Te Tukanga Whakamahana i te Mekameka Roera: He Wāhanga Matua e Whakatau ana i te Pono o te Tuku
I roto i te rāngai tuku hiko ahumahi,mekameka roerahe wāhanga matua ēnei mō te tuku mana me te nekehanga, ā, ko tā rātou mahi he pānga tika ki te whai huatanga o te mahi me te haumaru o te mīhini katoa. Mai i te tuku taumaha i roto i ngā mīhini keri ki te taraiwa tika o ngā taputapu mīhini tika, mai i ngā mahi mara i roto i ngā mīhini ahuwhenua ki te tuku mana i roto i ngā miihini motuka, he rite tonu te mahi a ngā mekameka roera ki te "piriti mana." I roto i te hanga mekameka roera, ko te whakamahana, he taahiraa matua i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga wera, he rite ki te taahiraa nui e "huri ana i te kōhatu hei koura," e whakatau tika ana i te kaha, te pakari, te ātete kakahu, me te roa o te mahi o te mekameka.
1. He aha te take i waiho ai te whakamahana hei "akoranga whakahau" i roto i te hanga mekameka roera?
I mua i te kōrero mō te tukanga whakamahana, me whakamārama tuatahi tātou: He aha te hiranga o te whakamahana mekameka roera? Ka tīmata tēnei mā te tukatuka i ngā wāhanga matua o te mekameka: ngā roera, ngā pū, ngā pine, me ngā pereti hononga. I muri i te hanganga, ka tukuna ngā wāhanga matua o te mekameka roera ki te tukanga tinei: ka whakamahanahia te mea mahi ki runga ake i te pāmahana matua (te tikanga 820-860°C), ka puritia ki taua pāmahana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao tere (hei tauira, ki te wai, ki te hinu rānei) hei huri i te hanganga o roto o te konganuku hei martensite. Ahakoa ka whakanuia e te tinei te pakeke o te mea mahi (tae atu ki te HRC 58-62), he ngoikoretanga nui anō hoki: he tino teitei ngā ahotea o roto me te pakarukaru, ka ngawari ki te pakaru i raro i te ru, i te wiri rānei. Whakaarohia te whakamahi tika i te mekameka roera kua tinei mō te tuku. Ka puta pea ngā rahunga pēnei i te pakaru o te pine me te pakaru o te roera i te wā o te kawenga tuatahi, me ngā hua kino.
Mā te tukanga whakamahana ka arohia te take "pakeke engari pakarukaru" i muri i te tineitanga. Ka whakamahanahia anō te mea kua tineitia ki te pāmahana i raro iho i te pāmahana matua (te tikanga 150-350°C), ka puritia ki taua pāmahana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao mārire. Ka whakatikatikahia e tēnei tukanga te hanganga o roto o te konganuku kia tutuki ai te taurite pai i waenga i te pakeketanga me te pakari. Mō ngā mekameka roera, he mahi nui te whakamahana i roto i ngā wāhanga matua e toru:
Whakamamae i te ahotea ā-roto: Tukuna ngā ahotea hanganga me te wera i puta i te wā tinei, hei ārai i te whakarerekētanga me te ngatata o te mea mahi nā te kukū ahotea i te wā e whakamahia ana;
Arotauhia ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha: Whakatikatikahia te ōwehenga o te pakeke, te kaha, me te pakari i runga i ngā whakaritenga tono—hei tauira, ko ngā mekameka mō ngā mīhini hanga e hiahia ana ki te pakari teitei ake, ko ngā mekameka tuku tika e hiahia ana ki te pakari teitei ake;
Whakapūmau i te hanganga moroiti me ngā inenga: Whakapūmau i te hanganga moroiti o roto o te konganuku hei ārai i te whakarerekētanga o te āhua o te mekameka i puta mai i ngā huringa hanganga moroiti i te wā e whakamahia ana, ka pā pea ki te tika o te tuku.
