Te Tukanga Paerewa Ahumahi Mekameka Roera

Te Tukanga Paerewa o te Ahumahi Mekameka Roera: Mai i te Pūtake Mīhini ki te Mahi Tahi ā-Ao

Hei "toto toto" o te tuku hiko ā-umanga, kua mau i ngā mekameka roera te kaupapa matua o te tuku hiko me te kawe rauemi mai i tōna tīmatanga. Mai i ngā tauira i te Renaissance ki ngā wāhanga tino tika o ēnei rā e whakakaha ana i te umanga ā-ao, kua hono tata te whanaketanga o ngā mekameka roera ki te tukanga paerewa. Ehara i te mea ko te paerewa anake te tautuhi i te DNA hangarau omekameka roeraengari ka whakatū hoki i ngā ture mahi tahi mō te mekameka ahumahi o te ao, ka noho hei kaupapa matua mō te whanaketanga ahumahi kounga teitei me te hokohoko o te ao.

I. Te Kutukutu me te Tūhuratanga: Te Pōrearea Hangarau i mua i te Whakapūmautanga (I mua i te rautau 19 – 1930)
I mua atu i te whakatūnga o tētahi pūnaha paerewa te whanaketanga hangarau o ngā mekameka roera. Nā tēnei wā tūhuratanga i kohia ai ngā wheako mahi nui mō te whakatakoto paerewa i muri mai. I te tau 200 BC pea, i whakaatuhia e te wira wai o tōku whenua me te papu wai o te peere mekameka o Rōma onamata ngā momo tuku mekameka taketake. Heoi, he māmā noa te hanganga o ēnei mekameka kawe, ā, he motuhake noa iho ngā hiahia ka taea te whakatutuki.

I te wā o te Renaissance, i tuatahitia te ariā o te mekameka tuku, arā, ko Leonardo da Vinci te kaiwhakatakoto i te pūtake ariā mō te mekameka roera tauira. Nā te mekameka pine i hangaia e Gall i Parani i te tau 1832 me te mekameka roera kore ringaringa nā James Slater i Peretānia i te tau 1864 i whakapai ake i te pai o te tuku me te pakari o ngā mekameka. Nō te tau 1880 ka hangaia e te miihini Peretānia a Henry Reynolds te mekameka roera hou, i whakakapi i te waku reti ki te waku hurihuri i waenga i ngā roera me ngā porotiti, ā, ka whakaitihia te ngaronga pūngao. Ko tēnei hanganga te paearu mō te paerewa i muri mai.

Mai i te mutunga o te rautau 19 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka tino piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā mekameka roera i roto i ngā ahumahi hou pēnei i ngā pahikara, ngā motuka, me ngā waka rererangi. I uru ngā mekameka taraiwa ki te umanga pahikara i te tau 1886, i whakamahia i roto i ngā motuka i te tau 1889, ā, i rere ki te rangi me te waka rererangi a ngā tuakana Wright i te tau 1903. Heoi, i taua wā, i whakawhirinaki katoa te hanga ki ngā whakaritenga ā-roto o te kamupene. He rerekē ngā tawhā pēnei i te teitei o te mekameka, te matotoru o te pereti, me te whānui o te roera i waenga i ngā kaihanga, ā, ka hua ake he āhua pōrearea o "kotahi te wheketere, kotahi te paerewa, kotahi te mīhini, kotahi te mekameka." Me taurite ngā whakakapinga mekameka ki te tauira taketake a te kaihanga, ā, ka hua ake he utu whakatikatika nui, ā, ka tino whakawhāiti i te tauine o te umanga. Nā tēnei wehewehenga hangarau i hanga he hiahia nui mō te paerewa.

II. Te Aranga ā-Rohe: Te Whakatūnga o ngā Pūnaha Paerewa ā-Motu me ā-Rohe (1930-1960)

I te pikinga ake o te miihini o te ahumahi, ka tīmata ngā whakahaere paerewa ā-rohe ki te whakahaere i te whanaketanga o ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau o te mekameka roera, ka hangaia he pūnaha hangarau nui e rua i te United States me Europe, e whakatakoto ana i te turanga mō te whakaritenga o te ao i muri mai.

