Ngā Whakatakotoranga me ngā Tauira o te Mekameka Roera

Ngā Whakatakotoranga me ngā Tauira o te Mekameka Roera

I. Whakataki ki ngā Mekameka Roera
He wāhanga miihini ngā mekameka roera e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha tuku me te kawe waka ahumahi. Kei roto i ēnei he hononga o roto, o waho hoki, he pine, he pū, me he roera. Ka mahi rātou mā te tuku mana mā te whatunga o ngā roera me ngā pīkau. He hanganga kiato, he pai te tuku, he kaha hoki te kaha ki te kawe kawenga. He maha ngā whakatakotoranga me ngā tauira o ngā mekameka roera, e tika ana mō ngā tono me ngā āhuatanga mahi rerekē.

II. Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Mekameka Roera
(I) Te Whakarōpūtanga mā te Tono
Ngā mekameka taraiwa: Whakamahia mō te tuku hiko, pērā i ngā pūnaha wā miihini motuka me ngā tuku mīhini ahumahi.
Ngā mekameka kawe: Whakamahia mō te kawe rauemi, pērā i te tukatuka kai me te kawe taonga.
Mekameka kukume: Whakamahia mō te hiki me te kukume i ngā taputapu, pērā i ngā forklift me ngā kerēne.
(II) Te Whakarōpūtanga mā te Hanganga
Ngā mekameka aho kotahi: He rarangi hononga kotahi tēnei, e tika ana mō te tuku kawenga māmā me te kawenga waenga.
Ngā mekameka maha-aho: He maha ngā rarangi hononga, e tika ana mō te kawenga taumaha me te tuku mana-teitei. (III) Te Whakarōpūtanga mā te Paerewa
Raupapa A: E tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o Amerika, ā, he pai mō ngā tuku tere-nui, kawenga-taumaha, me ngā tuku tino nui.
Raupapa B: E rite ana ki ngā paerewa o Ūropi, ā, e tika ana mō ngā tuku whānui.

III. Ngā Whakatakotoranga me ngā Tauira o te Mekameka Roera
(I) Ngā Whakatakotoranga me ngā Tauira o te Mekameka Roera Raupapa A
Tēpu
Tārua
Tau o te Mekameka Teitei (mm) Te Diameter o Waho o te Roera (mm) Te Whānuitanga o te Hononga ā-Roto (mm) Te Diameter o te Pine (mm) Te Teitei o te Pereti Hononga (mm) Te Utaina Kume Whakamutunga (N) Taumaha mō ia Mita (kg/m)
08A 12.70 7.95 7.85 3.96 12.07 13800 0.60
10A 15.875 10.16 9.40 5.08 15.09 21800 1.00
12A 19.05 11.91 12.57 5.95 18.08 31100 1.50
16A 25.40 15.88 15.75 7.94 24.13 55600 2.60
20A 31.75 19.05 18.90 9.54 30.18 86700 3.80
24A 38.10 22.23 25.22 11.10 36.20 124600 5.60
28A 44.45 25.40 25.22 12.70 42.24 169000 7.50
32A 50.80 28.53 31.55 14.29 48.26 222400 10.10
40A 63.50 39.68 37.85 19.34 60.33 347000 16.10
48A 76.20 47.63 47.35 23.30 72.39 500 400 22.60
(II) Ngā Whakatakotoranga me ngā Tauira o te Mekameka Roera Raupapa B
Tēpu
Tārua
Tau o te Mekameka Teitei (mm) Te Diameter o Waho o te Roera (mm) Te Whānuitanga o te Hononga ā-Roto (mm) Te Diameter o te Pine (mm) Teitei o te Hononga (mm) Te Utaina Kume Whakamutunga (N) Taumaha mō ia Mita (kg/m)
08B 12.70 8.51 7.75 4.45 13.92 14300 0.60
10B 15.875 10.16 8.60 5.08 16.59 22200 1.00
12B 19.05 12.07 10.50 5.95 19.46 31800 1.50
16B 25.40 15.88 15.40 7.94 24.13 56700 2.60
20B 31.75 19.05 17.70 9.54 30.18 87000 3.80
24B 38.10 25.40 22.90 11.10 36.20 125000 5.60
28B 44.45 27.94 28.50 12.70 42.24 169000 7.50
32B 50.80 29.21 31.55 14.29 48.26 222400 10.10

IV. Tauira Whakahua o te Mekameka Roera
Ko te tauira mekameka roera he mea hanga mai i te tau mekameka, te tau o ngā rarangi, te tau o ngā hononga, me te tau paerewa. Hei tauira:
08A-1-86 GB1243.1-83: e tohu ana i tētahi mekameka roera raupapa A me te piko o te 12.70mm, rarangi kotahi, hononga 86, ā, i hangaia kia rite ki te GB1243.1-1983.

