Imiterere y'ibanze y'umunyururu w'ibyuma bitagira umugese

Imiterere y'ibanze y'umunyururu w'ibyuma bitagira umugese

Mu isoko ry’inganda ryo muri iki gihe, iminyururu y’ibyuma bitagira umugese, nk’igice cy’ingenzi cy’imashini zitwara ibintu, ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya ibiribwa, inganda zikora imiti, imashini z’ubuhinzi, gutwara ibintu n’ibindi bikorwa. Irwanya ingese neza, imbaraga nyinshi n’imikorere yayo yizewe bituma iba amahitamo ya mbere mu bisubizo byinshi byo gutwara ibintu mu buryo bwa mashini. Iyi nkuru izasuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse uburyo ingenzi bwo gukora iminyururu y’ibyuma bitagira umugese, hagamijwe gutanga ubuyobozi burambuye ku nganda ku banyamwuga ku isoko mpuzamahanga.

1. Intangiriro
Gukora iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ni inzira igoye kandi igezweho irimo imikoranire myinshi y'ingenzi. Kuva mu guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo kugeza ku kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'umusaruro wa nyuma, buri ntambwe ni ingenzi kandi ifitanye isano itaziguye n'imikorere n'ubuzima bw'umusaruro. Bitewe n'iterambere rihoraho ry'urwego rw'imikorere y'inganda hirya no hino ku isi, icyifuzo cy'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese yo mu rwego rwo hejuru nacyo kirimo kwiyongera. Kubwibyo, gusobanukirwa byimbitse imikoranire y'umusaruro wayo ni ingenzi cyane mu kunoza ireme ry'umusaruro no guhaza ibyifuzo by'isoko.

2. Guhitamo no gutegura ibikoresho fatizo
(I) Ibiranga n'uburyo ibikoresho by'icyuma kidashonga
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ni icyuma kitagira umugese, ibice byacyo by'ingenzi birimo icyuma, chromium, nickel, nibindi. Ubusanzwe chromium iba iri hejuru ya 10.5%, ibi bikaba bitanga icyuma kitagira umugese mu buryo bwiza bwo kurwanya ingese. Kongeramo nickel birushaho kunoza uburyo ibikoresho bitagira umugese birwanya ingese no kurwanya ogisijeni. Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyikoresha, hashobora gutoranywa ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma kitagira umugese, nka 304, 316, nibindi. 304 icyuma kitagira umugese gifite imiterere myiza kandi kibereye ibidukikije rusange by'inganda; mu gihe 316 icyuma kitagira umugese gikunze gukoreshwa ahantu habi nko mu bya shimi no mu mazi bitewe nuko kirwanya ingese cyane.
(II) Igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo
Mu gihe cyo kugura ibikoresho fatizo, ababitanga bagomba gusuzumwa neza kugira ngo barebe neza ko ibikoresho by'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gitembabuzi batanga byujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga nka ASTM, DIN, nibindi. Muri icyo gihe, ibikoresho fatizo bikorerwa isesengura ry'imiterere ya shimi n'ibizamini by'imiterere ya mekanike kugira ngo barebe niba byujuje ibisabwa mu gukora. Urugero, ingano y'ibintu nka chromium na nikeli mu bikoresho igaragazwa na spectrometer kugira ngo barebe ko biri mu rugero rwagenwe. Byongeye kandi, ubwiza bw'ubuso n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa fatizo bigenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe inenge nk'imivuniko n'ibice biyigize.

