Ngā hapa o te mekameka whakarewa

Ngā hapa o te mekameka whakarewa

I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku ahumahi,mekameka roera, nā te mea he tino pai te mahi me te kaha ki te kawe kawenga, kua noho hei wāhanga matua i roto i te maina, te hanga, te ahuwhenua, me ētahi atu mara. Ko ngā whakarewa, hei hononga nui i waenga i ngā hononga mekameka roera, ka whakatau tika i te roa o te mahi me te haumaru o te mekameka. Mō ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi, ko ngā hapa whakarewa mekameka roera ehara i te mea ka puta he wā kore mahi taputapu me te aukati i te hanga, engari ka arahi hoki ki ngā aituā haumaru me ngā utu whakatika nui. Ma tenei tuhinga e whakarato he tātaritanga hohonu o ngā momo, ngā take, ngā tikanga kimi, me ngā rautaki ārai i ngā hapa whakarewa mekameka roera, e whakarato ana i te tohutoro ngaio mō te hokohoko me te hanga hokohoko ki tāwāhi.

I. Ngā Momo Noa me ngā Tūponotanga o ngā Koha o te Mekameka Roera

Me tu atu ngā hononga whakarewa mekameka roera ki ngā wero maha o ngā kawenga hihiri, te waku, me te waikura taiao. Ko ngā hapa noa, e huna ana i raro i te āhua kāore i pakaru, ka waiho hei take mō te pakaru o te mekameka.

(I) Ngā Kapiti: He Tūāpapa mō te Pakaru o te Mekameka
Ko ngā pakaru tētahi o ngā hapa tino morearea i roto i ngā mekameka whakarewa, ā, ka taea te whakarōpū hei pakaru wera, hei pakaru makariri rānei i runga i te wā e puta ai. He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā pakaru wera i te wā o te tukanga whakarewa, nā te tere o te whakamatao o te konganuku whakarewa me te nui rawa o ngā poke (pērā i te whanariki me te whākawa), ka puta he pakaru pakarukaru i ngā rohe o te kōhatu. Ka puta ngā pakaru makariri i ngā hāora ki ngā rā i muri i te whakarewa, ko te nuinga nā ngā pānga o te ahotea toenga whakarewa me te hanganga pakeke o te konganuku turanga. Ka taea e ēnei hapa te whakaiti nui i te kaha o te whakarewa. I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku tere-teitei, ka tere te horapa o ngā pakaru, ā, ka mutu ka whati te mekameka, ka mutu ka raru ngā taputapu, ka mate pea.

(II) Te Pūngao: He Pūnga mō te Waikura me te Ngenge

Ko te porousity i roto i ngā whakarewanga ka puta mai i ngā hau (pērā i te hauwai, te hauota, me te hauota waro) e mau ana i te wā whakarewanga, ā, kāore e puta i te wā tika. Ko te porousity ka puta mai i ngā kōhao porowhita, porotītaha rānei i runga i te mata, i roto rānei i te whakarewanga. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa te porousity i te piri o te whakarewanga, ā, ka arahi pea ki te turuturu hinu, engari ka whakararuraru hoki i te haere tonu o te konganuku me te whakanui ake i ngā pūwāhi kukū ahotea. I roto i ngā taiao ahumahi makuku me te puehu, ka noho ngā kōhao hei awa mō ngā mea waikura ki roto, ka tere ake te waikura o te whakarewanga. Hei tāpiri, i raro i ngā kawenga huringa, ka ngawari te hanga o ngā kapiti ngenge i ngā taha o ngā kōhao, ka whakapoto i te roa o te mahi o te mekameka roera.

(III) Te Kore o te Whakaurunga/Te Kore o te Hononga: Te "Wāhi Ngoikore" o te Kore o te Kaha
Ko te korenga o te urunga e pā ana ki te hanumitanga kāore i oti i te pūtake whakarewa, ko te korenga o te hanumitanga e pā ana ki te korenga o te hononga whai hua i waenga i te konganuku whakarewa me te konganuku turanga, i waenga rānei i ngā paparanga whakarewa. Ka puta mai ēnei momo hapa e rua i te korenga o te ia whakarewa, te tere whakarewa nui rawa, te whakaritenga awaawa iti iho rānei, ka hua ake he korenga o te wera whakarewa me te korenga o te hanumitanga konganuku. Ko ngā mekameka roera me ēnei hapa he 30%-60% noa iho te kaha kawenga whakarewa o ērā o ngā hua whai tohu. I raro i ngā kawenga taumaha, he tino tūponotanga ka puta te wehenga whakarewa, ka arahi ki te nekehanga mekameka me te wā kore mahi o te raina whakaputa.

