Ngā Paerewa Tukanga Tā Pereti Hononga Waho o te Mekameka Roera

Ngā Paerewa Tukanga Tā Pereti Hononga Waho o te Mekameka Roera

I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku ā-ahumahi, ko ngā mekameka roera ngā wāhanga matua o te tuku, ā, ko tā rātou mahi te mea e whakatau tika ana i te whai huatanga o te mahi me te roa o te ratonga o te taputapu. Ko ngā pereti hononga o waho, te "anga" ote mekameka roera, he mahi nui tā rātou ki te tuku kawenga me te hono i ngā hononga mekameka. Ko te paerewa me te tika o tā rātou tukanga hanga he mea nui e pā ana ki te kounga whānui o te mekameka roera. Ko te tā, te tikanga matua mō te hanga pereti hononga o waho, me whai paerewa pakari i ia taahiraa, mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi mata ki te tuku hua kua oti, kia tino kaha, kia pakari, kia tika hoki ngā āhuatanga o ngā pereti hononga o waho. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he tātaritanga hohonu o ngā paerewa tukanga katoa mō te tā pereti hononga o waho mekameka roera, ka hoatu he tohutoro ngaio ki ngā kaimahi ahumahi, ā, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga te mārama ake ki te arorau tukanga kei muri i ngā mekameka roera kounga teitei.

I. Ngā Whakapūmautanga Taketake i mua i te Tā: Ngā Paerewa Kōwhiringa Rauemi Mata me te Maimoatanga i mua

Ka tīmata te mahi a ngā pereti hononga waho ki ngā rauemi mata kounga teitei. Ka whakatakotohia e te tukanga tānga ngā whakaritenga mārama mō ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hanganga matū o te rauemi, he mea whakarite ēnei mō te whakahaere maeneene o ngā tukanga e whai ake nei. I tēnei wā, ko ngā rauemi matua mō ngā pereti hononga waho i roto i te umanga ko ngā maitai hanganga koranu iti-waro (pēnei i te 20Mn2 me te 20CrMnTi) me ngā maitai hanganga waro kounga teitei (pēnei i te maitai 45). Ko te whiriwhiri rauemi ka whakawhirinaki ki te whakamahinga o te mekameka roera (hei tauira, ngā kawenga taumaha, ngā tere teitei, me ngā taiao waikura). Heoi, ahakoa te rauemi i whiriwhiria, me tutuki i ngā paerewa matua e whai ake nei:

1. Ngā Paerewa Hanga Matū o ngā Rauemi Mata
Te Whakahaere i te Ihirangi Waro (C): Mō te maitai 45, me noho te ihirangi waro i waenga i te 0.42% me te 0.50%. Ka taea e te ihirangi waro teitei ake te whakanui ake i te pakarukaru me te ngatata o te rauemi i te wā e tāia ana, engari ka taea e te ihirangi waro iti ake te pā ki tōna kaha i muri i te maimoatanga wera i muri mai. Me pupuri te ihirangi konupora (Mn) o te maitai 20Mn2 i waenga i te 1.40% me te 1.80% hei whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te pakari o te rauemi, me te whakarite kia ātete ngā pereti hononga o waho ki te pakaru i raro i ngā kawenga pānga. Ngā Herenga Huānga Kino: Me tino whakahaere te ihirangi whanariki (S) me te whākawa (P) i raro i te 0.035%. Ka taea e ēnei huānga e rua te hanga i ngā matū iti-ira-rewa, ka meinga te rauemi kia "pakarukaru wera" kia "pakarukaru makariri" rānei i te wā e tāia ana, ka pā ki te hua o ngā hua kua oti.

2. Ngā Paerewa Whakaora Rauemi Mata

I mua i te whakaurunga ki te tukanga tā, e toru ngā mahi o mua mō ngā rauemi mata: te whakapūkara, te whakapūkara, me te whakahinuhinu. He mārama ngā whakaritenga kounga mō ia mahi:

Te Whakapūkara: Mā te whakamahi i te wairewa waikawa hauwai 15%-20%, rumakina ki te pāmahana rūma mō te 15-20 meneti hei tango i te unahi me te waikura mai i te mata maitai. Whai muri i te whakapūkara, me noho te mata maitai kia kore he unahi e kitea ana, kia kore hoki he waikura nui (ngā poka), ka pā ki te piri o te paninga phosphate e whai ake nei.

