Ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'uruhererekane rw'imizingo: ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ryo kunoza imikorere

Ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'uruhererekane rw'imizingo: ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ryo kunoza imikorere

Intangiriro
Nk'igice cy'imashini gikoreshwa cyane mu buryo bwo kohereza no gutwara ibintu mu nganda, imikorere n'ubuzima bwacyoumunyururu w'ibizingoni ingenzi cyane mu mikorere ihamye y'ibikoresho. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere y'iminyururu y'ibizingo. Mu guhindura imiterere y'ibikoresho, imbaraga, ubukana, kudashira ndetse n'igihe umuruho w'iminyururu y'ibizingo umara ushobora kunozwa cyane.

1. Ibitekerezo by'ibanze byo kuvura ubushyuhe bw'uruhererekane rw'imizingo
Gutunganya ubushyuhe ni uburyo bwo gutunganya buhindura imiterere y'imbere y'ibikoresho by'icyuma binyuze mu gushyushya, gushyushya no gukonjesha kugira ngo bibone imikorere ikenewe. Ku minyururu izunguruka, gutunganya ubushyuhe ntibishobora kunoza imiterere yabyo gusa, ahubwo binanongera ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kudashira no kumara igihe kinini binaniwe, kugira ngo bibashe kwimenyereza imiterere itandukanye y'akazi.

2. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ku minyururu izunguruka
(I) Kuzimya no gushyushya
Uburyo bwo kuzimya
Gushyushya: Shyushya umuyoboro w'ingunguru ku bushyuhe bukwiye, akenshi hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Ac1. Guhitamo ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya biterwa n'imiterere y'ibikoresho by'umuyoboro w'ingunguru n'ibipimo by'imikorere bikenewe.
Gukingira: Umaze kugera ku bushyuhe bwo kuzimya, komeza igihe runaka cyo gukingira kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw'imbere bw'umunyururu w'ingufu bube bumwe.
Kuzimya: Umunyururu winjira vuba mu cyuma gikonjesha nk'amazi, amavuta cyangwa amazi y'umunyu. Guhitamo cyuma gikonjesha bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko wo gukonjesha no ku buryo butuma amazi akomera nyuma yo kuzimya. Amazi afite umuvuduko wo gukonjesha wihuta cyane, ariko ashobora gutera umuvuduko mwinshi imbere; amavuta agira umuvuduko wo gukonjesha ugabanuka kandi umuvuduko muto imbere nyuma yo kuzimya.
Imikorere: Intego nyamukuru yo kuzimya ni ukunoza ubukana n'imbaraga by'umunyururu w'urukiramende. Binyuze mu gukonjesha vuba, ingingo zikomeye ziremwa hejuru no imbere mu munyururu w'urukiramende, bityo bikanoza ubushobozi bwawo bwo kudashira no kudakora neza.
Uburyo bwo gushyushya
Gushyushya: Umuyoboro w'amazi ushyushye kugeza ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya Ac1. Guhitamo ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya biterwa n'ubukana n'ubukomere bikenewe. Muri rusange, uko ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya buri hejuru, niko ubukana bugabanuka kandi ubukomere burushaho kuba bwiza.
Kubungabunga ubushyuhe: Bika ku bushyuhe bushyushye mu gihe runaka kugira ngo umunyururu w'umuzingo ukomeze gutera imbere.
Gukonjesha: Gukonjesha buhoro buhoro kugeza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba nyuma yo gukonjesha.
Imikorere: Intego nyamukuru yo gukonjesha ni ukugabanya umuvuduko w'imbere uterwa no kuzimya no guhindura ubukana n'ubukomere bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende. Binyuze mu kuvura gukonjesha, umunyururu w'urukiramende ushobora kugira imikorere myiza kandi ukagabanya ibyago byo kwangirika no kuvunika mu gihe cyo kuwukoresha.
(II) Uburyo bwo gukomeretsa ubuso
Kuzimya ubuso
Gushyushya ubuso hakoreshejwe induction: Hashingiwe ku ihame rya induction electromagnetic, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyura mu cyuma gishyushya ukoresheje induction coil kugira ngo habeho imbaraga za rukuruzi zisimburana, bityo ubuso bw'urunigi rw'umunyururu bugatanga imiyoboro ya eddy kandi igashyuha vuba. Ibyiza byo gushyushya hakoreshejwe induction ni umuvuduko wihuse wo gushyushya, kugenzura ubushyuhe neza, no kuzimya vuba ubuso bwo mu gace.
Gushyushya ubuso bw'umuriro: Koresha imbunda ishyushya ubuso bw'umunyururu hanyuma ukabikonjesha vuba. Ibyiza byo gushyushya ubuso bw'umuriro ni ibikoresho byoroshye no gukoresha neza, bikaba bikwiriye kuzimya ubuso bw'umunyururu munini cyangwa uduce duto.
Imikorere: Kuzimya ubuso bishobora kunoza cyane ubukana no kudashira kw'ubuso bw'umunyururu w'umuzingo. Iyo ushyizwe mu mitwaro isimburana n'imitwaro y'impanuka, umunyururu w'umuzingo nyuma yo kuzimya ubuso ushobora kwirinda kwangirika no kwangirika k'umunaniro.
Gushyiramo kaburimbo no gusiga nitride
Uburyo bwo gushyiramo kaburimbo: Umunyururu w'umuzunguruko ushyirwa mu buryo burimo ibintu bya karuboni, hanyuma atome za karuboni zikinjizwa mu buso bw'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo habeho urwego rukomeye rwa karuboni nyinshi. Umunyururu w'umuzunguruko nyuma yo gushyiramo kaburimbo ubusanzwe ugomba kuzimwa no koroshywa kugira ngo wongere ubukana bw'ubuso bwawo no kudashira.
Uburyo bwo gusiga nitride: Shyira umuyoboro w'urukiramende mu buryo burimo azote, hanyuma ureke atome za azote zinjire mu buso bw'umuyoboro w'urukiramende ku bushyuhe runaka kugira ngo bikore urwego rukomeye rwa nitride. Umuyoboro w'urukiramende nyuma yo gusiga nitride ufite ubukana bwinshi bw'ubuso, ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika, kandi urwanya ingese neza.
Imikorere: Uburyo bwo gushyiramo kaburimbo no gushyiramo nitride bushobora kunoza cyane ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira kw'umunyururu w'umuzingo. Ugereranyije no kuzimya ubuso, urwego rukomeye rugizwe na kaburimbo no gushyiramo nitride ruri hejuru kandi rushobora kurwanya kwangirika no gucika intege.
(III) Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe muri rusange
Annealing
Uko bikorwa: Shyushya umuyoboro w'amazi kugeza kuri dogere 30-50 hejuru ya Ac3, ukomeze ubushyuhe mu gihe runaka, hanyuma ukomeze buhoro buhoro kugeza kuri dogere 500 mu itanura hanyuma ukonjeshe mu kirere.
Imikorere: Intego nyamukuru yo gufunga ni ukugabanya ubukana bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende no kunoza imikorere yawo yo gukata no kugabanya. Binyuze mu gufunga, umunyururu w'urukiramende woroha kuwurema no kuwutunganya mu gutunganya nyuma.
Guhindura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe
Uko bikorwa: Shyushya umugozi w'umuzingo kugeza hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Acm, uwukomeze ubushyuhe, uwukure mu itanura hanyuma uwukonjeshe mu kirere.
Imikorere: Gutunganya ibintu bishobora kunoza ibinyampeke, bigatuma imiterere ingana, no kunoza imikorere y’umuyoboro w’ibizingo. Ugereranyije no gufunga, umuyoboro w’ibizingo nyuma yo kuvugurura ibintu ufite ubukana n’imbaraga byinshi.
Uburyo bwo kugabanya no gushyushya
Uburyo: Gutunganya no gushyushya ni uruvange rwo gushyushya no gushyushya mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Ubwa mbere, shyushya umugozi w'umuzingo hejuru ya Ac3, ushyushye nyuma yo kubika ubushyuhe, hanyuma ushyushye ku bushyuhe bwa 500-650℃.
Imikorere: Gutunganya no gukonjesha bishobora gutuma habaho imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukomezi bwiza. Umunyururu w'umuzingo nyuma yo gukonjesha no gukonjesha ugira uburambe n'ubwirinzi bwiza iyo ushyizwe mu biremereye byinshi n'imizigo ikomeye.
(IV) Uburyo bwihariye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe
Gukoresha karuboni
Uburyo: Shyushya umuyoboro w'urukiramende n'isoko ya karuboni na azote hamwe kugeza ku bushyuhe bwo gukwirakwira hamwe hanyuma ubigumane igihe runaka. Mu gihe cyo gukwirakwira hamwe, atome za karuboni na azote byinjira icyarimwe mu buso bw'umuyoboro w'urukiramende kugira ngo bikore urwego rukomeye rwa karubonitride.
Imikorere: Gukoresha Carbonitriding bishobora kunoza cyane ubukana bw'ubuso no kudashira kw'umunyururu w'umuzingo. Ugereranyije no gukoresha carburizing na nitriding, urwego rukomeye rugizwe na carbonitriding rufite imikorere myiza kandi rushobora kurwanya kwangirika no gucika intege.
Birambiranye
Uburyo: Shyira umuyoboro w'urukiramende mu buryo burimo ibintu bya boron, hanyuma ureke atome za boron zinjire mu buso bw'umuyoboro w'urukiramende ku bushyuhe runaka.
Imikorere: Uburemere bw'ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende nyuma yo kugorama ni bwinshi cyane kandi ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ni bwiza cyane. Ikwiriye iminyururu y'urukiramende ikoreshwa mu bihe bikomeye byo gukora, nko mu bushyuhe bwinshi no mu mutwaro mwinshi.