V. Ngā Kaupapa Matua mō te Kōwhiringa Mekameka Roera
(I) Te Kōwhiringa i runga i te Tono
Mekameka taraiwa: He pai mō ngā pūnaha tuku e hiahia ana kia tino tika, kia tino pono hoki, pērā i ngā miihini motuka me ngā mīhini ahumahi.
Ngā mekameka kawe: He pai mō ngā pūnaha kawe rauemi, pērā i te tukatuka kai me te whakahaere taonga.
Mekameka kukume: He pai mō te hiki me te kukume i ngā taputapu, pērā i ngā forklift me ngā kerēne.
(II) Te Kōwhiringa i runga i ngā Āhuatanga Mahi
Momo kawenga: Tīpakohia te tauira mekameka e tika ana i runga i te rahi me te āhua o te kawenga. Hei tauira, me whiriwhiri he mekameka maha-rārangi mō ngā mahi taumaha.
Ngā whakaritenga tere: Me whiriwhiri he mekameka roera raupapa A mō ngā mahi tere-teitei. Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao: I roto i ngā taiao uaua, pērā i te pāmahana teitei me ngā taiao waikura, whiriwhiria he mekameka e ātete ana ki te waikura me te wera.
(3) Whakaarohia ngā utu tiaki me ngā utu whakakapinga
Te Ora Ratonga: Kōwhiria he mekameka he ātete nui ki te pakaru me te ngenge hei whakaroa i te roa o te ratonga.
Te Utu Tiaki: Kōwhiria he mekameka e ngāwari ana te tiaki me te whakakapi hei whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki.

VI. Te Tiaki me te Tiaki i te Mekameka Roera
(I) Te horoi
Horoia te mekameka i ia wā hei tango i te hinu, te puehu me ngā poke hei whakaiti i te pakaru.
(II) Te Whakahinuhinu
Whakahinuhinuhia te mekameka i ia wā ki te hinu whakahinuhinu, ki te hinu rānei e tika ana hei whakaiti i te waku me te pakaru.
(III) Tirotiro
Tirohia te mekameka i ia wā, mō te pakaru, ā, whakakapia tonutia ngā mekameka kua pakaru rawa.
(IV) Te Whakatikatika
Whakatikatikahia te kukū o te mekameka i ia wā kia tika ai te kukū i te wā e whakamahia ana.

VII. Tātaritanga Mākete Mekameka Roera
(I) Rahi o te Mākete
Kua kitea te tipu pumau o te mākete mekameka roera o te ao i ngā tau kua taha ake nei. E ai ki ngā pūrongo rangahau mākete, i eke te mākete mekameka roera o te ao ki ngā piriona tāra i te tau 2023, ā, e matapaetia ana ka mau tonu te tipu rua-mati mō ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei.
(II) Te Wehewehenga Mākete
Ka taea te wehewehe i te mākete mekameka roera i runga i ngā momo rahi:
Mā te momo hua: raupapa A, raupapa B, raupapa C, me ētahi atu.
Mā te tono: ngā mekameka tuku, ngā mekameka kawe, ngā mekameka kukume, me ētahi atu. Mā te rohe: Amerika Te Raki, Ūropi, Āhia Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, Amerika Te Tonga, te Waenganui Rawhiti me Āwherika, me ētahi atu.
(III) Ngā Kaitākaro Mākete Matua
Ko ētahi o ngā kaitākaro matua o te mākete mekameka roera o te ao ko ngā waitohu rongonui pērā i a Tsubaki, Renold, me Ina. He nui te wāhi mākete o ēnei waitohu nā ō rātou hangarau matatau, ngā hua kounga teitei, me te ratonga muri-hoko pai rawa atu.
(IV) Ngā Ārahi Mākete
Ko te tipu o te mākete mekameka roera e akiakihia ana e ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
Aunoatanga Ahumahi: I te whanaketanga o te aunoatanga ahumahi, kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā pūnaha tuku hiko whai hua, pono hoki.
Auahatanga Hangarau: Nā te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi me ngā hangarau hou kua pai ake te mahi me te roa o te ora o ngā mekameka roera.
Ngā Mākete Pūkenga Ake: Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā mākete pūkenga ake pēnei i te rohe o Āhia-Moana-nui-a-Kiwa kua nui te tipu o te mākete mekameka roera.
(V) Ngā Wero o te Mākete
Ahakoa he whānui ngā tūmanakohanga whanaketanga mō te mākete mekameka roera, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki a ia:
Te Whakataetae Utu: Nā te whakataetae nui o te mākete kua piki ake te pēhanga utu.
Paepae Hangarau: Me whakamahi hangarau me ngā taputapu matatau hei hanga mekameka roera mahi-teitei, ā, ka hua ake he paepae hangarau teitei.
Ngā Whakaritenga Taiao: Nā te kaha haere o ngā ture taiao, kua piki ake ngā tono mō te hanga me te whakamahi i ngā mekameka roera.