Te Whakapūpū: Mā te whakamahi i tētahi otinga whakapūpū kei roto te konutea, whakamaimoatia ki te 50-60°C mō te 10-15 meneti hei hanga i tētahi paninga phosphate me te matotoru o te 5-8μm. Me ōrite te paninga phosphate, me te matotoru, me te piri kia eke ki te Taumata 1 (kāore e tihorea) mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau tapahi-whakawhiti. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te waku i waenga i te mate tā me te pereti maitai, ka roa ake te ora o te mate, ā, ka whakarei ake i te ātete waikura o te pereti hononga o waho.

Te paninga hinu: Rehuhia he paparanga angiangi o te hinu ārai-waikura (matotoru ≤ 3μm) ki runga i te mata o te paninga phosphate. Me pania te kiriata hinu kia ōrite, kaua e puta he āputa, he puranga rānei. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te waikura o te pereti maitai i te wā e rongoa ana, me te pupuri tonu i te tika o ngā mahi tā i muri mai.

II. Ngā Paerewa mō ngā Tukanga Tā Matua: Te Whakahaere Tika Mai i te Whakakore ki te Hanga

Ko te tukanga tā mo ngā hononga o waho o te mekameka roera e whā ngā mahi matua: te whakawātea, te wero, te hanga, me te kuti. Ko ngā tawhā taputapu, te tika o te mate, me ngā tikanga whakahaere o ia mahi ka pā tika ki te tika o ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga miihini o ngā hononga o waho. Me piri pūmau ki ngā paerewa e whai ake nei:

1. Ngā Paerewa Tukanga Whakakore
Ko te whakawātea he wero i ngā pepa maitai mata ki roto i ngā papa e hangai ana ki ngā āhua kua wherahia o ngā hononga o waho. He mea nui te whakarite i te tika o ngā āhua me te kounga o ngā taha o ngā papa mō tēnei tukanga.

Kōwhiringa Taputapu: Me whakamahi i tētahi mīhini pēhi kotahi-ira kati (ka rerekē te taumaha i runga i te rahi o te hononga o waho, ko te tikanga he 63-160kN). Me whakahaere te tika o te whiunga reti o te mīhini pēhi i roto i te ±0.02mm kia rite ai te whiunga mō ia pēhitanga, kia kore ai hoki e rerekē te rahinga.

Te Tika o te Mate: Me whakatau te tawhiti i waenga i te pū me te mate o te mate parakore i runga i te matotoru o te rauemi, ko te tikanga 5%-8% o te matotoru o te rauemi (hei tauira, mō te matotoru o te rauemi 3mm, ko te tawhiti he 0.15-0.24mm). Me iti iho i te Ra0.8μm te taratara o te mata tapahi o te mate. Mēnā he nui ake te kakahu o te mata i te 0.1mm, me huri anō kia tere ai te ārai i te hanga o ngā pū ki te taha parakore (teitei o te pū ≤ 0.05mm).

Ngā whakaritenga mō ngā āhuatanga: Me whakahaere te rerekētanga roa o te pepa kau i roto i te ±0.03mm, te rerekētanga whānui i roto i te ±0.02mm, me te rerekētanga whakarara i roto i te 0.04mm i muri i te whakakorenga hei whakarite i ngā raraunga tika mō ngā mahi tukatuka e whai ake nei.

2. Ngā Paerewa Tukanga Poka

Ko te werowero he tukanga werowero i ngā kōhao pūtu me ngā kōhao roera mō ngā pereti hononga o waho ki roto i te wāhi takoto kau i muri i te whakakorenga. Ka pā tika te tika o te tūnga o te kōhao me te tika o te diameter ki te mahi a te mekameka roera.

Tikanga Tūnga: Ka whakamahia te tūnga rua o te rātaka (mā te whakamahi i ngā taha e rua e tata ana o te papa hei tohutoro). Me tutuki i ngā pine taunga te tika o te IT6 kia mau ai te tūnga papa rite tonu i ia werohanga. Me ≤ 0.02mm te rerekētanga o te tūnga o te kōhao (e pā ana ki te mata tohutoro o te pereti hononga o waho). Te Tika o te Diameter o te Kōhao: Me tutuki i te rerekētanga o te diameter i waenga i ngā kōhao pūtu me te roera ngā whakaritenga manawanui IT9 (hei tauira, mō te kōhao 10mm, ko te rerekētanga he +0.036mm/-0mm). Me ≤0.01mm te manawanui porowhita o te kōhao, ā, me iti iho i te Ra1.6μm te taratara o te pakitara kōhao. Mā tēnei ka ārai i ngā hononga mekameka kia tino wetekina, kia tino piri rānei nā te rerekētanga o te diameter o te kōhao, ka pā pea ki te pumau o te tuku.

