Isesengura ry'Ubukungu ku Guhitamo Imiyoboro y'Amapine

Isesengura ry'Ubukungu ku Guhitamo Imiyoboro y'Amapine

Mu buryo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu nganda, iminyururu izunguruka, nk'igice cy'ingenzi gihuza ubwizerwe no guhinduka, ikoreshwa cyane mu nzego zitandukanye nko gukora imashini, ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, no gutwara ibintu.iminyururu y'ibizingo, amasosiyete akunze kugwa mu mutego wo guhitamo "ibiciro gusa" - yizera ko uko ikiguzi cyo kugura cya mbere kiri hasi, ari nako kirushaho kugabanuka, mu gihe yirengagiza amafaranga ahishe nko gutakaza igihe cyo gukora, ibiciro byo kubungabunga bizamuka, n'ingufu zishobora guterwa no guhitamo nabi. Guhitamo ubukungu nyakuri byibanda ku kurenga urwego rumwe rw'ikiguzi no gukoresha "Agaciro k'ubuzima (LCC)" nk'ingenzi kugira ngo hagerwe ku giciro cyiza mu nzira yose yo kugura, gukoresha, no kubungabunga. Iyi ngingo izasesengura ingenzi y'ubukungu mu guhitamo uruhererekane rw'imizigo uhereye ku nzego eshatu: logique yo guhitamo, ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka, n'amahame ngiro.

I. Ishingiro ry'Ubukungu: Guhunga umutego w'"Ikiguzi cy'ibanze"

"Ingufu mu by'ubukungu" z'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ntabwo ari igiciro cyo kugura gusa, ahubwo ni ukubara byuzuye "ishoramari rya mbere + ikiguzi cy'imikorere + igihombo cyihishe." Ibigo byinshi bihitamo imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ihendutse kugira ngo bigenzure ibiciro by'igihe gito, ariko bihura n'ingaruka nyinshi zo gusimbuza "buri mezi atatu," hamwe no gufunga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi bitewe no kubungabunga no kwiyongera kw'ikiguzi cy'abakozi, amaherezo bigatuma amafaranga yose akoreshwa arenga kure ayo imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite ubuziranenge.

Dufashe urugero rw'uruganda rutunganya ibice by'imodoka: Urunigi rudasanzwe rugura kuri yuan 800 rufite igihe cyo kubaho cy'amezi 6 gusa, bisaba gusimburwa kabiri mu mwaka. Igihe cyo gukora ku gihe cyo gukora ni amasaha 4. Hashingiwe ku musaruro w'isaha wa yuan 5000, igihombo cy'umwaka cyihishe kigera kuri yuan 40.000 (harimo n'abakozi bo kubungabunga n'igihombo cy'igihe cyo gukora), hamwe n'ishoramari ryose ry'umwaka rya 800×2+40000=41600 yuan. Mu buryo bunyuranye, guhitamo urunigi rwiza rukurikiza amahame ya DIN, hamwe n'igiciro cya mbere cyo kugura cya yuan 1500, igihe cyo gukora cy'amezi 24, gisaba gusanwa rimwe gusa mu mwaka n'amasaha 2 yo gukora ku gihe cyo gukora, bitanga ishoramari ryose ry'umwaka rya 1500÷2+20000=20750 yuan. Igabanuka ry'ikiguzi muri rusange mu myaka ibiri rirenga 50%.

Kubwibyo, ikibazo nyamukuru mu guhitamo si "ihenze ugereranyije n'ihendutse," ahubwo ni uburinganire hagati y'"ishoramari ry'igihe gito" n'"agaciro k'igihe kirekire." Igiciro cy'ubuzima bwose (LCC) = Igiciro cyo kugura bwa mbere + Igiciro cyo gushyiramo + Igiciro cyo kubungabunga + Igihombo cyo mu gihe cyo kudakora + Igiciro cy'ingufu + Igiciro cyo kujugunya. Guhitamo urunigi rushingiye kuri iyi formula ni byo byonyine bishobora gutuma umusaruro w'ubukungu urushaho kwiyongera.