3. Uburyo bwo gusiga kashe no gushushanya
(I) Incamake y'uburyo bwo gushyiramo kashe
Gutera sitampu ni ingenzi mu gukora iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese, ikoreshwa mu gutera sitampu mu byuma bitagira umugese, iminyururu, ibyuma by'imbere n'ibindi bice. Urwego rw'ingenzi mu gukora sitampu ni ugushushanya no gukora ibumba. Ibumba ryiza cyane rishobora kwemeza ko ibice bingana neza kandi ko bifite imiterere ihamye. Mu gihe cyo gutera sitampu, umuvuduko, umuvuduko n'uburyo bitera sitampu bigomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibikoresho cyangwa ibimeneka bihinduka cyane.
(II) Ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo gukora
Ku bice bimwe na bimwe bigoye, nk'imizingo, hashobora kuba hakenewe uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora. Urugero, urupapuro rw'icyuma kitagira umugese rubanza gushyirwa mu mwanya utagira uburebure, hanyuma rukazungurutswa, rugakurwamo n'izindi nzira kugira ngo rugere ku ishusho n'ingano byifuzwa. Mu gihe cyo gukora, ibipimo by'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bigomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibikoresho bihinduka kimwe. Muri icyo gihe, ibice byakozwe bishyushwa kugira ngo bikureho umuvuduko w'imbere no kunoza imiterere yabyo.

4. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira n'ikoreshwa ryaryo
(I) Guhitamo uburyo bwo gusudira
Gusudira iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ahanini bifitanye isano hagati y'umunyururu n'isahani y'umunyururu w'imbere, n'umugozi w'ipine n'isahani y'umunyururu w'inyuma. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gusudira burimo gusudira ubukana, gusudira hakoreshejwe laser na TIG. Gusudira ubukana bifite ibyiza byo gukora neza no kugabanya umusaruro, kandi birakwiriye gukorwa ku bwinshi; gusudira hakoreshejwe laser bishobora gutanga ireme n'ubuziranenge bwo gusudira, kandi bikwiranye cyane cyane n'ibicuruzwa bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru; gusudira TIG bigira umusaruro mwiza iyo gusudira amasahani manini.
(II) Kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ubushude
Ubwiza bw'ubushuhe bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mbaraga no ku kwizerwa kw'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese. Mu gihe cyo gusudira, ibipimo byo gusudira nk'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, voltage, n'umuvuduko wo gusudira bigomba kugenzurwa cyane. Muri icyo gihe, isuzuma ritangiza rikorwa ku byuma nyuma yo gusudira, nko gupima ikoranabuhanga no gupima X-ray, kugira ngo harebwe ko ibyo byuma bidafite inenge nk'imiturire n'imyenge. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gusudira bihora bibungabungwa kandi bigashyirwa mu byiciro kugira ngo bikore neza.

5. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
(I) Intego n'ubwoko bw'ubushyuhe
Gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukora iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese. Intego yayo nyamukuru ni ukunoza ubukana, imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibikoresho, mu gihe bikuraho ubukana bw'imbere no kunoza ubukana bw'ibikoresho. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe burimo gufunga, kuzimya no gushyushya. Gufunga bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ubukana bw'imbere bukomoka ku bikoresho mu gihe cyo kubitunganya; kuzimya byongera ubukana bw'ibikoresho binyuze mu gukonjesha vuba; gushyushya bikorwa nyuma yo kuzimya kugira ngo bikureho ubukana bw'ibikoresho bukomoka mu gihe cyo kuzimya no kugarura ubukana bw'ibikoresho.
(II) Kugenzura ibipimo by'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe
Kugenzura neza ibipimo byo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa. Mu gihe cyo gushyushya, ubushyuhe n'igihe cyo kubifata bigomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo ibikoresho byoroshye neza. Mu gihe cyo kuzimya, guhitamo uburyo bwo gukonjesha no kugenzura igipimo cyo gukonjesha bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bukomere n'imiterere y'icyuma. Gushyiraho neza ubushyuhe n'igihe byo gukonjesha bishobora gutuma ibikoresho bigera ku musaruro mwiza. Muri icyo gihe, isuzuma ry'ubukomere n'isesengura rya metallografiya bikorwa ku bice byatunganyijwe ubushyuhe kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka zo gutunganya ubushyuhe.