(I) Te Pūnaha Amerika: Te Pūtake Mahi Ahumahi o te Paerewa ANSI

Hei kaitākaro matua i roto i te Huringa Ahumahi, ko te Hononga o Amerika te kaihautū i te tukanga paerewa mekameka roera. I te tau 1934, i whakawhanakehia e te American Roller and Silent Chain Manufacturers Association te ASA Roller Chain Standard (i muri mai ka whanake hei ANSI Standard), nāna i tautuhi tuatahi ngā tawhā matua me ngā tikanga whakamātautau mō ngā mekameka roera tika poto-pitch. Ka whakamahia e te paerewa ANSI ngā waeine imperial, ā, he motuhake tana pūnaha tau—ko te tau mekameka e tohu ana i te kotahi-waru o te inihi te pitch. Hei tauira, ko te pitch o te mekameka #40 he 4/8 inihi (12.7mm), ā, ko te pitch o te mekameka #60 he 6/8 inihi (19.05mm). Kei te whakamahia whānuitia tonutia tēnei pūnaha whakatakotoranga ngāwari i te mākete o Amerika Te Raki.

Ka wehea e te paerewa ngā tohu hua kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga mahi rerekē: ko ngā mekameka iti pēnei i te #40 e tika ana mō ngā tono ahumahi mama me te mahi-waenga, ko ngā rahi #100 me runga ake e tutuki ana i ngā hiahia ahumahi taumaha. E tohu ana hoki ko te kawenga mahi he 1/6 ki te 1/8 o te kaha whati. Nā te whakaurunga o te paerewa ANSI i taea ai te whakaputa nui i roto i te ahumahi mekameka o Amerika, ā, ko tōna whakamahinga whānui i roto i ngā mīhini ahuwhenua, te hinu, te keri, me ētahi atu mara i tere te whakatū i tētahi tūranga ārahi i roto i te hangarau.

(II) Pūnaha Pākehā: Te Tūhura i te Whakapaipai o te Paerewa BS
I tētahi atu taha, kua whakawhanakehia e Ūropi ōna āhuatanga hangarau i runga i te paerewa BS o Peretānia. Kāore i rite ki ngā paerewa ANSI, e aro ana ki te mahi ahumahi, e whakanui ana ngā paerewa BS i te hanga tika me te whakawhitiwhiti, e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga pakari ake mō ngā tohu pēnei i te manawanui o te kōtaha niho sprocket me te kaha ngenge mekameka. I mua i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i tangohia e te nuinga o ngā whenua Ūropi te pūnaha paerewa BS, ka hangaia he wehenga hangarau ki te mākete o Amerika.

I tēnei wā, i tino whakatairangahia te mahi tahi i roto i te mekameka ahumahi ā-rohe e te hanganga o ngā paerewa ā-rohe: i whakarato ngā kamupene rauemi o runga i te maitai me ngā āhuatanga mahi motuhake e ai ki ngā paerewa, i whakatutukihia e ngā kaihanga waenga te hanga papatipu o ngā wāhanga, ā, i whakaitihia e ngā kamupene tono o raro ngā utu tiaki taputapu. Heoi, i hangaia hoki e ngā rerekētanga tawhā i waenga i ngā pūnaha e rua ngā arai hokohoko—he uaua ki te urutau ki ngā mekameka Pākehā ngā taputapu o Amerika, ā, he uaua hoki, nā reira i whakatakoto te turanga mō te whakakotahitanga o ngā paerewa o te ao i muri mai.

(III) Ngā Tīmatanga o Āhia: Te Whakatakinga Tūatahi a Hapani i ngā Paerewa o te Ao

I tēnei wā, i whakamahia e Hapani te rautaki kawemai hangarau, i te tīmatanga i whakamahia katoatia te pūnaha paerewa ANSI hei urutau i ngā taputapu kawemai. Heoi, i te pikinga ake o te hokohoko kaweake i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka tīmata a Hapani ki te whakauru i ngā paerewa BS hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te mākete Pākehā, ka hangaia he wā whakawhiti o "ngā paerewa takirua i te taha whakarara." Nā tēnei urutau ngāwari i kohia te wheako mō tana whai wāhi atu ki te whakatakoto paerewa o te ao.

III. Te Mahi Tahi ā-Ao: Te Whakakotahitanga me te Whakahoutanga o ngā Paerewa ISO (1960-2000)

Nā te hōhonutanga o te hokohoko ā-ao me te rere o te hangarau ahumahi ā-ao i panaia ngā paerewa mekameka roera mai i te wehewehenga ā-rohe ki te whakakotahitanga ā-ao. Ko te Whakahaere Paerewa ā-Ao (ISO) te kaupapa matua o tēnei tukanga, me te whakauru i ngā painga hangarau o Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika hei whakatū i tētahi anga paerewa e tika ana mō te ao katoa.

