Gusukura no gushyushya iminyururu y'amapine: inama z'ingenzi n'uburyo bwiza bwo gukora

Gusukura no gushyushya iminyururu y'amapine: inama z'ingenzi n'uburyo bwiza bwo gukora
Mu nganda, iminyururu y'imizingo ni ingenzi mu gutuma ibikoresho bikwirakwizwa, kandi imikorere yayo n'igihe cyayo ni ingenzi cyane mu mikorere myiza y'ibikoresho. Gusukura no gushyushya iminyururu y'imizingo ni ibice bibiri by'ingenzi mu mirimo yo kubungabunga. Ntabwo ishobora kunoza gusa imikorere y'iminyururu y'imizingo, ahubwo inanongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha. Iyi nkuru izasuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse uburyo bwo gusukura no gushyushyaiminyururu y'ibizingogufasha abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibicuruzwa byinshi gusobanukirwa no gukoresha neza izi koranabuhanga z'ingenzi.

1. Gusukura iminyururu izunguruka
(I) Akamaro ko gusukura
Mu gihe cyo gukora, iminyururu y'imizingo izaba irimo ibintu bitandukanye birimo ivumbi, amavuta, imyanda y'ibyuma, nibindi. Ibi bintu bizarundanya hejuru no imbere mu munyururu, bigatera amavuta mabi, kwangirika cyane, urusaku rwinshi mu mikorere n'ibindi bibazo, ibyo bigatuma sisitemu yose yo kohereza imashini ikora neza. Kubwibyo, gusukura iminyururu y'imizingo buri gihe ni ngombwa kugira ngo ikore neza kandi yongere igihe cyo kuyikoresha.
(II) Inshuro zo gusukura
Inshuro zo gusukura iminyururu y'amapine isukura biterwa n'aho ikorera n'imiterere y'aho ikorera. Mu gihe cyo gusukura, isuku igomba kubanza kugenwa hashingiwe ku hantu ikorera n'ingano y'umwanda w'iminyururu y'amapine. Muri rusange, ku minyururu y'amapine ikorera ahantu habi, nko mu birombe, mu bwubatsi, n'ibindi, isuku ikunze kuba ngombwa. Ubusanzwe ni byiza gusukura nibura rimwe mu cyumweru, kandi niba umwanda ari mwinshi, isuku ikwiye kongerwa.
(III) Intambwe zo gusukura
Imyiteguro
Mbere yo gusukura umuyoboro w'ibyuma, ugomba gukora imyiteguro ihagije. Ubwa mbere, menya neza ko ibikoresho byahagaze gukora kandi ugafata ingamba zikenewe zo kwirinda, nko gukata amashanyarazi, kumanika ibimenyetso by'uburinzi, nibindi, kugira ngo hirindwe impanuka.
Tegura ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bikenewe mu gusukura, nk'uburoso bworoshye, imyenda isukuye, peteroli cyangwa ibikoresho byihariye byo gusukura, amabakure ya pulasitiki, uturindantoki, n'ibindi.
Gukuraho urunigi (niba amategeko abikwemerera)
Mu gihe ukuraho umugozi w'umuzingo, menya neza ko ukurikiza intambwe zikwiye kugira ngo wirinde kwangiza umugozi n'ibice biwugize. Niba bishoboka, kuramo umugozi w'umuzingo uwushyire mu gikoresho cyo gusukura kugira ngo gisukurwe neza. Niba nta kibazo cyo kuwukuraho, umugozi wo gusukura ushobora gusukurwa cyangwa ugashyirwa ku mugozi.
Gusukura mu mazi
Shyira umugozi wakuweho muri peteroli cyangwa imashini idasanzwe yo gusukura imigozi mu gihe cy'iminota 10-15 kugira ngo imashini isukura ishobore kwinjira neza mu bice byose by'umugozi kugira ngo yoroshye kandi ishongeshe umwanda.