II. Ngā Tawhā Matua me ngā Pūwāhi Whakahaere o te Tukanga Whakamahana Mekameka Roera
Ko te whai huatanga o te tukanga whakamahana e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere tika o ngā tawhā matua e toru: te pāmahana, te wā, me te tere whakamatao. Ka taea e ngā huinga tawhā rerekē te whakaputa i ngā hua mahi rerekē. Me whakarite te tukanga whakamahana ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mekameka roera (ngā roera, ngā pū, ngā pine, me ngā pereti) nā runga i ngā āhuatanga kawenga rerekē me ngā whakaritenga mahi.
1. Te Pāmahana Whakamātao: Te "Poro Matua" mō te Whakahaere Mahi
Ko te pāmahana whakamahana te mea tino nui hei whakatau i te mahi whakamutunga o tētahi mea mahi. I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana, ka heke te pakeke o te mea mahi, ā, ka piki ake tōna pakari. I runga i te whakamahinga o te mekameka roera, ka whakarōpūtia ngā pāmahana whakamahana penei:
Te whakamahana pāmahana-iti (150-250°C): Ka whakamahia whānuitia mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia pakeke rawa, kia ātete hoki ki te kakahu, pērā i ngā roera me ngā pūwero. Ka mau tonu te pakeke o te wāhanga mahi i te pāmahana-iti ki te HRC 55-60, me te whakakore i ētahi ahotea ā-roto, kia pai ai mō ngā tono tuku auau-teitei, pānga-iti (pērā i ngā puku porowhita taputapu mīhini).
Te whakamahana pāmahana-waenga (300-450°C): He pai mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana ki te kaha me te ngāwari teitei, pērā i ngā pine me ngā pereti mekameka. I muri i te whakamahana pāmahana-waenga, ka heke te pakeke o te rauemi mahi ki te HRC 35-45, ka whakapai ake i tōna kaha whakaputa me tōna rohe ngāwari, ka taea ai te tu atu i ngā kawenga pānga taumaha (hei tauira, i roto i ngā mīhini hanga me ngā taputapu keri).
Te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei (500-650°C): Kāore i te tino whakamahia mō ngā wāhanga mekameka roera matua, ka whakamahia anake i roto i ngā tono motuhake mō ngā wāhanga āwhina e hiahia ana kia pakari teitei. I tēnei pāmahana, ka whakaitihia te pakeketanga (HRC 25-35), engari ka tino pai ake te pakari o te pānga.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Whakahaere: He mea nui te ōritetanga o te pāmahana i roto i te oumu whakamahana, me te whakahaere i ngā rerekētanga pāmahana i roto i te ±5°C. Ka taea e ngā pāmahana kore ōrite te arahi ki ngā rerekētanga nui o te mahi i roto i te puranga mahi kotahi. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā pāmahana tino teitei i runga i ngā roera te hanga i ngā "wāhi ngohengohe," ka whakaiti i te ātete kakahu. Ka taea e ngā pāmahana tino iti te whakakore i ngā ahotea o roto, ka arahi ki te pakaru.
2. Wā Whakamātao: He "Āhuatanga Rawaka" mō te Hurihanga Hanganga Moroiti
Me whakarite te wā whakamahana kia rawaka te panonitanga hanganga moroiti i roto i te mea mahi, me te karo hoki i te hekenga o te mahi i puta mai i te whakamahana rawa. Mā te poto rawa o te wā ka ārai i te tukunga katoa o te ahotea o roto, ka hua ake he panonitanga hanganga moroiti kāore i oti, ā, kāore hoki i te rawaka te pakari. Mā te roa rawa o te wā ka piki ake ngā utu whakaputa, ā, ka arahi pea ki te hekenga nui o te pakeketanga. Ko te wā whakamahana mō ngā wāhanga mekameka roera ka whakatauhia i te matotoru o te mea mahi me te kawenga oumu:
Ngā wāhanga angiangi (pērā i ngā pereti mekameka, 3-8mm te matotoru): Ko te wā whakamahana he 1-2 hāora te nuinga;
Ngā wāhanga matotoru-paki (pērā i ngā roera me ngā pine, 10-30mm te whānui): Me whakaroa te wā whakamahana ki te 2-4 hāora;
Mō ngā kawenga oumu nui ake, me whakanui ake te wā whakamahana mā te 10%-20% kia ōrite ai te whakawhiti wera ki te ngākau o te mea mahi.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakahaere Matua: Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga "ara pāmahana taahiraa" ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahana—tuatahi whakapiki ake i te pāmahana o te oumu ki te 80% o te pāmahana ūnga, pupuri mō te 30 meneti, kātahi ka whakapiki ake ki te pāmahana ūnga hei karo i ngā ahotea wera hou i roto i te mea mahi nā te pikinga tere o te pāmahana.
