda kwangirika kw'ibice. Udupira dusanzwe tunyura mu buryo bwa "closure" bigakurikirwa n'uburyo bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe buke, byongera ubukana bw'ubushyuhe no kudashira mu gihe bireba urwego runaka rw'ubukomere mu gice cy'imbere kugira ngo hirindwe ko uruhererekane rwangirika mu gihe cy'impanuka.

Imitako n'iteranya ry'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi: Uretse ibikoresho byiza cyane n'uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, imitako n'iteranya ry'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi by'ikoranabuhanga nabyo ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ko imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi idakora neza. Mu gihe cyo gukora, ibice bitunganywa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga nk'imashini zitunganya imashini za CNC na CNC grinders kugira ngo harebwe ko imiterere yazo ihuye n'ibisabwa mu miterere. Urugero, amakosa yo gupima umwobo w'amapine y'imitako agenzurwa muri ± 0.05mm, kandi ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira uburebure bw'imitako bugenzurwa muri ± 0.005mm. Ibi bituma umuyoboro ukora neza nyuma yo guteranya kandi bikagabanya imitwaro y'ingaruka iterwa n'amakosa yo mu mibare. Mu gihe cyo guteranya, ibikoresho byabugenewe byo guteranya n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa kugira ngo harebwe ko buri gice giteranya ari cyiza. Umuyoboro wateranijwe na wo ugeragezwa cyane (nk'uko uhinduka, imbaraga zo gukurura, no kudakora neza). Ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa gusa ni byo birekurwa, bikareba ko buri muyoboro w'imashini z'ubuhinzi ufite ubushobozi bwo kudakora neza.

III. Igenzura rya siyansi: Ni gute wapima ingaruka z'iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi irwanya?

Ubudahangarwa buhanitse bw'urunigi rw'imashini z'ubuhinzi ntibushobora kugaragazwa gusa binyuze mu gusuzuma ibintu; bugomba kwemezwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa siyansi n'ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gupima. Muri iki gihe, inganda zikoresha cyane cyane ibizamini bya laboratwari n'ibizamini byo mu murima kugira ngo zisuzume neza ingaruka z'urunigi rw'imashini z'ubuhinzi kugira ngo zirebe ko zujuje ibisabwa by'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi.

(I) Gupima muri Laboratwari: Gupima imikorere ikabije kugira ngo harebwe neza imikorere

Isuzuma rya laboratwari ryigana imiterere y’imigozi y’imashini z’ubuhinzi mu migozi itandukanye y’inkurikizi mu kirere gigenzurwa. Hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byihariye byo gupima, ubudahangarwa bw’inkurikizi bw’inkurikizi bushobora gupimwa neza, bigatanga inkunga y’amakuru ya siyansi yo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’inkurikizi.

Isuzuma ry'umutwaro w'ingaruka: Isuzuma ry'umutwaro w'ingaruka ni kimwe mu bizamini by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma ubudahangarwa bw'iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi. Mu gihe cyo kugerageza, umunyururu ushyirwa ku mashini yihariye isuzuma ingaruka, ikoresha imitwaro itandukanye y'ingaruka (igereranya imiterere itandukanye y'ingaruka ihura n'imashini z'ubuhinzi mu murima). Impinduka mu mihangayiko, imiterere y'impinduka, n'imiterere y'ivunika ry'umunyururu mu gihe cy'imitwaro y'ingaruka birafatwa. Mu gusesengura amakuru y'ibizamini, ibipimo by'ingenzi by'umunyururu nk'ubudahangarwa ntarengwa bw'umutwaro w'ingaruka n'ubukomere bw'ingaruka bishobora kumenyekana, bigasuzuma ubushobozi bw'umunyururu mu gihe cy'ingaruka zikomeye. Urugero, niba umunyururu w'imashini z'ubuhinzi ushobora kwihanganira umutwaro w'ingaruka wa 50kN ako kanya udacitse cyangwa ngo ugaragare mu gihe cyo kugerageza, ubudahangarwa bwawo burahagije ku bikorwa byinshi by'imashini z'ubuhinzi.