Ku minyururu minini igorana gusenyagura, ushobora gukoresha uburoso kugira ngo ushyireho isuku ku buso bw'umunyururu neza hanyuma ureke urohe igihe gito.
Gusukura
Nyuma yo kwiyuhagira, koresha uburoso bworoshye kugira ngo woge buhoro ibice byose by'umunyururu w'umuzingo, harimo udupira, iminyururu, amaboko n'ibicanisho by'umuzingo, kugira ngo ukureho umwanda n'imyanda bikomeye. Witondere gukoresha uburoso bukomeye kugira ngo wirinde gushwanyaguza ubuso bw'umunyururu.
Koza
Nyuma yo koza, oza neza umuyoboro w'amazi meza kugira ngo umenye neza ko ibikoresho byose byoza n'umwanda byogejwe. Ku bice bimwe na bimwe bigoye koza, ushobora gukoresha umwuka ufunze kugira ngo ufashe mu kumisha.
Kumisha
Shyira umunyururu wakozwe ku gitambaro gisukuye cyangwa uwumanike kugira ngo wumuke mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa ukoreshe umwuka ufunze kugira ngo wumishe neza kugira ngo wirinde ingese ziterwa n'ubushuhe busigaye.
Gusiga amavuta
Mbere yo kongera gushyiramo umugozi wo gukurura wasukuwe, ugomba gushyirwaho amavuta yuzuye. Koresha amavuta yihariye yo gukurura hanyuma ushyire amavuta ku migozi n'imigozi y'umugozi hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'uburyo bwo gukurura kugira ngo ugabanye kwangirika no kwangirika no kunoza imikorere y'umugozi.
(IV) Ingamba zo kwirinda isuku
Irinde gukoresha imiti ihumanya ikirere
Mu gihe usukura umuyoboro w'amazi, irinde gukoresha ibintu bikomeye byangiza nka lisansi kugira ngo wirinde kwangiza ubuso bw'icyuma n'udupfundikizo tw'umuyoboro, bigatuma imikorere y'umuyoboro igabanuka.
Witondere uburinzi
Mu gihe cyo gusukura, ugomba kwambara uturindantoki dukwiye kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika k'uruhu guterwa n'isabune.
Kurinda kwangirika
Mu gihe ukoresha uburoso, irinde imbaraga nyinshi kugira ngo wirinde kwangiza ubuso n'imiterere y'imbere y'umunyururu w'urukiramende.

2. Gushyushya umunyururu w'urukiramende
(I) Kuba ari ngombwa gushyushya mbere
Iyo umuyoboro w'amavuta ukorera ahantu hari ubushyuhe buke, ubushyuhe bw'amavuta buriyongera, ibyo bikongera ubukana bw'umuyoboro kandi bikagabanya ingaruka zo gusiga amavuta, bityo bikarushaho kwangirika no kwangirika k'umuyoboro. Gushyushya umuyoboro w'amavuta bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'amavuta yo gusiga no kongera ubushyuhe bwayo, bityo bigatuma habaho firime nziza yo gusiga kuri buri gice cy'umuyoboro, bikagabanya kwangirika no kunoza imikorere y'itumanaho.
(II) Uburyo bwo gushyushya
Gukoresha ibikoresho bishyushya
Ibikoresho byihariye byo gushyushya umugozi bishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyushya umugozi w'umuzingo. Fata igikoresho gishyushya umugozi w'umuzingo hanyuma ugishyushye buhoro buhoro kugeza ku bushyuhe bukenewe. Ubu buryo bushobora kugenzura neza ubushyuhe kandi bworoshye gukoresha.
Gukoresha ubushyuhe buturuka ku mikorere y'ibikoresho
Mu ntangiriro z'uko ibikoresho bitangira gukoreshwa, ubushyuhe runaka buzaterwa no gukururana n'izindi mpamvu. Iki gice cy'ubushyuhe gishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyushya umuyoboro w'imashini. Nyuma yo gutangira gukoresha ibikoresho, reka bikore ku muvuduko muto kandi nta mutwaro uremereye mu gihe runaka kugira ngo ushyushye umuyoboro w'imashini buhoro buhoro.