3. Te Tere Whakamatao: Te "Raina Parenga Whakamutunga" mō te Mahi Pūmau
He iti noa te pānga o te tere whakamatao i muri i te whakamahana ki te mahi a te mea mahi, engari me whakahaere tonu. Ko te whakamatao hau (whakamatao taiao) te whakamatao oumu rānei (whakamatao oumu) te tikanga e whakamahia ana:
I muri i te whakamatao i te pāmahana iti, ka whakamahia te whakamatao hau hei whakaiti tere i te pāmahana ki te pāmahana rūma, hei karo hoki i te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e ngā pāmahana reo, ka taea ai te ngaro o te pakeketanga.
Mena e hiahiatia ana he pakari ake i muri i te whakamahana i te pāmahana waenga, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamatao i roto i te oumu. Mā te tukanga whakamatao puhoi ka whakapai ake i te rahi o te kōpura, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete ki te pānga.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakahaere Matua: I te wā e whakamatao ana, he mea nui kia kaua e pā te koretake o te mata o te mea mahi me te hau, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te waikura, ki te tango waro rānei. Ka taea te whakauru i ngā hau tiaki pēnei i te hauota ki roto i te oumu whakamahana, ka taea rānei te pani i ngā paninga ārai-waikura ki te mata o te mea mahi hei whakarite i te kounga o te mata.
III. Ngā Raru me ngā Otinga o te Whakamahana i te Mekameka Roera
Ahakoa kua mārama ngā tawhā matua, ka puta tonu ngā raruraru kounga whakamahana i roto i te mahi whakaputa tūturu nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā taputapu, ngā mahi, ngā rauemi rānei. Ko ngā raruraru e whā e tino kitea ana i te wā whakamahana mekameka roera me ō rātou otinga e pā ana:
1. Te Pakari Kāore i te Rawaka, te Pākeke rānei
Ngā Tohu: He iti iho te pakeke o te rauemi mahi i te whakaritenga hoahoa (hei tauira, kāore te pakeke o te roera e eke ki te HRC 55), he nui ake rānei te rerekētanga o te pakeke i waenga i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te rauemi mahi kotahi i te HRC 3. Ngā Take:
He tiketike rawa te pāmahana whakamahana, he roa rawa rānei te wā pupuri;
Kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha pāmahana o te oumu whakamahana;
Kāore i te rawaka te tere whakamatao o te rauemi mahi i muri i te tineia, ka hua ake te hanganga martensite kāore i oti.
Ngā otinga:
Whakatikatikahia te thermocouple oumu whakamahana, aroturukihia te tohatoha pāmahana i roto i te oumu i ia wā, ā, whakakapia ngā ngongo whakamahana kua tawhito;
Kia tino whakahaere i te pāmahana me te wā e ai ki te pepa tukanga, ā, whakamahia te pupuri ā-wāhanga;
Whakapaipaihia te tukanga tinei me te whakamatao kia tere, kia ōrite hoki te whakamatao o te mea mahi.
2. Kāore e whakakorea te ahotea o roto, ka pakaru i te wā e whakamahia ana
Ngā Tohu: I te wā tuatahi e tāuta ana, e whakamahia ana rānei te mekameka, ka whati pea te pine, te pereti mekameka rānei, ā, ka pakarukaru.
Ngā Take:
He iti rawa te pāmahana whakamahana, he poto rawa rānei te wā pupuri, ā, kāore e ranea te tukunga o te ahotea o roto;
Kāore te mea mahi e whakamahanatia wawetia i muri i te tineitanga (mō ngā haora neke atu i te 24), ka hua ake te kohikohinga o te ahotea o roto. Otinga:
Whakanuia te pāmahana whakamātao kia tika ai, i runga i te matotoru o te rauemi mahi (hei tauira, mai i te 300°C ki te 320°C mō ngā pine) me te whakaroa i te wā pupuri.