Isuzuma ry'Ingaruka z'Umunaniro: Imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ikunze gukorerwaho imitwaro ihoraho y'ingaruka mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, bigatuma isuzuma ry'ingaruka z'umunaniro rigira akamaro kanini. Isuzuma ry'ingaruka z'umunaniro rikubiyemo gushyira imitwaro ihoraho y'ingaruka ku muyoboro hakoreshejwe imashini ipima (igereranya ingaruka zose z'imikorere y'imashini z'ubuhinzi mu gihe kirekire) no kwandika impinduka mu mikorere y'umuyoboro (nk'ubusaza, impinduka zikomeye, n'impinduka) mu bihe bitandukanye kugeza igihe umuyoboro unaniriye. Isuzuma ry'ingaruka z'umunaniro rishobora gusuzuma igihe umuyoboro umara n'uburyo wizewe mu gihe kirekire, imitwaro ihoraho y'ingaruka, bigatanga icyitegererezo cyo guhitamo umuyoboro ukwiye. Urugero, umuyoboro umwe w'imashini z'ubuhinzi wakomeje gukora neza nta cyangiritse kigaragara nyuma yo gukorerwa ibizamini bya miliyoni 1 by'ingaruka z'umunaniro, bigaragaza ko umaze igihe kirekire kandi ko wizewe cyane.

Isuzuma ry’ingaruka z’ubushyuhe buke: Mu turere dukonje, imashini z’ubuhinzi zikora mu gihe cy’itumba ku bushyuhe buke, bishobora kugabanya ubukana bw’ibikoresho kandi bigashobora kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw’uruhererekane. Kubwibyo, isuzuma ry’ingaruka z’ubushyuhe buke ni isuzuma ry’ingenzi ryo gusuzuma ubushyuhe bw’uruhererekane rw’imashini z’ubuhinzi. Muri iki kizamini, uruhererekane rushyirwa mu cyumba gifite ubushyuhe buke kandi rugafatwa ku bushyuhe buke bwagenwe (nka -20°C cyangwa -30°C) mu gihe runaka kugeza igihe uruhererekane rugeze ku bushyuhe buke. Isuzuma ry’umutwaro w’ingaruka rikorwa kugira ngo harebwe ubushyuhe bw’uruhererekane mu bidukikije bifite ubushyuhe buke. Isuzuma ry’ingaruka z’ubushyuhe buke rituma imiyoboro y’imashini z’ubuhinzi igumana ubushyuhe bwiza mu gihe cy’itumba mu turere dukonje, hirindwa ko imiyoboro y’imashini z’ubuhinzi idashobora gucika bitewe n’ubushyuhe buke. (II) Isuzuma ry’umurima: Ihaza ibisabwa kandi ikemeza imikorere ifatika.

Nubwo ibizamini bya laboratwari bishobora gupima neza ubudahangarwa bw'urunigi, ntibishobora kwigana neza imiterere y'aho ubuhinzi bukorera. Kubwibyo, ibizamini byo mu murima ni inyongera y'ingenzi mu kugenzura ubudahangarwa bw'urunigi rw'imashini z'ubuhinzi, bigatanga ishusho nyayo y'imikorere y'urunigi mu musaruro nyawo w'ubuhinzi.

Igeragezwa mu bihe bitandukanye byo gutera ibihingwa: Imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi igeragezwa mu murima mu bihe bihuye n'ibyo mu murima, ikurikije imiterere y'ibihingwa bitandukanye, nk'ingano, umuceri, ibigori na soya. Urugero, mu gihe cyo gusarura ingano, umuyoboro ushyirwa ku cyuma gikusanya umusaruro kugira ngo harebwe uburyo gihagaze neza kandi kidahura n'ingaruka mu gihe cyo gusarura (mu gihe cy'ubucucike butandukanye bw'ibyatsi n'imimerere y'umurima ihindagurika). Mu gihe cyo gutera umuceri, imikorere y'uruhererekane mu gihe cy'ingaruka mu mirima y'ibishanga irageragezwa. Igeragezwa mu bihe bitandukanye byo gutera ibihingwa rigenzura ubushobozi bw'uruhererekane n'ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingaruka mu bihe bitandukanye byo gukora, rikemeza ubushobozi bwarwo bwo guhaza ibikenewe bitandukanye by'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi. Isuzuma ry'igihe kirekire rikorwa: Mu musaruro w'ubuhinzi mu buryo busanzwe, imashini z'ubuhinzi zikunze gukora igihe kirekire (urugero, mu gihe cy'ubuhinzi buhuze, imashini ikusanya umusaruro ishobora gukenera gukora amasaha arenga 10 ku munsi). Muri iki gihe cyo gukora igihe cyose, uruhererekane rukorerwamo ingaruka zihoraho, rugerageza cyane uburyo rudahura n'ingaruka n'uburyo rwizewe. Kubwibyo, imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ikorerwa isuzuma ry'imikorere ihoraho igihe kirekire, ikandika impinduka mu mikorere (nk'uburebure bw'umuyoboro, kwangirika kw'ibice, no kuba hari amakosa) nyuma y'amasaha 100, 200, cyangwa ndetse menshi y'imikorere ihoraho. Iri suzuma ry'imikorere ihoraho igihe kirekire ridufasha gusuzuma kuramba kw'umuyoboro n'ingaruka zawo mu mikoreshereze nyayo, rigaha abakoresha icyerekezo cy'imikorere gihuye neza n'ikoreshwa nyaryo.