Gukoresha umwuka ushyushye cyangwa umwuka ushyushye
Kuri sisitemu nini zo kohereza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, umwuka ushyushye cyangwa umwuka ushyushye bishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyushya umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi mbere y'igihe. Shyira umwuka ushyushye cyangwa umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi hanyuma ushyushye buhoro buhoro kugeza ku bushyuhe bukenewe. Ariko, ni ngombwa kugenzura ubushyuhe n'intera kugira ngo wirinde gushyuha cyane no kwangiza umuyoboro.
(III) Intambwe zo gushyushya
Menya ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya mbere y'igihe
Menya ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gushyushya ukurikije aho ukorera n'ibisabwa mu mikoreshereze y'umuyoboro w'ingufu. Muri rusange, ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya bugomba kuba buri hejuru y'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere iyo umuyoboro w'ingufu ukora neza, ariko ntabwo ari hejuru cyane, akenshi hagati ya 30℃-80℃.
Hitamo uburyo bwo gushyushya mbere
Hitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gushyushya ukurikije imiterere y'ibikoresho n'aho biherereye. Niba ibikoresho bifite igikoresho cyihariye cyo gushyushya, banza ukoreshe iki gikoresho; niba atari byo, tekereza gukoresha ibikoresho byo gushyushya cyangwa umwuka ushyushye n'ubundi buryo.
Tangira gushyushya mbere
Dukurikije uburyo bwo gushyushya bwatoranijwe, tangira gushyushya umuyoboro w'amazi. Mu gihe cyo gushyushya, reba neza impinduka z'ubushyuhe kugira ngo urebe neza ko ubushyuhe bwiyongera ku rugero rumwe kandi wirinde ubushyuhe bwinshi aho buherereye.
Reba imiterere y'amavuta yo kwisiga
Mu gihe cyo gushyushya, reba uko amavuta yo gusiga ahagaze mu mugozi kugira ngo urebe neza ko amavuta yo gusiga akwirakwizwa neza mu bice byose by'umugozi. Iyo bibaye ngombwa, amavuta yo gusiga ashobora kongerwamo neza.
Gushyushya burundu
Iyo umuyoboro w'amazi ugeze ku bushyuhe bwo gushyushya, uwubike igihe runaka kugira ngo amavuta yo kwisiga yinjire neza kandi akwirakwize. Hanyuma, hagarika gushyushya hanyuma witegure kwinjira mu buryo busanzwe.
(IV) Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku gushyushya mbere
Ubushyuhe buri hagati y'ikirere
Ubushyuhe buri hagati y’ikirere bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ngaruka zo gushyushya kw’umunyururu w’urukiramende. Mu bushyuhe buke, igihe cyo gushyushya cy’umunyururu w’urukiramende gishobora kuba kirekire, kandi ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya nabwo bushobora kuba bukenewe kongerwa bihagije.
Igihe cyo gushyushya
Igihe cyo gushyushya kigomba kugenwa hashingiwe ku bintu nk'uburebure, ibikoresho n'imikorere y'umuyoboro w'ingunguru. Muri rusange, igihe cyo gushyushya kigomba kuba hagati y'iminota 15-30, kandi igihe cyihariye kigomba kwemeza ko umuyoboro w'ingunguru ugera ku bushyuhe busabwa bwo gushyushya.
Igipimo cyo gushyushya
Igipimo cy'ubushyuhe kigomba kugenzurwa mu rugero rukwiye kugira ngo hirindwe ko kiba cyihuse cyane cyangwa gito cyane. Ubushyuhe bwihuta cyane bushobora gutera stress nyinshi imbere mu muyoboro w'amazi kandi bukagira ingaruka ku mikorere yawo; ubushyuhe butinze cyane bugabanya umusaruro.