II. Ibintu bine by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'ubukungu mu guhitamo uruhererekane rw'imikoreshereze y'umutungo

1. Guhuza neza umutwaro n'imbaraga: Kwirinda "Gushushanya birenze urugero" na "Gushushanya bidakurikije urugero" Imbaraga z'umunyururu zigomba guhuzwa neza n'umutwaro nyawo; iyi ni yo shingiro ry'ubushobozi buke mu by'ubukungu. Gukurikirana "imbaraga nyinshi" mu buryo butari bwo no guhitamo icyitegererezo cy'umunyururu urenze cyane ibyo ukeneye (urugero, guhitamo umunyururu ufite umutwaro wa 100kN ku mutwaro nyawo wa 50kN) byongera ikiguzi cyo kugura ho ibirenze 30%. Muri icyo gihe, uburemere bw'umunyururu bwiyongera buzongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara, bigatuma ingufu zikoreshwa buri mwaka ziyongeraho 8%-12%. Ku rundi ruhande, guhitamo umunyururu udakomeye bihagije bizatuma habaho gucika intege, kwangirika kw'umunyururu vuba cyane, kandi kubura agaciro k'umusaruro kuri buri saha yo kuruhuka bishobora kungana n'inshuro nyinshi igiciro cyo kugura cy'umunyururu ubwawo.

Mu guhitamo icyitegererezo, ni ngombwa kubara igipimo cy’umutekano hashingiwe ku byiciro by’imbaraga z’amahame mpuzamahanga (nka DIN, ASIN) n’ibipimo nk’umutwaro ugenwe, umutwaro w’ingaruka, n’umutwaro w’ingufu uhita uhinduka mu bihe by’akazi (igipimo cy’umutekano cya ≥1.5 ni cyo gisabwa ku bintu by’inganda na ≥2.0 ku bintu by’ingenzi). Urugero, umuyoboro wa 12A series roller chain (pitch 19.05mm) ukwiriye koherezwa mu buryo buringaniye, mu gihe 16A series (pitch 25.4mm) ikwiriye ku bintu by’ingenzi. Guhuza neza bishobora kugenzura ibiciro by’ibanze no kwirinda igihombo cyihishe giterwa n’imbaraga zidahagije.

2. Guhindura Imiterere y'Umurimo: Guhitamo ibikoresho n'imiterere y'ibikoresho bitandukanye Imiterere y'umurimo itandukanye ishyira ibisabwa bitandukanye cyane ku bikoresho n'imiterere y'iminyururu y'ibyuma. Kwirengagiza imiterere y'imikorere mu gihe cyo guhitamo bizagabanya ubuzima bw'iminyururu kandi byongera ikiguzi cyo kuyisana: Ku miterere isanzwe y'umurimo (ubushyuhe busanzwe, ubwumye, umutwaro woroshye kugeza kuri hagati): iminyururu y'ibyuma bya karuboni irahagije, itanga igipimo cyiza cy'ikiguzi n'imikorere, ikiguzi gito cyo kugura mbere, kuyisana byoroshye, n'igihe cyo kuyikoresha cy'imyaka 1-2; Ku miterere y'imirimo yangiza/ifite ubushuhe (imiti, gutunganya ibiribwa, ibikoresho byo hanze): iminyururu y'ibyuma bya karuboni cyangwa iminyururu ifite uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese hejuru (ifite galvanised, chrome-plated) irakenewe. Igiciro cya mbere cyo kugura iyi minyururu kiri hejuru ya 20%-40% ugereranyije n'iminyururu y'ibyuma bya karuboni, ariko igihe cyo kuyikoresha gishobora kongerwaho inshuro 3-5, hirindwa igihombo cy'igihe cyo kuruhuka n'ikiguzi cy'abakozi giterwa no gusimbuza kenshi.
Ku bijyanye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi/ivumbi (ibyuma, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro): iminyururu ikozwe mu byuma birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa ifite inyubako zifunze igomba gutoranywa. Igishushanyo mbonera gifunze kigabanya ivumbi ryinjira mu byuma bifunga iminyururu, kigabanya umuvumbi wo kwangirika, cyongera igihe cyo kubungabunga kuva ku mezi 3 kugeza ku mezi 12, kandi kigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga buri mwaka ho hejuru ya 60%.
Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu kure (gutondekanya ibikoresho, imashini z'ubuhinzi): Imiyoboro y'itumanaho ifite uburebure bubiri ni amahitamo ahendutse. Ifite uburebure bunini, uburemere bworoshye, ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu buke, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu rito 15% ugereranije n'imiyoboro isanzwe y'imashini, ikwirakwizwa ry'imizigo ringana, kandi iramba ku kigero cya 20%.