I muri i te tineia, me whakamahana te mea mahi i roto i ngā haora e 4 kia kore ai e roa te kohikohinga o te ahotea.
Whakamahia he tukanga "whakamahana tuarua" mō ngā wāhanga matua (whai muri i te whakamahana tuatahi, whakamatao ki te pāmahana rūma, kātahi ka whakamahana anō i ngā pāmahana teitei) hei whakakore atu i te ahotea toenga.
3. Te Whakahāora me te Whakakore Waro o te Mata
Ngā Tohu: Ka puta he unahi waikura hina-pango ki te mata o te mea mahi, ka tohu rānei te whakamātautau pakeke he iti iho te pakeke o te mata i te pakeke matua (he nui ake i te 0.1mm te matotoru o te paparanga tango waro).
Take:
Ka puta he tauhohenga i waenga i te mea mahi me te hāora mēnā he nui rawa te hau i roto i te oumu whakamahana.
Ka horapa, ka memeha haere te waro mai i te mata i te wā roa rawa o te whakamahana. Otinga: Whakamahia he oumu whakamahana hiri me te hauota, te hauwai rānei hei whakahaere i te nui o te hāora i roto i te oumu kia iti iho i te 0.5%. Whakaitihia te wā whakamahana koretake, ā, arotauhia te tikanga uta oumu kia kore ai e tākai rawa ngā wahi mahi. Mō ngā wahi mahi kua paku waikura, mahia te pupuhi pupuhi i muri i te whakamahana hei tango i te unahi o te mata.
4. Te Hurihanga Āhua
Ngā Tohu: He rahi rawa te porowhita porowhita (neke atu i te 0.05mm) he hē rānei te tūnga o ngā kōhao pereti mekameka.
Take: Ka puta te ahotea wera i te tere rawa o te whakamahana, te whakamatao rānei, ka huri te āhua.
Ki te kore e tika te whakatakotoranga o ngā wahi mahi i te wā e utaina ana te oumu, ka hua ake te ahotea kore taurite.
Otinga: Whakamahia te whakamahana puhoi (50°C/haora) me te whakamatao puhoi hei whakaiti i te ahotea wera.
Hoahoahia ngā taputapu motuhake hei whakarite kia noho wātea te mea mahi i te wā e whakamahanatia ana, kia kore ai e rerekē te āhua o te pehanga.
Mō ngā wāhanga tino tika, tāpirihia he taahiraa whakatikatika i muri i te whakamahana, mā te whakamahi i te whakatikatika pēhanga, te maimoatanga wera rānei hei whakatika i ngā ine.
IV. Ngā Paearu Arotake Kounga me te Whakaae i te Tukanga Whakamahana
Hei whakarite kia tutuki i ngā wāhanga o te mekameka roera ngā whakaritenga mahi i muri i te whakamahana, me whakatū he pūnaha tirotiro kounga whānui, e whakahaere ana i ngā tirotiro whānui puta noa i ngā taha e whā: te āhua, te pakeke, ngā āhuatanga hangarau, me te hanganga moroiti.
1. Tirotiro Āhua
Ngā Ihirangi Tirotiro: Ngā hapa o te mata pēnei i te unahi, ngā kapiti, me ngā pokapoka.
Tikanga Tirotiro: Tirotiro ā-kanohi, tirotiro rānei mā te karāhe whakanui (whakanui 10x).
Paearu Whakaae: Kāore he unahi e kitea ana, he kapiti, he kohao rānei i te mata, ā, he ōrite te tae.
2. Tirotiro Pakari
Ihirangi Tirotiro: Te pakeke o te mata me te ōritetanga o te pakeke.
Tikanga Tirotiro: Whakamahia he taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell (HRC) hei whakamātautau i te pakeke o te mata o ngā roera me ngā pine. E 5% o ngā mea mahi mai i ia puranga ka tangohia he tauira matapōkere, ā, e toru ngā wāhi rerekē o ia mea mahi ka tirohia.