VIII. Te Tirohanga ā-Mārama mō ngā Mekameka Roera
(I) Auahatanga Hangarau
Ā tōna wā, ka nui ake ngā whanaketanga hangarau ka tutuki i ngā mekameka roera. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi e ātete ana ki te kakahu me te waikura ka roa ake te ora o te mekameka; mā te whakawhanake i ngā pūnaha whakahinuhinu whai hua ake hei whakaiti i te waku me te kakahu; me te tāpiri atu i ētahi atu āhuatanga, pērā i ngā pūnaha aroturuki atamai, hei aroturuki i te āhua mahi o te mekameka i te wā tūturu.

(II) Te Whanuitanga o te Mākete
I te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o te ao me te whanaketanga o te aunoatanga ahumahi, ka haere tonu te whānui o te mākete mekameka roera. He nui te pūmanawa mākete kei ngā mākete e puta ake ana pērā i a Haina, Īnia, me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. Ka whakawhānui ake ngā kaihanga i tā rātou wāhanga mākete mā te ako mākete, te whakawhānui i ngā hongere, me te kimi hua i te rohe.

(III) Te Whakawhanaketanga Tauwhiro
I roto i te horopaki o te whanaketanga tauwhiro o te ao, ka nui ake te aro ki te mahi tiaki taiao me te kaha o ngā mekameka roera. Ka arotahi ngā kaihanga ki te whakawhanake i ngā tukanga me ngā hua hanga e pai ake ana ki te taiao hei whakaiti i ō rātou pānga ki te taiao. Hei tauira, ka uru atu ki tēnei te whakamahi i te kaha whakahou me te arotau i te hoahoa hua hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga kaha.

(IV) Whakataetae Waitohu
I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka kaha ake te whakataetae waitohu i roto i te mākete mekameka roera. Ka haere tonu ngā waitohu kua roa ki te whakaū i tō rātou tūranga mākete mā te auahatanga hangarau, te whakapai ake i te kounga hua, me te ratonga, ko ngā waitohu hou ka whiwhi i te wāhi mākete mā roto i ngā rautaki hua rerekē me ngā whakatairanga hokohoko. Me whakapakari tonu ngā kaipupuri waitohu i tō rātou mōhiotanga waitohu me te ingoa pai kia tū motuhake ai rātou i te whakataetae.

IX. Ngā Pātai me ngā Whakautu Auau mō ngā Mekameka Roera
(I) Kia pēhea te roa o te ora o te mekameka roera?
Ko te roa o te ora o te mekameka roera he 3 ki te 5 tau te nuinga, i runga i te kounga o te hua, te auau o te whakamahinga, me te tiaki. Mā te tiaki me te tiaki auau ka roa ake te ora o te mekameka.
(II) He aha ngā tikanga whakahinuhinu mō ngā mekameka roera?
Ko ngā tikanga whakahinuhinu mekameka roera ko te whakahinuhinu maturuturu, te whakahinuhinu kaukau hinu, me te whakahinuhinu tauhiuhi. Mā te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakahinuhinu tika ka taea te whakaiti i te kakahu o te mekameka me te whakaroa i tōna roanga mahi.
(III) Me pēhea te whakatikatika i te kukū o te mekameka roera?
Ka taea te whakarite i te kukū o te mekameka roera mā te whakarite i te roa o te mekameka, mā te whakamahi rānei i te whakakukū. Mā te tirotiro me te whakarite i te kukū o te mekameka i ia wā ka tika te kukū i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, ka whakaitihia te pakaru. (4) Me pēhea te whakaiti i te haruru o te mekameka roera?
Ka taea te whakaiti i te haruru o te mekameka roera mā ngā huarahi e whai ake nei:
Whakahinuhinu: Whakahinuhinuhia te mekameka i ia wā hei whakaiti i te waku me te haruru.
Te Whakapūmau: Kia mau tonu te pūmau o te mekameka kia tika ai te herekore me te haruru.
Te Horoi: Horoia te mekameka i ia wā hei tango i te hinu me ngā poke, kia iti ake ai te haruru.