6. Guteranya no gupima
(I) Gahunda yo guteranya
Uburyo bwo guteranya iminyururu y'icyuma kidashonga bisaba ubuhanga n'ubwitonzi bwinshi. Ubwa mbere, iminyururu ishyushye, imisumari, ibyuma by'imbere n'ibice by'inyuma byo guteranya birasukurwa kandi bigasigwa amavuta kugira ngo uburyo bwo guteranya bugende neza. Hanyuma, ibyo bice biteranywa mu munyururu ku buryo runaka. Mu gihe cyo guteranya, ibikoresho byihariye byo guteranya, nk'icyuma gikanda, birakenewe kugira ngo harebwe ko ibice bihuye neza. Muri icyo gihe, umunyururu uteranywa urakorwa mbere kugira ngo ukureho imbaraga zo guteranya no kwemeza ko umunyururu ukora neza.
(II) Igenzura ry'ubuziranenge n'igenzura
Igenzura ry'ubuziranenge ni ryo genzura rya nyuma kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa by'iminyururu ya firigo itagira umugese. Mu gihe cyo gukora, hakenewe igenzura rikomeye ry'ubuziranenge ku bicuruzwa biri kuri buri ihuriro. Ku minyururu irangiye, hakenewe ibizamini byinshi by'imikorere, nko gupima imbaraga zo gukurura, gupima igihe cyo kunanirwa, gupima kwambara, nibindi. Muri icyo gihe, isura nziza n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa biragenzurwa kugira ngo harebwe ko byujuje ibisabwa n'abakiriya n'amahame mpuzamahanga. Ku bicuruzwa bidafite ubuziranenge, gukurikirana no gusesengura birakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane impamvu nyamukuru y'ikibazo no gufata ingamba zijyanye no kunoza.

7. Gutunganya no kurinda ubuso
(I) Uburyo bwo kuvura ubuso
Kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa uburyo iminyururu y'ibyuma bizingira ikora neza kandi bikanagira ingaruka nziza ku minyururu, ubusanzwe hakenewe uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya ubuso burimo gusiga irangi, gusiga irangi ry'amashanyarazi no gutunganya imiti. Gusiga irangi bishobora gutuma ubuso bw'umunyururu burushaho kuba bwiza kandi bikagabanya uburyo bwo gushwanyagurika; gusiga irangi ry'amashanyarazi bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo guhangana n'irangi no gushariza binyuze mu gusiga urwego rw'icyuma, nka nikeli, chromium, nibindi ku buso bw'umunyururu; gutunganya imiti birema icyuma gikingira ku buso bw'umunyururu binyuze mu gukora imiti kugira ngo byongere uburyo bwo guhangana n'irangi.
(II) Ingamba zo kurinda no gupakira
Uretse gutunganya ubuso, ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda ibintu zirakenewe kugira ngo harebwe ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo kubibika no kubitwara. Urugero, shyira amavuta yo kurwanya ingese ku buso bw'urunigi kugira ngo wirinde isuri bitewe n'ubushuhe na ogisijeni. Muri icyo gihe, koresha ibikoresho bikwiye byo gupfunyikamo, nka pulasitiki, amakarito, nibindi, kugira ngo upfunyike ibicuruzwa kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika mu gihe cyo kubitwara. Byongeye kandi, genzura aho ibicuruzwa bibikwa, nko kubigumana byumye kandi bihumeka, kugira ngo wongere igihe cyo kubibika.

8. Sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge no kunoza imikorere
(I) Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gucunga ubuziranenge
Kugira ngo ibikorwa byo gukora n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa by'iminyururu ya firigo y'icyuma kidashonga bihuze n'amahame mpuzamahanga, ibigo bigomba gushyiraho uburyo bwuzuye bwo gucunga ubuziranenge, nka ISO 9001. Ubu buryo bukubiyemo inzira yose kuva ku kugura ibikoresho fatizo kugeza ku gutanga ibicuruzwa, bugasobanura inshingano n'ububasha bya buri shami n'abakozi, kandi bugashyiraho amabwiriza agenga ko buri sano ifite. Binyuze mu kwemeza uburyo bwo gucunga ubuziranenge, ibigo bishobora kunoza urwego rwabyo rw'ubuyobozi no guhangana ku isoko.
(II) Iterambere rihoraho n'udushya
Mu irushanwa rikomeye ku isoko, iterambere rihoraho n'udushya ni ingenzi ku bigo kugira ngo bikomeze ku mwanya wa mbere. Ibigo bigomba guhora bikusanya ibitekerezo by'abakiriya n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo isoko risaba, gusesengura no kunoza ibibazo mu ikorwa ry'umusaruro. Urugero, mu kunoza ikorwa ry'umusaruro, kunoza imikorere myiza n'ubwiza bw'umusaruro; mu guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya n'ikoranabuhanga rishya, guteza imbere ibicuruzwa by'icyuma kitagira umugese gifite imikorere myiza. Muri icyo gihe, gushimangira ubufatanye na za kaminuza n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, gukora imishinga y'ubufatanye hagati y'inganda na kaminuza n'ubushakashatsi, no guteza imbere iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu nganda.