(IV) Te Whakaurunga o te Para: Te "Kaikohuru Kāore e Kitea" o te Whakahekenga Mahi
Ko ngā whakaurunga para he whakaurunga kore-whakarewa i hangaia i roto i te whakarewa i te wā whakarewa, ina kore te para rewa e piki katoa ki te mata whakarewa. Ka whakararuraru ngā whakaurunga para i te haere tonu o te whakarewa whakarewa, ka whakaiti i tōna pakari me te ātete ki te kakahu, ā, ka mahi hei pūtake o te kukū ahotea. I roto i te whakamahinga roa, tera pea ka puta he kapiti moroiti huri noa i ngā whakaurunga para, ka tere ake te kakahu o te whakarewa, ka roa ake te mekameka, ka pā ki te tika o te tuku, ā, ka kore e pai te hononga ki te porotiti.

II. Te Whai i te Pūtake: Te Tātari i ngā Take Matua o ngā Koha o te Mekameka Roera

Ehara i te mea he tūpono noa ngā hapa o te mekameka roera engari he hua nō ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te whiriwhiri rauemi, te whakahaere tukanga, me te āhua o ngā taputapu. Ina koa i roto i te whakaputanga papatipu, ahakoa he iti noa ngā rerekētanga o ngā tawhā ka arahi pea ki ngā raruraru kounga whānui.

(I) Ngā Take Rauemi: Te "Raina Tuatahi o te Parenga" o te Mana Whakahaere Pūtake

Kounga Rauemi Turanga Kāore i te Paerewa: Hei whakaiti i ngā utu, ka whiriwhiria e ētahi kaihanga te maitai he nui rawa te ihirangi waro, ngā poke rānei hei rauemi turanga mekameka roera. He ngoikore te kaha o tēnei momo maitai ki te whakarewa, he ngāwari ki te pakaru me te porosity i te wā e whakarewa ana, ā, kāore i te rawaka te kaha o te hononga i waenga i te whakarewa me te rauemi turanga. Kore hototahitanga o ngā rauemi whakarewa: Ko tētahi raruraru noa ko te kore e ōrite te hanganga o te tokotoko whakarewa, te waea rānei me te rauemi turanga. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te waea maitai waro-iti noa i te wā e whakarewa ana i te mekameka maitai koranu kaha teitei ka hua ake he whakarewa he iti ake te kaha i te rauemi turanga, ka hanga he "hononga ngoikore." Ka taea e te makuku i roto i te rauemi whakarewa (hei tauira, te makuku e mimitihia ana e te tokotoko whakarewa) te tuku hauwai i te wā e whakarewa ana, ka puta te porosity me te pakaru makariri.

(II) Ngā Take Tukanga: Ngā "Taurangi Matua" o te Tukanga Whakaputa

Ngā Tawhā Whakarewa Kore Mana Whakahaere: Ko te au, te ngaohiko, me te tere whakarewa ngā tawhā matua e whakatau ana i te kounga whakarewa. Ki te iti rawa te au, ka kore e ranea te wera, ka taea te uru kore me te kore e hanumi. Ka wera rawa te rauemi turanga i te nui rawa o te au, ka puta he kirikiri matotoru me te pakaru wera. Ka whakapotohia te wā whakamatao o te puna whakarewa e te tere whakarewa nui, ka ārai i te putanga o ngā hau me te paru, ka puta he porosity me ngā whakaurunga paru. Ki te kore e tika te horoi me te horoi: Ki te iti rawa te koki o te awaawa me ngā āputa kāore i te ōrite, ka taea te whakaiti i te urunga whakarewa, ka puta he urunga kore. Ki te kore e horoia pai te mata o te awaawa mai i te hinu, te waikura, me te unahi, ka puta he hau me ngā poke i te wā whakarewa, ka puta he porosity me ngā whakaurunga paru.
Te raupapatanga whakarewa hē: I roto i te whakaputanga papatipu, ki te kore e whai i ngā mātāpono raupapatanga whakarewa o te "whakarewatanga ōrite" me te "whakarewatanga whakamuri" ka hua ake he ahotea toenga nui i roto i te mekameka whakarewa, ka puta ai te ngatata makariri me te whakarerekētanga.

(III) Ngā Taputapu me ngā Āhuatanga Taiao: Ngā "Pānga Huna" e Ngāwari Ana te Mahara

Te koretake o te tika o ngā taputapu whakarewa: Ka taea e ngā mīhini whakarewa tawhito te whakaputa i ngā putanga au me te ngaohiko kāore i te pumau, ka hua ake he hanganga whakarewa kāore i te ōrite, ka piki ake hoki te tūponotanga o ngā hapa. Ka pāngia te tika o te tūranga whakarewa e te korenga o te tikanga whakatikatika koki pū whakarewa, ka hua ake he hanumitanga kāore i oti.