3. Ingaruka z'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ku mikorere y'iminyururu izunguruka
Ubukomere n'ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu
Ubukana bw'ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende bushobora kunozwa cyane binyuze mu kuzimya, kuzimya ubuso, gusiga carburizing, nitriding n'izindi nzira. Ubukana bwinshi bw'ubukana bushobora kwirinda kwangirika no kongera igihe cy'ubuzima bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende.
Ingufu n'ubukomere
Kuzimya no gushyushya, kuzimya no gushyushya hamwe n'izindi nzira bishobora kongera imbaraga n'ubukomere bw'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko. Iyo ushyizwe mu mitwaro myinshi n'imitwaro ikomeye, iminyururu y'umuzunguruko ishyushye ishobora gukomeza gutuza no kwizerwa.
Ubuzima bw'umunaniro
Gukoresha ubushyuhe bishobora kunoza imiterere y’umunyururu w’uruhererekane rw’uruhererekane, bikagabanya inenge z’imbere, bityo bikongera igihe cyo kunanirwa. Iminyururu y’uruhererekane ikoreshwa ubushyuhe ishobora kwihanganira kwangirika kw’umunaniro iyo ikomeje gusimburwa n’imitwaro.
Ubudahangarwa bw'inkongi
Uburyo bwo gukoresha nitriding no gukoresha boronizing bushobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese mu minyururu y'imizingo. Iminyururu y'imizingo ikoreshwa ahantu hakonje cyangwa hangiritse ishobora kurwanya ingese neza nyuma y'ubu buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.

4. Guhitamo no kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Hitamo uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ukurikije ibikoresho by'umunyururu w'urukiramende
Iminyururu y'ibyuma bitandukanye ifite ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibintu bitandukanye n'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Urugero, iminyururu y'ibyuma bya karuboni ikunze gukoresha uburyo nko kuzimya no gushyushya, gutwika, n'ibindi; mu gihe iminyururu y'ibyuma bitarangirika ikwiriye cyane mu buryo nko gusuka nitride no gusuka carbonitride.
Hitamo uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ukurikije ibisabwa n'iminyururu izunguruka
Niba umugozi w’umuzingo ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kwihanganira imitwaro myinshi n’imizigo y’impanuka, hakwiye gutoranywa uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bushobora kongera imbaraga n’ubukomere; niba umugozi w’umuzingo ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya kwangirika, hakwiye gutoranywa uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bushobora kongera ubukana bw’ubuso no kurwanya kwangirika.
Kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Guhitamo ibipimo by'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'iminyururu y'urushundura. Urugero, guhitamo ibipimo bidakwiye nko gukamya ubushyuhe, igihe cyo gufata, umuvuduko wo gukonjesha, nibindi bishobora gutuma umunyururu w'urushundura udakomera cyangwa imbaraga nyinshi z'imbere mu mubiri. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kunoza ibipimo by'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe binyuze mu igerageza n'uburambe hakurikijwe ibikoresho n'ikoreshwa ry'umunyururu w'urushundura.