Te Raupapa Wero: Werohia ngā kōhao pūtu i te tuatahi, ā, muri iho ko ngā kōhao roera. Me noho te tawhiti waenga-ki-waenganui i waenga i ngā kōhao e rua ki roto i te ±0.02mm. Mā te tawhiti waenga-ki-waenganui ka arahi tika ki te rerekētanga o te nekehanga i roto i te mekameka roera, ka pā tēnei ki te tika o te tuku.

3. Te Hanga Paerewa Tukanga

Ko te hanga he pēhi i te mata whao i roto i te mataono ki roto i te āhua whakamutunga o te pereti hononga o waho (hei tauira, he piko, he takahanga rānei). Me whakarite tēnei tukanga kia tika te āhua o te pereti hononga o waho me te mana whakahaere hoki whakamuri.

Hoahoa Pokepokea: Me whakamahi te mate hanga i tētahi hanganga wāhanga, me ngā teihana e rua, te hanga-mua me te hanga-whakamutunga, e whirihorahia ana kia rite ki te āhua o te pereti hononga o waho. Ka pēhia tuatahitia e te teihana hanga-mua te mea para ki roto i tētahi āhua tīmatanga hei whakaiti i te ahotea whakarerekētanga i te wā hanga-whakamutunga. Me eke te taratara o te mata o te kōhao mate hanga-whakamutunga ki te Ra0.8μm kia pai ai te mata o te pereti hononga o waho, kia kore ai e pokaia.

Te Whakahaere Pēhanga: Me tatau te pēhanga hanga i runga i te kaha tuku o te rauemi, ā, ko te tikanga he 1.2-1.5 ngā wā o te kaha tuku o te rauemi (hei tauira, ko te kaha tuku o te maitai 20Mn2 he 345MPa; me whakahaere te pēhanga hanga i waenga i te 414-517MPa). Mēnā he iti rawa te pēhanga, ka kore e oti te hanga, engari ko te nui rawa o te pēhanga ka nui rawa te āhua kirihou, ka pā ki te mahi maimoatanga wera i muri mai. Te Whakahaere Pūngao: I muri i te hanga, me whakahaere te pūngao o te pereti hononga o waho i roto i te 0.5°. Ka taea te ārai i tēnei mā te whakatakoto i tētahi koki whakakapi i roto i te kōhao pokepokea ai (ka whakatauhia i runga i ngā āhuatanga pūngao o te rauemi, ko te tikanga he 0.3°-0.5°) kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hoahoa i te hua kua oti.

4. Ngā Paerewa Tukanga Kuti
Ko te kuti he tukanga tango i te uira me ngā rauemi taikaha i puta i te wā o te tukanga hanga hei whakarite kia tika ngā taha o te pereti hononga o waho.

Te Tika o te Tapahi Mate: Me whakahaere te āputa i waenga i te wero me te mate o te mate tapahi i roto i te 0.01-0.02mm, ā, me iti iho i te Ra0.4μm te koi o te mata tapahi. Me whakarite kia kore he kohao i ngā taha o te pereti hononga o waho i muri i te tapahi (teitei o te kohao ≤ 0.03mm) ā, ko te hapa tika o te taha he ≤ 0.02mm/m.

Raupapa Kuti: Kutihia ngā taha roa i te tuatahi, kātahi ko ngā taha poto. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te rerekētanga o te pereti hononga o waho nā te raupapa kuti hē. Whai muri i te kuti, me tirotirohia te pereti hononga o waho kia kore ai he hapa pēnei i ngā kokonga pakaru, ngā kapiti rānei.