Te pokanoa ki te taiao: Ka taea e te whakarewa i roto i te taiao haukū (haumākū whanaunga >80%), hau nui, puehu rānei te whakauru i te makuku o te hau ki roto i te puna whakarewa, ka hangaia he pūwero hauwai. Ka taea e te hau te whakamarara i te pewa, ka ngaro te wera. Ka taea e te puehu te whakauru ki roto i te whakarewa, ka hanga he paru.

III. Tirotiro Tika: Ngā Tikanga Kite Ngaio mō ngā Koha o te Mekameka Roera

Ki ngā kaihoko, ko te kimi tika i ngā hapa o te whakarewa he mea nui hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea hoko; ki ngā kaihanga, ko te whakamātautau whai hua te huarahi matua hei whakarite i te kounga o te wheketere. Anei tētahi tātaritanga o ngā āhuatanga tono me ngā painga o ngā tikanga tirotiro matua e rua.

(I) Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (NDT): "Taumatatanga Tika" me te kore e Whakangaro i te Hua

Ka kitea e te NDT ngā hapa o roto, o te mata hoki o ngā whakarewa me te kore e pakaru te hanganga o te mekameka roera, ā, koinei te tikanga pai mō te tirotiro kounga hokohoko ki tāwāhi me te tauira whakaputa puranga.

Whakamātautau Ultrasonic (UT): He pai mō te kimi i ngā hapa o roto o te whakarewa pēnei i ngā pakaru, te urunga kāore i oti, me ngā whakaurunga para. Ka taea e tōna hohonutanga te kite mai i ētahi mirimita ki ngā tekau mirimita, me te taumira teitei, e taea ai te tauwāhi me te rahi tika o ngā hapa. He tino pai mō te tirotiro i ngā whakarewa i roto i ngā mekameka roera taumaha, me te kimi pai i ngā hapa huna o roto. Whakamātautau Whakauru (PT): Ka mahia te whakamātautau whakauru mā te whakamahi i te wero ki te mata whakarewa, mā te whakamahi i te pānga capillary hei whakaatu i ngā hapa whakatuwheratanga mata (pēnei i ngā pakaru me ngā pūwero). He māmā te whakahaere me te iti te utu, he pai mō te tirotiro i ngā whakarewa mekameka roera me te mutunga mata teitei.
Whakamātautau Irirangi (RT): Ka whakamahia ngā hihi-X, ngā hihi gamma rānei hei wero i te whakarewa, hei whakaatu i ngā hapa o roto mā te whakaahua kiriata. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakaatu ā-kanohi i te āhua me te tohatoha o ngā hapa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia mō te tirotiro whānui i ngā puranga nui o ngā mekameka roera. Heoi, he utu nui tēnei tikanga, ā, me tika te tiaki i te irahiko.

(II) Whakamātautau Whakangaro: Te "Whakamātautau Whakamutunga" hei Manatoko i te Mahi Whakamutunga

Ko te whakamātautau whakangaro he whakamātautau ā-pūkaha o ngā tauira. Ahakoa ka whakangaromia e tēnei tikanga te hua, ka taea e ia te whakaatu tika i te kaha tuturu o te whakarewa ki te kawe kawenga, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakamātautau momo i te wā o te whakawhanaketanga hua hou me te hanga papatipu.

Whakamātautau Kume: Ka totorohia ngā tauira hononga mekameka kei roto ngā whakarewa hei ine i te kaha kume me te wāhi whati o te whakarewa, hei whakatau tika mēnā he ngoikore te kaha o te whakarewa. Whakamātautau Piko: Mā te piko tonu i te whakarewa hei tirotiro mēnā ka puta ngā kapiti o te mata, ka aromatawaihia te pakari me te ngāwari o te whakarewa, ka kitea pai ngā kapiti moroiti huna me ngā hapa pakarukaru.
Whakamātautau Makrometa: Whai muri i te whakakanapa me te whakairo i te wāhanga whakawhiti whakarewa, ka tirohia te hanganga moroiti i raro i te karu hiko. Mā tēnei ka taea te tautuhi i ngā hapa pēnei i te korenga o te urunga, ngā whakaurunga para, me ngā kōhao matotoru, me te tātari i te tika o te tukanga whakarewa.

IV. Ngā Mahi Ārai: Ngā Rautaki Ārai me te Whakatika mō ngā Koha o te Mekameka Roera

Hei whakahaere i ngā hapa o te mekameka roera, me piri ki te mātāpono "te ārai i te tuatahi, te whakatika i muri." Me whakatū he pūnaha whakahaere kounga e whakauru ana i ngā rauemi, ngā tukanga, me te whakamātautau puta noa i te tukanga katoa, me te whakarato hoki i ngā tohutohu whai hua ki ngā kaihoko mō te whiriwhiri me te whakaae.

