Uburyo bwo kumenya umutekano w'umunyururu utembera

Uburyo bwo kumenya umutekano w'umunyururu utembera

Mu buryo bwo kohereza ibikoresho mu nganda, umutekano w'umuyoboro w'ibyuma ugena neza uburyo ibikoresho bihagaze, igihe bimara, n'umutekano w'umukoresha. Byaba ari ugutwara ibikoresho mu buryo bukomeye mu mashini zicukura cyangwa gutwara ibikoresho neza mu buryo bwikora, umutekano ushyirwaho nabi ushobora gutuma umuyoboro ucika vuba, igihe ibikoresho bidakora, ndetse n'impanuka. Iyi ngingo izasobanura neza uburyo bwo kumenya umutekano w'umuyoboro w'ibyuma, kuva ku ngingo z'ibanze, intambwe z'ingenzi, ibintu bigira ingaruka, kugeza ku nama zifatika, kugira ngo bifashe injeniyeri, abaguzi, n'abashinzwe kubungabunga ibikoresho gufata ibyemezo nyabyo byo guhitamo.

I. Ubumenyi bw'ibanze ku kintu cy'umutekano: Impamvu ari "inzira y'ubuzima" yo guhitamo iminyururu y'urushundura

Ikintu cy’umutekano (SF) ni igipimo cy’ubushobozi nyabwo bwo gutwara imizigo bw’umunyururu ugereranije n’umutwaro nyawo w’akazi. Mu by’ukuri, gitanga "umupaka w’umutekano" ku mikorere y’umunyururu. Ntabwo gikuraho gusa ibintu bitazwi neza nko guhinduka kw’imizigo no kwivanga kw’ibidukikije, ahubwo kinagaragaza ingaruka zishobora kubaho nko amakosa yo gukora iminyururu no gutandukana kw’imitako. Ni ikimenyetso cy’ingenzi cyo kuringaniza umutekano n’ikiguzi.

1.1 Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi by'Umutekano
Uburyo bwo kubara ikintu cy'umutekano ni ubu: Ikintu cy'umutekano (SF) = Ubushobozi bw'umutwaro w'umunyururu (Fₙ) / Umutwaro w'imikorere nyayo (F_w).
Ubushobozi bwo gupima uburemere (Fₙ): Bigenwa n'uruganda rukora urunigi hashingiwe ku bikoresho, imiterere (nk'umurambararo w'ubunini n'umurambararo w'urukiramende), n'uburyo rukorwa, ubusanzwe rukubiyemo igipimo cy'umutwaro uhinduka (umutwaro ujyanye n'igihe cyo kunanirwa) n'igipimo cy'umutwaro uhoraho (umutwaro ujyanye n'igihe cyo kuvunika ako kanya). Ibi biboneka mu katalogu z'ibicuruzwa cyangwa mu bipimo ngenderwaho nka GB/T 1243 na ISO 606.
Umutwaro Nyawe w'Umurimo (F_w): Umutwaro ntarengwa umuyoboro ushobora kwihanganira mu mikorere nyayo. Iki kintu kireba ibintu nko gutangira gushoka, kurenza urugero, n'ihindagurika ry'imiterere y'imikorere, aho kwita ku mutwaro ubarwa mu buryo bw'imitekerereze gusa.

1.2 Amahame ngenderwaho y’inganda ku bintu byemewe by’umutekano
Ibisabwa ku bintu by’umutekano biratandukanye cyane mu bihe bitandukanye byo gukoreshwa. Kwerekeza ku "bintu byemewe by’umutekano" byagenwe n’amahame y’inganda cyangwa amahame y’inganda ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa yo guhitamo. Ibi bikurikira ni icyitegererezo ku bintu byemewe by’umutekano ku mikorere isanzwe (hashingiwe kuri GB/T 18150 n’imikorere y’inganda):

II. Intambwe 4 z'ingenzi zo kumenya ibintu by'umutekano w'umunyururu w'urukiramende

Kumenya uburyo umutekano uhagaze si uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha formula; bisaba isesengura ry'intambwe ku yindi rishingiye ku mikorere nyayo kugira ngo hamenyekane amakuru nyayo kandi yizewe ku mutwaro kuri buri ntambwe. Ubu buryo bukurikira bukoreshwa ku bikorwa byinshi by'inganda bikoresha urunigi rw'imizingo.