III. Ngā Paerewa Tirotiro Kounga Whai Muri i te Tā: Te Mana Whakahaere Whānui o te Mahi o te Hua Kua Oti

I muri i te tānga, ka whai i ngā tukanga tirotiro kounga pakari e toru ngā pereti hononga o waho: te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga ā-ahu, te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga miihini, me te tirotiro i te āhua. Ko ngā hua anake e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa katoa ka taea te haere tonu ki ngā tukanga whakamahana me te huihuinga e whai ake nei. Ko ngā paerewa tirotiro motuhake e whai ake nei:

1. Ngā Paerewa Tirotiro Ahu
Mā te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga ka whakamahia he mīhini ine taunga toru-ahu (tika ≤ 0.001mm) me ngā ine motuhake, e arotahi ana ki ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:

Te piko: Me whai te piko o te pereti hononga o waho (te tawhiti i waenga i ngā kōhao pūtu e rua) i te ātete ki te ±0.02mm, me te hapa piko tāpiri o te ≤0.05mm mō ia 10 wahi. Ka taea e te nui rawa o te piko te whakaputa wiri me te haruru i te wā e tukuna ana te mekameka roera.

Matotoru: Me tutuki te rerekētanga matotoru o te pereti hononga o waho i ngā whakaritenga manawanui IT10 (hei tauira, mō te matotoru 3mm, ko te rerekētanga he +0.12mm/-0mm). Me ≤0.05mm ngā rerekētanga matotoru i roto i te puranga hei ārai i te kawenga kore taurite ki runga i ngā hononga mekameka nā te matotoru kore taurite. Manawanui Tūnga Kōhao: Me ≤0.02mm te rerekētanga tūnga i waenga i te kōhao pūtu me te kōhao roera, ā, me ≤0.01mm te hapa honohono kōhao. Me whakarite kia tutuki te āputa ki te pine me te roera i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa (ko te āputa he 0.01-0.03mm te nuinga).

2. Ngā Paerewa Whakamātautau Āhuatanga Mīhini

Ko te whakamātautau āhuatanga ā-mīhini me tīpako matapōkeretia he 3-5 tauira mai i ia puranga hua mō te kaha kume, te pakeke, me te whakamātautau piko.

Kaha Kume: Mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whakamātautau rauemi whānui, me ≥600MPa te kaha kume o te pereti hononga o waho (whai muri i te maimoatanga wera o te maitai 45) me ≥800MPa rānei (whai muri i te maimoatanga wera o te 20Mn2). Me puta te whati i te wāhi kore-kōhao o te pereti hononga o waho. Ko te rahunga tata ki te kōhao e tohu ana i te kukū ahotea i te wā o te tukanga wero, ā, me whakarite ngā tawhā mate. Whakamātautau Pakeke: Whakamahia he whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell hei ine i te pakeke o te mata o ngā pereti hononga o waho. Me whakahaere te pakeke i roto i te HRB80-90 (āhua whakamahana) HRC35-40 rānei (āhua tineia me te whakamahana). Ka whakanui ake te pakeke teitei rawa i te pakarukaru o te rauemi me te ngawari ki te pakaru; ka pā te pakeke iti rawa ki te ātete kakahu.

Whakamātautau Piko: Pikohia ngā pereti hononga o waho kia 90° te roa. Kaua e puta he kapiti, he whati rānei ki te mata i muri i te piko. Me ≤5° te pūmau i muri i te tango i te uta. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia kaha te pereti hononga o waho ki te tu atu i ngā kawenga pānga i te wā e tukuna ana.

3. Ngā Paerewa Tirotiro Āhua

Ko te tirotiro āhua e whakamahi ana i te whakakotahitanga o te tirotiro tirohanga me te tirotiro karāhe whakanui (whakanui 10x). Ko ngā whakaritenga motuhake e whai ake nei:

Kounga Mata: Me maeneene, me papatahi hoki te mata o te pereti hononga o waho, kāore he karawarawa (hohonu ≤ 0.02mm), he kōhao, he hapa rānei. Me ōrite te paninga phosphate, ā, kāore he paninga ngaro, he kōwhai, he pakarukaru rānei. Kounga Tapa: Me kore he pūwero (teitei ≤ 0.03mm), he pakaru (rahi pakaru ≤ 0.1mm), he kapiti, he hapa rānei i ngā tapa. Me tango ngā pūwero iti mā te whakangāwari (te rumaki ki roto i te otinga whakangāwari mō te 5-10 meneti) hei ārai i ngā karawarawa ki te kaiwhakahaere, ki ētahi atu wāhanga rānei i te wā e huihui ana.
Te Kounga o te Pakitara Kōhao: Me maeneene te pakitara kōhao, kāore he arawhata, he rakuraku, he rerekētanga, he hapa rānei. Ina tirohia me te ine haere/kāore-haere, me maeneene te haere o te ine haere, engari kaua te ine kore-haere e haere, kia mōhio ai kei te tutuki te kōhao i ngā whakaritenga tika o te huihuinga.