Isuzuma ry’imikorere rikabije: Kugira ngo harebwe neza niba imiyoboro y’imashini z’ubuhinzi irwanya ingaruka, isuzuma ry’imirima rikorwa mu bihe bikomeye byo gukora. Urugero, mu turere dufite ubutaka bukomeye cyane n’amabuye menshi, imikorere y’umuyoboro iterwa n’ingaruka zikomeye zo kudakurura igihe traktori ikurura isuka irageragezwa. Ku misozi miremire, imikorere y’umuyoboro iterwa n’imbaraga zikomoka ku kugorama no kuhindagurika k’umuvuduko mu gihe cyo kuzamuka no kumanuka irageragezwa. Ibi bihe bikomeye byo gukora bigaragaza neza ibibazo bishobora kubaho byo kudakomera ku ngaruka z’umuyoboro, bitanga ishingiro ryo kunoza no kunoza imiyoboro. Binatuma abakoresha basobanukirwa neza ubushobozi bukabije bw’umuyoboro, bikarinda ko ibikoresho byangirika bitewe no kurenza ubushobozi bw’umuyoboro mu gihe cy’ibikorwa nyabyo.

IV. Akamaro gafatika ko kurwanya ingaruka: Ibyiza byinshi ku musaruro w'ubuhinzi

Ubudahangarwa bwiza bw’inkurikizi si ikimenyetso cy’ubwiza bw’imashini z’ubuhinzi gusa, ahubwo binazana inyungu zigaragara ku musaruro w’ubuhinzi, kuva ku kunoza imikorere no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kugeza ku mutekano, no gushyigikira imikorere myiza y’imashini z’ubuhinzi.