Intambwe ya 1: Menya ubushobozi bw'umutwaro w'urunigi rw'imizigo (Fₙ).
Shyira imbere gushaka amakuru aturutse mu kataloge y'ibicuruzwa by'uruganda. Witondere "isuzuma ry'umutwaro uhindagurika" (ubusanzwe rijyanye n'amasaha 1000 y'igihe cy'umunaniro) n'"isuzuma ry'umutwaro uhoraho" (rijyanye n'ivunika ry'umutwaro uhoraho) byanditse kuri kataloge. Ibyo byombi bigomba gukoreshwa ukwabyo (isuzuma ry'umutwaro uhoraho ku miterere y'umutwaro uhoraho, isuzuma ry'umutwaro uhoraho ku miterere y'umutwaro uhoraho cyangwa imigendekere y'umuvuduko muto).
Niba amakuru y'icyitegererezo abuze, imibare ishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu. Dufashe urugero rwa GB/T 1243, igipimo cy'umutwaro uhindagurika w'umunyururu (F₁) gishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe formula: F₁ = 270 × (d₁)¹.⁸ (d₁ ni umurambararo wa pini, muri mm). Igipimo cy'umutwaro uhoraho (F₂) kingana hafi inshuro 3-5 igipimo cy'umutwaro uhindagurika (bitewe n'ibikoresho; inshuro 3 ku cyuma cya karuboni n'inshuro 5 ku cyuma cya alloy).

Gukosora imiterere yihariye y'imikorere: Iyo urunigi rukora mu bushyuhe burenga 120°C, cyangwa niba hari ingese (nk'ahantu hakorerwa imiti), cyangwa niba hari ivumbi, ubushobozi bwo gutwara bugomba kugabanuka. Muri rusange, ubushobozi bwo gutwara bugabanukaho 10%-15% kuri buri 100°C yiyongereyeho ubushyuhe; mu hantu hakorerwa ingese, igabanuka ni 20%-30%.

Intambwe ya 2: Kubara Umutwaro Nyawo w'Umurimo (F_w)
Umutwaro nyawo w'akazi ni ihinduka ry'ingenzi mu kubara ibintu by'umutekano kandi ugomba kubarwa neza hashingiwe ku bwoko bw'ibikoresho n'imiterere y'imikorere. Irinde gukoresha "umutwaro w'ishingiro" nk'inyongera. Menya umutwaro w'ibanze (F₀): Bara umutwaro w'ishingiro hashingiwe ku ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho. Urugero, umutwaro w'ibanze w'umunyururu w'inyuma = uburemere bw'ibikoresho + uburemere bw'umunyururu + uburemere bw'umukandara w'inyuma (byose bibarwa kuri metero imwe); umutwaro w'ibanze w'umunyururu w'inyuma = imbaraga za moteri × 9550 / (umuvuduko wa sprocket × ubushobozi bwo kohereza).
Igipimo cy'umutwaro gishyizwe hejuru (K): Iki gipimo cyibanda ku mitwaro y'inyongera mu gihe cy'imikorere nyayo. Ifishi ni F_w = F₀ × K, aho K ari igipimo cy'umutwaro gihujwe kandi kigomba gutoranywa hashingiwe ku miterere y'imikorere:
Igipimo cy'ihungabana ryo gutangira (K₁): 1.2-1.5 ku bikoresho byo gutangiza buhoro na 1.5-2.5 ku bikoresho byo gutangiza bitambitse.
Igipimo cyo gutwika ibintu byinshi (K₂): 1.0-1.2 kugira ngo ikore neza kandi idahindagurika, na 1.2-1.8 kugira ngo ikore cyane (urugero: crusher).
Igipimo cy'imiterere y'imikorere (K₃): 1.0 ku bidukikije bisukuye kandi byumye, 1.1-1.3 ku bidukikije bitose kandi byuzuyemo ivumbi, na 1.3-1.5 ku bidukikije byangiza.
Igipimo cy'umutwaro gihuriweho K = K₁ × K₂ × K₃. Urugero, ku mukandara w'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro utangiriraho, K = 2.0 (K₁) × 1.5 (K₂) × 1.2 (K₃) = 3.6.