(I) Kaihanga: Te Whakatū i tētahi Pūnaha Whakahaere Kounga Tukanga-Katoa

Kōwhiringa Rauemi Tino Pai i te Pūtake: Kōwhiria he maitai kounga teitei e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao (pēnei i te ISO 606) hei rauemi turanga, me te whakarite kei roto i te awhe whakarewa te nui o te waro me te nui o te poke. Me hototahi ngā rauemi whakarewa ki te rauemi turanga, ā, me rongoa kia kore e makuku, e waikura hoki, me te whakamaroke i mua i te whakamahinga. Arotauhia ngā tukanga whakarewa: I runga i ngā whakaritenga rauemi turanga me te mekameka, whakatauhia ngā tawhā whakarewa tino pai (au, ngaohiko, me te tere) mā te whakamātautau tukanga, me te waihanga kāri tukanga mō te whakatinanatanga tino pai. Whakamahia ngā awaawa mīhini hei whakarite i ngā rahi awaawa me te ma o te mata. Whakatairangahia ngā tukanga whakarewa ōrite hei whakaiti i te ahotea toenga.

Whakakaha ake i ngā tirotiro tukanga: I te wā whakaputa papatipu, me whakamahi tauira 5%-10% o ia puranga hei whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (he pai ake te whakakotahi i te whakamātautau ultrasonic me te whakamātautau uruhanga), me te tirotiro 100% mō ngā hua nui. Whakamātauria ngā taputapu whakarewa i ia wā kia mau ai te putanga tawhā. Whakatūria he pūnaha whakangungu me te aromatawai mō ngā kaiwhakahaere whakarewa hei whakapai ake i ngā paerewa mahi.

(II) Te taha o te kaihoko: Ngā tikanga whiriwhiri me te whakaae mōrearea

Ngā paerewa kounga mārama: Whakamāramahia i roto i te kirimana hoko me tutuki ngā whakarewa mekameka roera ki ngā paerewa o te ao (pēnei i te ANSI B29.1, ISO 606 rānei), tohua te tikanga tirotiro (hei tauira, te whakamātautau ultrasonic mō ngā hapa o roto, te whakamātautau werohanga mō ngā hapa o te mata), me te tono i ngā kaiwhakarato kia whakarato i ngā pūrongo tirotiro kounga. Ngā kaupapa matua o te whakaae i te papaanga: Me arotahi ngā tirotiro tirohanga ki te whakarite kia maeneene ngā whakarewa, kāore he poka me ngā pūwero e kitea ana, ā, kāore he hapa e kitea ana pērā i ngā kapiti me ngā pūwero. Ka taea te whiriwhiri matapōkere i ngā tauira mō ngā whakamātautau piko ngāwari hei tirotiro i ngā hapa whakarewa. Mō ngā mekameka e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu nui, e taunakihia ana kia tukua he whakamātautau kore-whakangaro ki tētahi tari whakamātautau tuatoru.

Te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaiwhakarato pono: Whakaritea ngā kaiwhakarato kua whai tiwhikete ki te pūnaha whakahaere kounga ISO 9001. Rangahauhia ngā taputapu whakaputa matatau me ngā āheinga whakamātautau. Mēnā e tika ana, whakahaerehia he arotake wheketere i te papaanga hei whakaū i te pono o ā rātou tukanga whakarewa me ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga.

(III) Te Whakatika i te Hapa: Ngā Mahere Whakautu Āwhati hei Whakaiti i ngā Ngaronga

Mō ngā hapa iti i kitea i te wā tirotiro, ka taea te whakatinana i ngā mahi whakatika kua whakaritea, engari he mea nui kia mōhiotia me tirotiro anō i muri i te whakatikatika:

Ngā whakaurunga o te pūwero me te para: Mō ngā hapa papaku o te mata, whakamahia he mīhini huri koki hei tango i te wāhi hapa i mua i te whakatika i te whakarewa. Ko ngā hapa hohonu o roto me kimi me te tango i te ultrasonic i mua i te whakatika i te whakarewa. Ko te korenga o te hanumi iti: Me whānui te awaawa, me tango te unahi me ngā paru mai i te korenga o te wāhi hanumi. Me mahi te whakarewa whakatika mā te whakamahi i ngā tawhā whakarewa tika. Me whakamātautau te kume hei manatoko i te kaha i muri i te whakarewa whakatika.
Ngā Kapiti: He uaua ake te whakatika i ngā kapiti. Ka taea te tango i ngā kapiti mata iti mā te huri, kātahi ka whakatika mā te whakarewa. Mena ka neke ake te hohonutanga o te kapiti i te 1/3 o te matotoru o te whakarewa, ki te kitea rānei he kapiti mā roto, me tango tonu te whakarewa hei karo i ngā tūponotanga haumaru i muri i te whakatikatika.