Ngā Paearu Whakaae:
Ngā roera me ngā pūwero: HRC 55-60, me te rerekētanga mārō o ≤ HRC3 i roto i te puranga kotahi.
Pereti pine me te mekameka: HRC 35-45, me te rerekētanga pakeke o ≤ HRC2 i roto i te puranga kotahi. 3. Whakamātautau Āhuatanga Mīhini
Ihirangi Whakamātautau: Kaha kume, pakari pānga;
Tikanga Whakamātautau: Ka whakaritea ngā tauira paerewa mai i te puranga mahi kotahi i ia hauwhā mō te whakamātautau kume (GB/T 228.1) me te whakamātautau pānga (GB/T 229);
Ngā Paearu Whakaae:
Kaha Kume: Ngā pine ≥ 800 MPa, Ngā mekameka ≥ 600 MPa;
Te Pakari o te Pānga: Ngā pine ≥ 30 J/cm², Ngā mekameka ≥ 25 J/cm².
4. Whakamātautau Hanganga Moroiti
Ihirangi Whakamātautau: Ko te hanganga o roto he martensite me te bainite kua whakapakeketia kia ōrite;
Tikanga Whakamātautau: Ka tapahia ngā wāhanga whakawhiti o te mea mahi, ka orohia, ka whakairohia, kātahi ka tirohia mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko whakarewa (whakanui 400x);
Paearu Whakaae: Hanganga ōrite, kāore he warowaihā whatunga, he kōpaka taratara rānei, ā, ko te matotoru o te paparanga kua tangohia te warowaihā he ≤ 0.05 mm.
V. Ngā Auahatanga Ahumahi: Te Aronga Whakawhanake o ngā Tukanga Whakamahana Atamai
I te whānui haere o te whakamahi i ngā hangarau Ahumahi 4.0, kei te whanake haere ngā tukanga whakamahana mekameka roera ki ngā tukanga atamai, tika, me te matomato. Anei ngā au matua e toru hei aro atu:
1. Pūnaha Whakahaere Pāmahana Atamai
Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT), ka whakanohoia he maha ngā huinga o ngā takirua wera tino tika me ngā pūoko pāmahana infrared ki roto i te oumu whakamahana hei kohikohi i ngā raraunga pāmahana wā-tūturu. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi AI, ka whakarerekētia aunoa te mana whakamahana kia tutuki ai te tika o te whakahaere pāmahana i roto i te ±2°C. Hei tāpiri, ka tuhia e te pūnaha te pihi whakamahana mō ia puranga o ngā wahi mahi, ka hangaia he rekoata kounga ka taea te whai.
2. Te Whakatauira Tukanga Mamati
Mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa tātari huānga mutunga kore (pēnei i te ANSYS), ka whakatauirahia ngā āpure pāmahana me te ahotea o te mea mahi i te wā e whakamahanatia ana hei matapae i te āhua o te whakarerekētanga me te mahi kore taurite, ā, mā reira ka arotauhia ngā tawhā tukanga. Hei tauira, ka taea e te whakatauira te whakatau i te wā whakamahana tino pai mō tētahi tauira roera motuhake, ka whakapiki ake i te pai o te mahi mā te 30% ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga whakamātautau-me-te-hapa tuku iho.
3. Ngā Tukanga Kakariki me te Tiaki Pūngao
Mā te whakawhanake i te hangarau whakamahana iti-pāmahana, poto-wā, ka whakaitihia te pāmahana whakamahana me te whakapaunga pūngao mā te tāpiri i tētahi whakakorikori. Mā te whakatinana i tētahi pūnaha whakaora wera para hei hangarua i te wera mai i te hau paru pāmahana-tiketike i tukuna mai i te oumu whakamahana hei whakamahana i ngā wāhanga mahi, ka tutuki ai he penapena pūngao neke atu i te 20%. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o ngā paninga ārai-waikura wairewa-wai hei whakakapi i ngā paninga hinu tuku iho ka whakaitihia ngā tukunga VOC.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-08-2025