3. Gusuzuma byimbitse ibijyanye no gusukura no gushyushya mbere
Gusukura no gushyushya umuyoboro w’imashini ni ibintu bibiri bifitanye isano, bigomba gusuzumwa neza mu mikorere nyayo. Umuyoboro w’imashini usukuye ugomba gushyushywa ku gihe kugira ngo amavuta akore neza kandi akore neza. Muri icyo gihe, mu gihe cyo gushyushya, hagomba kwitabwaho gukomeza gusukura umuyoboro w’imashini kugira ngo hirindwe ko ivumbi n’imyanda byinjira mu muyoboro.
(I) Guhuza ibikorwa byo gusukura no gushyushya mbere
Hakenewe guhuza neza hagati yo gusukura no gushyushya mbere. Hashobora kuba hakiri ubushuhe cyangwa isabune nkeya ku buso bw'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko nyuma yo gusukura, bityo rero menya neza ko umunyururu w'umuzunguruko wumye neza mbere yo kuwushyushya mbere yo kuwushyushya. Ushobora kubanza gushyira umunyururu w'umuzunguruko wasukuwe ahantu hahumeka umwuka kugira ngo wumuke, cyangwa ugakoresha umwuka ufunze kugira ngo wumuke, hanyuma ugashyushya mbere. Ibi bishobora kwirinda ko amazi yashira mu gihe cyo gushyushya mbere yo kuwushyushya kugira ngo habeho umwuka w'amazi, ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo gushyushya mbere ndetse binatere ingese ku buso bw'umunyururu w'umuzunguruko.
(II) Igenzura mbere yo gukoresha ibikoresho
Nyuma yo gusukura no gushyushya umuyoboro w'imashini, hakenewe igenzura ryimbitse mbere yuko ibikoresho bikoreshwa. Reba niba imbaraga z'umuyoboro w'imashini zikoreshwa zikwiye, niba imigozi y'umuyoboro n'agace k'imashini ari ibisanzwe, kandi niba amavuta ahagije. Binyuze muri ubu bugenzuzi, ibibazo bishobora kugaragara bishobora kuvumburwa no gukemurwa ku gihe kugira ngo ibikoresho bikore neza kandi neza.

4. Ibibazo n'ibisubizo bisanzwe
(I) Ibibazo bikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo gusukura
Guhitamo nabi imashini zisukura
Ikibazo: Gukoresha isabune ihumanya cyane bishobora gutera ingese ku buso bw'umunyururu uzunguruka, gusaza kw'udupfundikizo twa kabutura, n'ibindi bibazo.
Igisubizo: Hitamo imashini yihariye yo gusukura iminyururu cyangwa isukura yoroheje nka peteroli kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika k'umunyururu uzunguruka.
Isuku idakozwe neza
Ikibazo: Mu gihe cyo gusukura, umwanda uri mu mugozi ushobora kudakurwaho burundu bitewe n'imikorere idahwitse cyangwa igihe kidahagije, bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo gusiga amavuta n'imikorere y'umugozi.
Umuti: Mu gihe usukura, sukura witonze ibice byose by'umunyururu w'umuzingo, cyane cyane icyuho kiri hagati y'agapira, umuzingo n'agapfunyika. Niba bibaye ngombwa, kuraho umunyururu kugira ngo usukure neza. Muri icyo gihe, ongera igihe cyo kuvoma kugira ngo isuku ishobore gukora neza uruhare rwayo.
Kumisha bidahagije
Ikibazo: Iyo umugozi w'umuzingo utuzuye nyuma yo gusukurwa, ubushuhe busigaye bushobora gutuma umugozi w'umuzingo ugwa ingese.
Umuti: Menya neza ko umugozi w'umugozi wumye neza nyuma yo gusukura. Umugozi w'umugozi ushobora gushyirwa ahantu hahumeka neza kugira ngo wumuke mu buryo busanzwe, cyangwa ugahanagurwa n'igitambaro gisukuye, cyangwa ukamuhumisha umwuka ufunze.