3. Igipimo cy'ibikoresho n'imikorere myiza yo kohereza: Ibiciro by'ingufu bihishe
Uguhuza igipimo cy'ibikoresho hagati y'umunyururu w'umuzingo n'umunyururu bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza y'umunyururu, kandi igihombo mu mikorere gihita kivamo ikiguzi cy'ingufu. Imiterere idahwitse y'igipimo cy'ibikoresho (nk'uko umunyururu utari uhuye n'umubare w'amenyo y'umunyururu n'umubare w'amenyo y'umunyururu) ishobora gutuma habaho guhindagurika nabi, kwiyongera kw'ingufu zigenda zihindagurika, no kugabanuka kwa 5%-10% mu mikorere myiza y'umunyururu. Ku gikoresho cya 15kW gikora amasaha 8000 buri mwaka, buri kugabanuka kwa 1% mu mikorere bituma habaho amashanyarazi yinyongeraho 1200kWh ku mwaka. Ku giciro cy'amashanyarazi mu nganda cya 0.8 yuan/kWh, ibi bivuze ko ari yuan 960 z'inyongera ku mwaka.

Mu guhitamo sprocket, hagomba gukurikizwa "ihame ryo gushushanya igipimo cy'ibicuruzwa": umubare w'amenyo ya sprocket ugomba kuba hagati y'amenyo 17 na 60 kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika cyane k'umunyururu bitewe n'amenyo make cyangwa kwiyongera k'ubudahangarwa bw'amenyo bitewe n'amenyo menshi. Muri icyo gihe, guhitamo umunyururu w'amenyo ufite imiterere y'amenyo menshi kandi ufite amakosa make (nk'umunyururu w'amapine magufi wa A-series) bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo guhuza neza, bigatuza ubushobozi bwo gutumanaho hejuru ya 95%, kandi bikagabanya cyane ikiguzi cy'ingufu mu gihe kirekire.

4. Koroshya Ubuvuzi: "Inyungu Yihishe" yo Kugabanya Igihe cyo Kuruhuka Igihe cyo Kuruhuka cyo kubungabunga ni "umwobo wijimye w'ikiguzi" mu musaruro w'inganda, kandi imiterere y'iminyururu y'iminyururu igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza yo kubungabunga. Urugero, iminyururu y'iminyururu ifite iminyururu ihuza iminyururu ituma iminyururu ihinduka vuba, ikagabanya igihe cyo kuyisesa no kuyiteranya, kandi ikagabanya igihe kimwe cyo kuyisana kuva ku masaha 2 kugeza ku minota 30. Byongeye kandi, imiterere y'iminyururu ihuza iminyururu ikuraho gukenera gusimbuza iminyururu yose; iminyururu ishaje gusa ni yo igomba gusimburwa, bigagabanya ikiguzi cyo kuyisana ho 70%.

Byongeye kandi, hagomba kwitabwaho uburyo ibice byambara bihinduka: guhitamo iminyururu ijyanye n'amahame mpuzamahanga bituma habaho uburyo bworoshye bwo kugura ibice byambara ku isi nka links, rollers, na pin, birinda igihe kirekire cyo kudakora bitewe n'ibura ry'ibice. Serivisi zo guhinduranya ibikoresho za OEM/ODM zitangwa n'ibigo bimwe na bimwe zishobora kunoza imiterere y'iminyururu hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'ibikoresho, bigakomeza koroshya kubungabunga.