(I) Te Whānautanga o te ISO 606: Te Hononga o ngā Pūnaha Matua e Rua

I te tau 1967, i whakamanahia e te ISO te Taunakitanga R606 (ISO/R606-67), i whakatūria ai te tauira tuatahi o tētahi paerewa ā-ao mō ngā mekameka roera. He whakakotahitanga hangarau tēnei paerewa o ngā paerewa Anglo-Amerika, ā, i mau tonu te whaihuatanga ahumahi o te paerewa ANSI i te wā e whakauru ana i ngā whakaritenga matatau o te paerewa BS, e whakarato ana i te pūtake hangarau kotahi tuatahi mō te hokohoko mekameka ā-ao.

I te tau 1982, i tukuna mana te ISO 606, hei whakakapi i te taunakitanga wā poto. I whakamāramahia ngā whakaritenga whakawhiti-ahu, ngā tohu mahi kaha, me ngā paerewa whatunga sprocket mō ngā mekameka roera tika poto-pitch. Nā tēnei paerewa, mō te wā tuatahi, i whakauru ngā here ki te "āhua niho mōrahi me te iti rawa," i pakaru ai ngā ture pakari o mua mō ngā āhua niho motuhake, i whakarato i te wāhi hoahoa whaitake ki ngā kaihanga me te whakarite i te whakawhiti-ahu.

(II) Whakapai Ake i te Paerewa Pūnaha: Mai i te Tawhā Kotahi ki te Whakatakotoranga Mekameka Whānui

I te tau 1994, i whakahaerehia e ISO tētahi whakahoutanga nui o te paerewa 606, me te whakauru i te mekameka rakau, ngā taputapu, me te hangarau sprocket ki roto i tētahi anga kotahi, hei whakatau i te momotu o mua i waenga i te mekameka me ngā paerewa wāhanga e pā ana. I whakaurua mai hoki e tēnei whakahoutanga te inenga "kaha kawenga hihiri" mō te wā tuatahi, hei whakatū i ngā whakaritenga mahi ngenge mō ngā mekameka aho kotahi, kia pai ake ai te paerewa ki ngā āhuatanga whakahaere tūturu.

I tēnei wā, i whai ngā whenua maha i ngā paerewa o te ao: i whakaputa a Haina i te GB/T 1243-1997 i te tau 1997, i tangohia katoatia te ISO 606:1994, ā, i whakakapia ngā paerewa e toru i mua; i whakaurua e Hapani ngā tohu matua ISO ki roto i te raupapa paerewa JIS B 1810, ka hangaia he pūnaha ahurei o "ngā paearu o te ao + te urutau ā-rohe." Nā te whakakotahitanga o ngā paerewa o te ao i tino whakaiti i ngā utu hokohoko. E ai ki ngā tatauranga ahumahi, nā te whakatinanatanga o te ISO 606 i whakaiti i ngā tautohetohe whakatakotoranga i roto i te hokohoko mekameka roera o te ao neke atu i te 70%.

(III) Ngā Paerewa Motuhake Tāpiri: Ngā Whakatakotoranga Tika mō ngā Marae Motuhake
I te whānuitanga o ngā tono mekameka roera, kua puta ake ngā paerewa motuhake mō ngā mara motuhake. I te tau 1985, i whakaputa a Haina i te GB 6076-1985, "Ngā Mekameka Puhi Poto mō te Tukunga," e whakakī ana i te āputa i roto i ngā paerewa mekameka puhi. JB/T 3875-1999, i whakahoutia i te tau 1999, i whakapūmau i ngā mekameka roera taumaha hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga kawenga teitei o ngā mīhini taumaha. Ka tautokohia e ēnei paerewa motuhake te ISO 606, ka hanga he pūnaha whānui "paerewa taketake + paerewa motuhake".

IV. Te Whakamana i te Tika: Te Whakatairanga Hangarau o ngā Paerewa i te Rautau 21 (mai i te tau 2000 ki nāianei)

I te rautau 21, ko te pikinga ake o te hanga taputapu matatau, te hanga aunoa, me ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao kua akiaki i te whanaketanga o ngā paerewa mekameka roera ki te tino tika, te mahi teitei, me te mahi matomato. Kua whakahoutia tonutia e ISO me ngā whakahaere paerewa ā-motu ngā paerewa kia pai ake ai te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā whakahoutanga ahumahi.