5. Gupima no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Ikizamini cy'ubukomere
Ubukomere ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyo gupima ubushyuhe bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende. Binyuze mu isuzuma ry'ubukomere, hashobora kugaragazwa niba uburyo ubukomere bukwirakwira ku buso no imbere mu munyururu w'urukiramende bwujuje ibisabwa. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima ubukomere burimo isuzuma ry'ubukomere bwa Rockwell, isuzuma ry'ubukomere bw'ubuso, n'ibindi.
Ikizamini cya Metallographic
Ikizamini cya metallographic gishobora kureba imiterere mito y'umunyururu w'urukiramende no gusuzuma niba inzira yo gutunganya ubushyuhe yarageze ku ngaruka yari yitezwe. Urugero, binyuze mu ikizamini cya metallographic, imiterere ya martensite nyuma yo kuzimya n'ikwirakwizwa rya carbide nyuma yo gukaraba bishobora kugaragara.
Isuzuma ry'imiterere y'ibikoresho
Isuzuma ry’imiterere y’imashini rikubiyemo isuzuma ryo gukurura, isuzuma ry’ingaruka, isuzuma ry’umunaniro, nibindi. Binyuze muri ibi bizamini, imbaraga, ubukomere, igihe cy’umunaniro n’ibindi bipimo by’imikorere y’urunigi rw’imizingo bishobora gusuzumwa neza kugira ngo harebwe ko byujuje ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa ryarwo.
Sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge
Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'imizingo ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'imizingo ishyushye. Kuva ku kugura ibikoresho fatizo, gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugeza ku igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa byarangiye, buri sano igomba kugenzurwa neza. Uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bushobora kwemeza ko ubuziranenge bw'imizingo ishyushye buhamye kandi bwizewe kugira ngo buhuze n'ibyo abaguzi mpuzamahanga basaba.