(II) Ibibazo bikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo gushyushya
Ubushyuhe bukabije cyane
Ikibazo: Ubushyuhe bukabije bushobora guhindura imiterere y'icyuma cy'umunyururu w'urukiramende, nko kugabanuka k'ubukana n'imbaraga nke, bityo bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'umunyururu w'urukiramende n'ubwizigirwa bwawo.
Umuti: Menya neza ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ukurikije amabwiriza y'umuyoboro w'amazi cyangwa ibisobanuro bya tekiniki bireba, kandi ukoreshe ibikoresho by'abahanga mu gupima ubushyuhe kugira ngo ukurikirane ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo urebe ko ubushyuhe butarenze urugero rwemewe.
Gushyushya mbere bitangana
Ikibazo: Umunyururu w'umuzunguruko ushobora gushyushywa mu buryo butangana mu gihe cyo gushyushya mbere y'uko utangira, bigatuma habaho itandukaniro rikomeye ry'ubushyuhe mu bice bitandukanye by'umunyururu, ibyo bikazatera ubushyuhe mu munyururu mu gihe cyo gukora no kugira ingaruka ku mikorere yawo isanzwe.
Umuti: Gerageza gushyushya ibice byose by'umunyururu w'urukiramende mu buryo bungana mu gihe cyo gushyushya. Niba hakoreshejwe igikoresho gishyushya, aho gushyushya bigomba kwimurwa buri gihe; niba ubushyuhe bukomoka ku bikoresho bukoreshwa mu gushyushya, ibikoresho bigomba kureka bigakora ku muvuduko muto kandi nta mutwaro bitwara igihe kirekire kugira ngo ubushyuhe bushobore kwimurirwa mu bice byose by'umunyururu w'urukiramende.
Gushyira amavuta make nyuma yo gushyushya mbere
Ikibazo: Niba gushyushya bitashyizweho amavuta ku gihe cyangwa uburyo bwo gushyushya butagenze neza, umuyoboro w'amazi ushobora kwangirika cyane iyo urimo gukora ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
Umuti: Nyuma yo gushyushya mbere, umuyoboro w'imashini ugomba guhita ushyirwamo amavuta, kandi hagomba gukorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo amavuta yo kwisiga ashobore gushyirwa ku buryo bungana ku bice bitandukanye by'umuyoboro w'imashini. Mu gihe cyo gusiga amavuta, hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'uburyo bwo kuyasiga, amavuta yo kwisiga, amavuta yo kwisiga cyangwa amavuta yo kwisiga ashobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z'amavuta yo kwisiga.

5. Incamake
Gusukura no gushyushya iminyururu y'ibizingo ni ingenzi kugira ngo bikore neza kandi byongere igihe cyo kuyikoresha. Binyuze mu buryo bwiza bwo kuyisukura, umwanda n'imyanda iri ku munyururu w'ibizingo bishobora gukurwaho neza kugira ngo bikomeze kugira imiterere myiza yo gusiga amavuta; kandi gushyushya neza bishobora kugabanya ubukana bw'amavuta yo gusiga, kunoza imikorere y'umunyururu w'ibizingo, no kugabanya kwangirika no kwangirika. Mu mikorere nyayo, ni ngombwa gushyiraho gahunda y'ubumenyi kandi ikwiye yo gusukura no gushyushya hakurikijwe imiterere y'akazi n'imiterere y'imikorere y'umunyururu w'ibizingo, no gukora hakurikijwe neza inzira z'imikorere. Muri icyo gihe, hagomba kwitabwaho guhuza hagati yo gusukura no gushyushya mbere y'uko ibikoresho bitangira gukoreshwa, ndetse n'imirimo yo kugenzura mbere y'uko ibikoresho bitangira gukoreshwa, kugira ngo havumburwe kandi hakemurwe ibibazo bisanzwe kandi harebwe ko umunyururu w'ibizingo ukora neza, bityo bikanoza imikorere rusange n'ubwizigirwa bw'ibikoresho kandi bigatanga garanti ikomeye ku musaruro w'inganda.