(I) ISO 606:2004/2015: He Huarahi Rua mō te Tika me te Mahi
I te tau 2004, i tukuna e ISO te paerewa hou 606 (ISO 606:2004), me te whakauru i ngā paerewa taketake ISO 606 me ISO 1395, ā, i tutuki ai te whakakotahitanga katoa o ngā paerewa mekameka roera me te mekameka rakau. I whakawhānui ake tēnei paerewa i te whānuitanga o ngā whakatakotoranga, me te whakawhānui ake i te nekehanga mai i te 6.35mm ki te 114.30mm, ā, e toru ngā wāhanga e kapi ana: Raupapa A (i ahu mai i te ANSI), Raupapa B (i ahu mai i Ūropi), me te Raupapa Mahi Taumaha ANSI, e tutuki ai ngā hiahia o ngā āhuatanga katoa, mai i ngā mīhini tino tika ki ngā taputapu taumaha.

I te tau 2015, i whakakaha ake te ISO 606:2015 i ngā whakaritenga tika o ngā āhuatanga, i whakaitihia te awhe pekapeka o te papa mā te 15%, ā, i tāpirihia ngā tohu mahi taiao (pēnei i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga RoHS), i whakatairanga i te panonitanga o te umanga mekameka ki te "hanga tika + whakaputa matomato." Ka whakatikatikaina hoki e te paerewa te whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo taputapu me te tāpiri i ngā aratohu hoahoa mō ngā taputapu kua whakaritea motuhake hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā raina whakaputa aunoa.

(II) Te Mahi Ngātahi me te Auahatanga i roto i ngā Paerewa ā-Motu: He Akoranga Take mō Haina
Ahakoa te whai i ngā paerewa o te ao, kei te auaha me te whakapai ake hoki a Haina i runga i ngā āhuatanga o ōna ahumahi ā-rohe. Ko te GB/T 1243-2006, i tukuna i te tau 2006, he rite ki te ISO 606:2004, ā, mō te wā tuatahi ka whakakotahi i ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō ngā mekameka, ngā taputapu, me ngā porotiti ki roto i te paerewa kotahi. Ka whakamāramahia hoki ngā tikanga tatau kaha mō ngā mekameka takirua me ngā mekameka takitoru, ka whakatau i te korenga o mua o tētahi pūtake pono mō te kaha kawenga hihiri o ngā mekameka maha-aho.

I te tau 2024, ka mana te GB/T 1243-2024, ka noho hei aratohu matua mō ngā whakapainga hangarau o te umanga. Ka tutuki i te paerewa hou ngā whanaketanga i roto i ngā tohu matua pēnei i te tika o ngā āhuatanga me te kaha kawe kawenga: ka piki ake te mana whakatauranga o te tauira mekameka kotahi mā te 20%, ā, ka whakaitihia te manawanui o te diameter porowhita piko, ka hua ake he pikinga 5%-8% i roto i te pai o te pūnaha tuku. Ka tāpirihia hoki he kāwai hou o ngā taputapu aroturuki atamai, e tautoko ana i te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu o ngā tawhā pēnei i te pāmahana me te wiri, e urutau ana ki ngā whakaritenga o te Ahumahi 4.0. Mā te whakauru hohonu ki ngā paerewa ISO, ka āwhina tēnei paerewa i ngā hua mekameka roera Hainamana ki te wikitoria i ngā arai hangarau ki te hokohoko o te ao me te whakarei ake i tō rātou mōhiotanga ki te mākete o te ao.

(III) Te Arotautanga Hihiri o ngā Paerewa Rohe: Te Mahi a te JIS o Hapani
Kei te whakahou tonu te Komihana Paerewa Ahumahi o Hapani (JISC) i te raupapa paerewa JIS B 1810. Ko te putanga 2024 o JIS B 1810:2024, i tukuna i te tau 2024, e arotahi ana ki te whakapakari i ngā whakaritenga tāutanga me te tiaki me ngā aratohu urutau āhua mahi. Ka tāpirihia hoki e ia ngā whakaritenga mō te tono rauemi hou pēnei i ngā hiato muka waro me ngā paninga uku, e whakarato ana i te pūtake hangarau mō te hanga mekameka mama, kaha-teitei. Ko ngā tikanga whiriwhiri me te tatau taipitopito i roto i te paerewa ka āwhina i ngā kamupene ki te whakaiti i ngā reiti rahunga taputapu me te whakaroa i te roa o te mekameka.