(I) Kunoza Imikorere y'Imashini z'Ubuhinzi no Kwemeza Iterambere

Igihe cyo guhinga ni ingenzi cyane. Mu buhinzi, kubura igihe cyiza cyo gutera, gufumbira, no gusarura akenshi bituma umusaruro ugabanuka. Iyo imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi idafite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingaruka, ikunze kunanirwa (nk'imiyoboro yacitse n'imigozi igwa) mu gihe cyo gukora, bigasaba igihe cyo gusana. Ibi ntibipfa ubusa gusa ahubwo bishobora no gutuma ibihe by'isarura bibura ndetse n'igihombo cy'amafaranga ku bahinzi. Imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingaruka nyinshi ituma imikorere ihoraho mu murima, ikagabanya neza igihe cyo kubura giterwa n'ingaruka nyinshi. Ikomeza gukora neza nubwo yahura n'ingaruka zikomeye, igakomeza gukora neza kandi neza imashini z'ubuhinzi, ifasha abahinzi kurangiza imirimo y'ubuhinzi ku gihe, ikagira iterambere, kandi igashyiraho urufatiro rw'umusaruro mwinshi kandi uhoraho w'ibihingwa. Urugero, mu gihe cy'isarura ry'ingano nyinshi, imashini ihuza ingano ifite umuyoboro urwanya ingaruka cyane ishobora gukora neza iminsi myinshi, yirinda gutinda guterwa n'ingaruka mbi z'umuyoboro. Ugereranyije n'imashini zikoresha imiyoboro isanzwe, ubu buryo bushobora kunoza imikorere ku kigero cya 10%-20%. (II) Kongera igihe cy'imiyoboro no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga
Gusimbuza no kubungabunga imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi bisaba abakozi benshi, ibikoresho, n'amafaranga. Niba igihe cy'uruhererekane ari gito, gusimbuza kenshi ntibyongera ikiguzi cy'umusaruro w'abahinzi gusa ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'imashini z'ubuhinzi. Imiyoboro y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ifite ubudahangarwa bukomeye ku ngaruka, bitewe n'imiterere yayo myiza, ibikoresho byiza, n'uburyo bugezweho bwo gukora, irwanya kwangirika kw'imitwaro y'ingaruka, igabanya ubusaza n'umunaniro w'uruhererekane, kandi yongera cyane igihe cyo kuyikoresha. Urugero, nubwo imiyoboro isanzwe y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ishobora kugira igihe cyo kuyikoresha cy'amasaha 300-500 gusa mu gihe cy'imbeho mbi, imiyoboro ifite ubudahangarwa bukomeye ku ngaruka ishobora kongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha kugeza ku masaha 800-1000, cyangwa ndetse n'igihe kirekire. Byongeye kandi, imiyoboro ifite ubudahangarwa bwinshi ku ngaruka ifite igipimo gito cyo kwangirika mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, bigabanya umubare n'ikiguzi cyo kuyisana no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kuyisana ku bahinzi. Urugero, niba ikiguzi cyo kuyisana buri mwaka cya traktori bitewe n'intege nke z'uruhererekane ari 2.000 yuan, gukoresha imiyoboro ifite ingaruka nyinshi bishobora kugabanya iki kiguzi kikagera munsi ya 500 yuan, bigatuma abahinzi batakaza amafaranga arenga 1.500 yuan mu mafaranga yo kuyisana buri mwaka.

(III) Kugenzura umutekano w'imikorere y'imashini z'ubuhinzi no kugabanya impanuka z'umutekano
Mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa ry'imashini z'ubuhinzi, iyo umunyururu ucitse mu buryo butunguranye bitewe no kudakora neza kw'inkongi, ntabwo bishobora gusa guteza ikibazo cy'ibikoresho ahubwo bishobora no guteza impanuka. Urugero, iyo umunyururu w'imashini itunganya umusaruro ucitse mu buryo butunguranye mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa ry'umuvuduko mwinshi, umunyururu wacitse ushobora gutabwa hanze ugakubita ibindi bice by'imashini cyangwa abakozi begereye, bigatera kwangirika kw'ibikoresho cyangwa abakomeretse. Umunyururu w'imashini z'ubuhinzi, hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bwazo bwiza bwo guhangana n'inkongi, bigatuma zidahura n'ingaruka zikomeye nko kwangirika gutunguranye, bikagabanya neza ibyago by'impanuka. Byongeye kandi, imikorere yazo ihamye ituma imashini z'ubuhinzi zikora neza, bikagabanya amakosa mu mikorere aterwa no gusimbuka kw'iminyururu no gufungana, bigakomeza kurinda umutekano w'imashini z'ubuhinzi no kurinda neza ubuzima n'imitungo y'abahinzi. (IV) Kunoza imikorere rusange y'imashini z'ubuhinzi no guteza imbere iterambere ry'imashini z'ubuhinzi.

Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu yo kohereza imashini z'ubuhinzi, imikorere y'iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere rusange y'imashini z'ubuhinzi. Iminyururu y'imashini z'ubuhinzi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingaruka nziza itanga ingufu zihamye kandi zizewe zo kohereza imashini z'ubuhinzi, bigatuma imashini z'ubuhinzi zishobora gukoresha neza imikorere yazo mu bihe bigoye. Urugero, amatarakiteri afite iminyururu y'imashini z ...

V. Umwanzuro: Kurwanya Ingaruka – “Umuyoboro w’ubuzima” w’iminyururu y’imashini z’ubuhinzi

Kubera ko imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi zigenda ziyongera, kurwanya ingaruka z'iminyururu y'imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, nk' "umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi" w'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, byarushijeho kuba ingenzi. Kuva ku kurwanya ingaruka z'ubutaka bugoye, kwihanganira ihindagurika rikomeye ry'imizigo ikoreshwa, no kurwanya isuri mu bidukikije bikomeye, kurwanya ingaruka nziza ni "inzira y'ibanze" y'iminyururu y'imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi kugira ngo ikore neza mu musaruro w'ubuhinzi.