IV. Ngā Aronga Arotau i te Tukanga Tā: Mai i te Whakapūmautanga ki te Mātauranga

I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau hanga ahumahi, kei te whakapai tonuhia hoki ngā paerewa mō ngā tukanga tānga hononga waho mekameka roera. Ka aro atu ngā whanaketanga ā muri ake nei ki ngā tukanga atamai, matomato, me te tino tika. Ko ngā aronga arotau motuhake e whai ake nei:

1. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Taputapu Whakaputa Atamai

Te whakauru i ngā mīhini tā CNC me ngā karetao ahumahi hei whakatutuki i te whakahaere aunoa me te atamai o te tukanga tā:

Mīhini tā CNC: He pūnaha servo tino tika ā rātou, ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā pēnei i te pēhanga tā me te tere whiu i te wā tūturu, me te tika whakahaere o te ±0.001mm. Kei a rātou anō ngā āheinga tātaritanga-whaiaro, ka taea ai te kite wawe i ngā raruraru pēnei i te kakahu o te mate me ngā hapa o te rauemi, ka whakaiti i te maha o ngā hua hapa.

Ngā karetao ahumahi: Ka whakamahia hei whakakapi i ngā mahi ā-ringa mō te uta rauemi mata, te whakawhiti wāhanga tā, me te whakarōpū hua kua oti. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga (ka taea ai te whakaputa tonu mō ngā haora 24), engari ka whakakorea hoki ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuahanga e puta mai ana i te mahi ā-ringa, kia mau tonu ai te kounga o te hua.

2. Te Whakatairanga i ngā Tukanga Kakariki

Te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao me te parahanga taiao me te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa tukanga:

Te whakapai ake i ngā rauemi pokepokea ai: Mā te whakamahi i tētahi pokepokea ai hiato i hangaia ki te maitai tere-rahi (HSS) me te carbide sima (WC) ka roa ake te ora o te pokepokea ai (ka taea te whakaroa ake i te ora ratonga mā te 3-5 ngā wā), ka whakaitihia te auau o te whakakapinga pokepokea ai, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki te para o ngā rauemi.

Whakapai ake i ngā tukanga maimoatanga i mua: Mā te whakatairanga i te hangarau whakapūkara kore-pūkawa me te whakamahi i ngā otinga whakapūkara e pai ana ki te taiao ka whakaiti i te parahanga pūkawa. Hei tāpiri, mā te rehu hiko-pūmau o te hinu ātete-waikura ka whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o te hinu ātete-waikura (ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere whakamahinga ki te neke atu i te 95%) me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga kohu hinu.

3. Te Whakapai Ake i te Hangarau Tirotiro Tika-Teitei

I whakaurua mai he pūnaha tirotiro tirohanga mīhini hei whakahohe i te tirotiro kounga tere me te tika o ngā pereti hononga o waho.

He kāmera whakamārama-teitei (taumira ≥ 20 megapixels) me te pūmanawa tukatuka whakaahua te taputapu, ā, ka taea e te pūnaha tirotiro tirohanga mīhini te tirotiro i ngā pereti hononga o waho mō te tika o ngā āhuatanga, ngā hapa āhua, te rerekētanga o te tūranga o te kōhao, me ētahi atu tawhā. E whakamanamana ana te pūnaha ki te tere tirotiro o te 100 ngā wahi ia meneti, e eke ana ki te 10 ngā wā neke atu i te tika o te tirotiro ā-ringa. Ka taea hoki te rokiroki me te tātari i ngā raraunga tirotiro i te wā tūturu, e tautoko ana i ngā raraunga mō te arotau i ngā tukanga.

Whakatau: Ko ngā paerewa te pou ora o te kounga, ā, ko ngā taipitopito te mea e whakatau ana i te pono o te tuku.

Ahakoa te āhua māmā noa iho o te tukanga tā mo ngā pereti hononga o waho o te mekameka roera, me mātua piri tonu ki ngā paerewa pakari i ia wāhanga—mai i te whakahaere i te hanganga matū o ngā rauemi mata, ki te whakarite i te tika o ngā āhuatanga i te wā e tā ana, ki te tirotiro kounga whānui o te hua kua oti. Mēnā ka kore e aro ki ngā taipitopito katoa, ka heke te mahi a te pereti hononga o waho, ā, ka pā ki te pono o te tuku o te mekameka roera katoa.