6. Isesengura ry'imanza
(I) Agasanduku ko gutunganya ubushyuhe k'umunyururu wo mu bwoko bwa roller mu ruganda runaka rukora imodoka
Inyuma
Umunyururu w'imodoka ukoreshwa mu ruganda runaka rukora imodoka ugomba kwihanganira imitwaro myinshi n'ibintu biremereye, kandi usabwa kugira ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza no kumara igihe kinini unaniwe.
Guhitamo uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Uburyo bwo kuzimya no gushyushya bukoreshwa, hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya bwa 850℃ n'igihe cyo kuzimya iminota 30, hagakurikiraho kuzimya ubushyuhe bwinshi kuri 550℃ n'igihe cyo kuzimya amasaha 2.
Ibisubizo by'ibizamini
Nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya, ubukana bw'ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende bugera kuri HRC45-50 kandi ubukana bw'ibanze ni HRC30-35. Isuzuma rya metallographic rigaragaza ko imiterere ya martensite nyuma yo kuzimya ingana kandi imiterere ya sorbite nyuma yo kuzimya ari myiza. Isuzuma ry'imiterere ya mekanike rigaragaza ko imbaraga zo gukurura z'umunyururu w'urukiramende ari 1200MPa, imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro ni 1000MPa, ubukana bw'ingaruka ni 50J/cm², kandi igihe cyo kunanirwa kirarushaho kuba cyiza.
Ingaruka zo gukoresha
Nyuma y’uko uruganda rukora imodoka rukoresheje umuyoboro w’imodoka nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya, imikorere y’ibikoresho iba ihamye, igihe cyo gukora cy’umuyoboro w’imodoka cyongerwaho 50%, kandi ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kikagabanuka cyane.
(II) Agasanduku ko gutunganya ubushyuhe k'umunyururu w'ibikoresho byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro
Inyuma
Umunyururu w'ibizingo ukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo gucukura ugomba gukora mu gihe cy'akazi gakomeye kandi ugasaba kudasaza cyane no kudasaza.
Guhitamo inzira yo kuvura ubushyuhe
Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza karuboni bukoreshwa, ubushyuhe bwo gukwirakwiza hamwe ni 850°C, igihe cyo kuyifata ni amasaha 4, hanyuma hagakorwa kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hasi.
Ibisubizo by'ibizamini
Nyuma yo gutunganya carbonitriding, ubukana bw'ubuso bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende bugera kuri HV1000-1200, kandi ubushobozi bwo kwangirika burushaho kwiyongera cyane. Isuzuma rya metallographic ryerekana ko urwego rwo gukomera rwa carbonitride rukwirakwizwa ku buryo bungana rufite ubunini bwa mm 0.5-0.8. Isuzuma ry'ubudahangarwa bw'ingese ryerekana ko ubudahangarwa bw'ingese bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende mu kirere gishyushye bwiyongeraho inshuro 3.
Ingaruka zo gukoresha
Nyuma y’uko ibikoresho byo mu bucukuzi bikoresheje umugozi urimo amavuta ya carbonitriding, igipimo cyo kwangirika k’umugozi urimo amazi kiragabanuka cyane, igihe cyo kuwukoresha cyongerwaho inshuro 2, kandi imikorere y’ibikoresho irushaho kuba myiza cyane.

7. Icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kuvura ubushyuhe
Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ubwenge bw'ubukorano n'ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ikoranabuhanga, ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ubushyuhe mu buryo bw'ubwenge rizaba intambwe ikomeye mu iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Binyuze muri sisitemu yo kugenzura mu buryo bw'ubwenge, ibipimo by'imikoreshereze y'ubushyuhe bishobora gukurikiranwa no guhindurwa mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo hagerwe ku igenzura nyaryo no kunoza ireme n'imikorere myiza y'ubushyuhe.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyatsi kibisi kandi butangiza ibidukikije
Kongera ubumenyi ku bidukikije bizateza imbere iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe budahumanya ibidukikije kandi butangiza ibidukikije. Urugero, gukoresha ibikoresho bizimya imyanda n’ibikoresho bishyushya bigabanya ingufu bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu n’ihumana ry’ibidukikije mu gihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
Ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubushyuhe bifite imikorere myiza
Ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubushyuhe buhanitse ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere y'iminyururu izunguruka. Urugero, guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya bya kaburizi, ibikoresho bigabanya nitriding, nibindi bishobora kunoza ubukana bw'ubuso bw'iminyururu izunguruka no kudashira kwayo.
Udushya no kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Hamwe n'ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho buhanitse n'inyigisho z'ubukanishi, uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe buhora bunozwa kandi buvugururwa. Urugero, uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe buvanze bukoreshwa mu guhuza uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura ubushyuhe kugira ngo butange umusaruro wuzuye ku byiza byabwo no kunoza imikorere y'iminyururu izunguruka.

8. Umwanzuro
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere y'iminyururu y'urushundura. Binyuze mu kuzimya no gushyushya, gutunganya ubushyuhe, gutunganya ubushyuhe muri rusange n'izindi nzira, ubukana, imbaraga, kwihangana no kumara umunaniro kw'iminyururu y'urushundura bishobora kunozwa cyane. Guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe no kunoza ibipimo by'imikorere ni ingenzi kugira ngo iminyururu y'urushundura ibe myiza. Muri icyo gihe, gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge no gukoresha uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima ni garanti yo kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'iminyururu y'urushundura. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'ubwenge, icyatsi kibisi n'ibikomeye, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'urushundura ruzakomeza guhanga udushya no kunoza, ritanga ibice byizewe cyane bya mekanike mu buryo bwo kohereza no gutwara ibintu mu nganda.