III. Ibitekerezo bitatu bidasanzwe mu guhitamo imiyoboro igamije ubukungu bwiza, bigwa mu mutego wa 90% by'ibigo

1. Gukurikirana ibiciro biri hasi mu buryo butari bwo: Kwirengagiza amahame n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko
Iminyururu ihendutse idasanzwe ikunze guca impande mu bikoresho (ikoresheje icyuma gito cya karuboni) n'uburyo bwo kuyitunganya (gushyushya ku buryo butari bwiza). Nubwo ikiguzi cyo kugura cya mbere kiri hasi hagati ya 30% na 50%, igihe cyo kubaho ni 1/3 gusa cy'igihe cy'umunyururu usanzwe, kandi ikunze kwangirika, gufungana, n'izindi ngorane, bigatuma umurongo w'umusaruro uhagarara mu buryo butunguranye. Igihombo cyo mu gihe kimwe cyo kudakora gishobora kurenza cyane igiciro cyo kugura cy'umunyururu.

2. Gushushanya ibintu byinshi: Guharanira imbaraga "zirenze urugero"
Amwe mu masosiyete, kubera "umutekano," ahitamo mu buryo buhumyi imiyoboro ifite imizigo irenze ubushobozi busanzwe. Ibi ntibyongera gusa ikiguzi cyo kugura ahubwo binatuma ingufu zikoreshwa cyane bitewe n'uburemere bukabije bw'umuyoboro n'ubudahangarwa bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa, amaherezo bigatera ikiguzi cyo gukora mu gihe kirekire.

3. Kwirengagiza ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga: Kwibanda gusa ku "bushobozi bwo kwishyura", aho kwibanda ku "gusana"
Kunanirwa gutekereza ku buryo bworoshye bwo kubungabunga no kugorwa no kugura ibikoresho bisimbura ibindi mu gihe cyo guhitamo bituma nyuma yaho bitwara igihe kinini kandi bigatwara amafaranga menshi. Urugero, isosiyete y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro yakoresheje uburyo bwo gupima ibyuma bisimbura ibindi. Nyuma yo kwangirika, byabaye ngombwa ko itumiza ibikoresho bisimbura ibindi mu mahanga, igihe cyo gutegereza kingana n’ukwezi kumwe, bituma imiyoboro y’ibikoresho ihagarara ndetse n’igihombo gikomeye.

IV. Amahame Ngenderwaho yo Guhitamo Iminyururu Ihenze mu Buryo Buhendutse

Guhitamo hakoreshejwe amakuru: Sobanura neza ibipimo by'ingenzi nk'umutwaro, umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, n'ibidukikije byangiza mu mikorere nyayo. Huza ibi n'ibipimo by'ibikoresho n'intoki kugira ngo umenye imbaraga z'umunyururu, ubunini, n'ibikenewe mu bikoresho, wirinde guhitamo hashingiwe ku bunararibonye.

Shyira imbere amahame mpuzamahanga: Hitamo iminyururu igendera ku mahame mpuzamahanga nka DIN na ASIN kugira ngo urebe ko ibikoresho, imikorere, n'ubuziranenge byujuje ibisabwa, biha agaciro ubuzima n'ubwizerwe, ariko kandi byorohereza kugura ibice byangiritse.

Barura Igiciro cy'Ingengo y'Imari y'Ubuzima: Gereranya ikiguzi cy'itangira ry'ibiciro byo kugura, icyiciro cyo kubungabunga, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, n'igihombo cy'igihe cyo kuruhuka cy'imiyoboro itandukanye, uhitemo amahitamo hamwe na LCC yo hasi, aho kureba gusa igiciro cyo kugura.

Uburyo bwihariye bwo Guhindura Imiterere y'Umurimo: Ku bijyanye n'imiterere yihariye y'akazi (nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ingese, no gutwara ibintu kure), hitamo ibisubizo byihariye (nk'ibikoresho byihariye, imiterere yo gufunga, n'ibipimo by'ibikoresho byabugenewe) kugira ngo wirinde ko iminyururu ikoreshwa muri rusange idakora neza cyangwa ngo ikore neza.