9. Ikoreshwa ry'isoko n'iterambere ryaryo
(I) Ahantu ho gusaba isoko
Iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese yakoreshejwe cyane mu nzego nyinshi bitewe n'imikorere yayo myiza. Mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa, bitewe n'uko irwanya ingese kandi ikaba ifite isuku, ikoreshwa mu miyoboro y'ibiribwa, imashini zipakira n'ibindi bikoresho; mu nganda zikora imiti, ishobora kwihanganira ingese ituruka ku bintu bitandukanye bya shimi kandi ikwiriye ibikoresho bya shimi, ipompo zitwara ibintu n'ibindi bikoresho; mu mashini zihinga, iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ikoreshwa mu buryo bwo kohereza ibintu mu miyoboro y'isarura, imitobe n'ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo inoze ubwizerwe n'ubuzima bw'ibikoresho; mu buryo bwo kohereza ibintu, nk'imikandara yo kohereza ibintu mu birombe, ibyambu n'ahandi, iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese, nk'ibice by'ingenzi byo kohereza ibintu, bituma ibikoresho bikwirakwizwa neza.
(II) Inzira z'iterambere n'ibyitezwe
Bitewe n’iterambere rihoraho ry’inganda ku isi, icyifuzo cy’iminyururu y’ibyuma bitagira umugese kizakomeza kwiyongera. Mu gihe kizaza, inganda z’iminyururu y’ibyuma bitagira umugese zizatera imbere mu cyerekezo cyo gukora neza, gukora neza cyane, kurengera ibidukikije no kuzigama ingufu. Ku ruhande rumwe, hamwe n’ibikoresho bishya bikomeza kugaragara n’imikorere mishya, imikorere y’iminyururu y’ibyuma bitagira umugese izarushaho kunozwa, nko gukomera cyane, kudashira neza no kudashonga; ku rundi ruhande, kugira ngo ibidukikije bihuzwe n’ibisabwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, ibigo bizibanda cyane ku kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya mu gikorwa cyo gukora no gukoresha ibikoresho n’imikorere bitagira umugese. Muri icyo gihe, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibintu mu buryo bw’ubwenge, gukora iminyururu y’ibyuma bitagira umugese bizarushaho kuba ikoranabuhanga kandi by’ikoranabuhanga, kunoza imikorere n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubitunganya.

10. Umwanzuro
Gukora iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ni inzira ihuza ibintu byinshi, ikora neza cyane, ikubiyemo guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo, gusiga, gusudira, gutunganya ubushyuhe, gupima ibyuma biteranya, gutunganya ubuso n'ibindi. Binyuze mu kugenzura no kunoza buri munyururu, ibicuruzwa by'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese byiza kandi bitanga umusaruro mwinshi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Muri icyo gihe, gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga ubuziranenge n'uburyo buhoraho bwo kunoza ikoranabuhanga, no gukomeza guteza imbere udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no kuvugurura ibicuruzwa ni ingenzi ku kudatsindwa kw'ikigo mu irushanwa rikomeye ry'isoko. Dutegereje ahazaza, inganda z'iminyururu y'ibyuma bitagira umugese zizakomeza kugira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'inganda ku isi kandi zitange ibisubizo byizewe byo kohereza ibikoresho mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu nzego zitandukanye.