Ngā Rōra Tika: Ngā Tikanga Maimoatanga Wera Noa mō te Hiki i ngā Mekameka

Ngā Rōra Tika: Ngā Tikanga Maimoatanga Wera Noa mō te Hiki i ngā Mekameka

I roto i te umanga mīhini hiki, he hononga tika te pono o te mekameka ki te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me te whai huatanga o te mahi, ā, he mea nui ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera hei whakatau i te mahi matua o ngā mekameka hiki, tae atu ki te kaha, te pakari, me te ātete ki te kakahu. Hei "anga" o te mekameka,ngā roera tika, me ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā pereti mekameka me ngā pine, me tika te maimoatanga wera kia mau tonu ai te mahi pumau i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua pēnei i te hiki taumaha me te mahi auau. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he tātaritanga hohonu o ngā tikanga maimoatanga wera e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te hiki mekameka, te tūhura i ngā mātāpono tukanga, ngā painga mahi, me ngā horopaki e tika ana, me te whakarato i ngā kaimahi ahumahi ki tētahi tohutoro mō te kōwhiringa me te tono.

1. Te Maimoatanga Wera: Te "Kaihanga" o te Mahi a te Mekameka Hiki
He maha ngā wā ka hangaia ngā mekameka hiki mai i ngā maitai hanganga koranu kounga teitei (pēnei i te 20Mn2, 23MnNiMoCr54, me ētahi atu), ā, he mea nui te whakamahana hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini o ēnei rauemi mata. Ko ngā wāhanga mekameka kāore i whakamahanahia he iti te pakeke, he iti hoki te ātete ki te kakahu, ā, ka ngāwari ki te hurihanga kirihou, ki te pakaru rānei ina pāngia e te taumahatanga. Mā te whakamahana pūtaiao i hangaia ai, mā te whakahaere i ngā tukanga whakamahana, pupuri, me te whakamatao, ka whakarerekē i te hanganga iti o roto o te rauemi, ka tutuki ai he "taurite kaha-pakari" - he kaha teitei hei tu atu i ngā taumahatanga kume me te pānga, engari he pakari rawaka hei karo i te pakaru pakarukaru, me te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te kakahu me te waikura o te mata.

Mō ngā roera tino tika, me nui ake te tika o te tukatuka wera: hei wāhanga matua o te hononga o te mekameka me te porotiti, me whakarite e ngā roera he ōrite tika i waenga i te pakeke o te mata me te pakari o te matua. Ki te kore, ka puta pea te pakaru wawe me te pakaru, ka whakararu i te pumau o te tuku o te mekameka katoa. Nō reira, ko te whiriwhiri i te tukanga maimoatanga wera tika he mea nui hei whakarite i te haumaru o te kawe kawenga me te roa o te ratonga mō te hiki i ngā mekameka.

II. Te Tātari i ngā Tikanga Maimoatanga Wera e Rima mō te Hiki i ngā Mekameka

(I) Te Whakaiti Katoa + Te Whakamahana-Tiketike (Te Whakaiti me te Whakamahana): Te "Paerewa Koura" mō te Mahi Taketake

Mātāpono Tukanga: Ka whakamahanahia ngā wāhanga mekameka (ngā pereti hononga, ngā pine, ngā roera, me ētahi atu) ki te pāmahana i runga ake i te Ac3 (te maitai hypoeutectoid) i te Ac1 rānei (te maitai hypereutectoid). Whai muri i te pupuri i te pāmahana mō tētahi wā kia tino whakapūmautia te rauemi, ka tere te tineia o te mekameka i roto i tētahi reo whakamatao pērā i te wai, i te hinu rānei kia whiwhi ai i tētahi hanganga martensite pakeke engari he pakarukaru. Kātahi ka whakamahanahia anō te mekameka ki te 500-650°C mō te whakamahana pāmahana teitei, ka wehewehe i te martensite hei hanganga sorbite ōrite, ā, ka tutuki ai te taurite o te "kaha teitei + te pakari teitei."

Ngā Painga Mahi: I muri i te tinei me te whakamahana, ka whakaatuhia e ngā wāhanga mekameka he āhuatanga miihini tino pai, me te kaha kume o te 800-1200 MPa me te kaha tuku me te roa taurite, ka taea te tu atu i ngā kawenga hihiri me te pānga e pā ana ki ngā mahi hiki. Hei tāpiri, ko te ōritetanga o te hanganga sorbite ka whakarite i te mahi tukatuka wāhanga tino pai, ka āwhina i te hanga tika i muri mai (pēnei i te hurihuri roera).

Ngā Whakamahinga: He whānuitia te whakamahinga hei whakapai ake i te mahi whānui o ngā mekameka hiki kaha-waenga me te kaha-tiketike (pēnei i ngā mekameka Tau 80 me te Tau 100), inā koa mō ngā wāhanga matua e mau ana i te kawenga pērā i ngā pereti mekameka me ngā pine. Koinei te tukanga maimoatanga wera tino taketake me te matua mō ngā mekameka hiki. (II) Te Whakapūmau me te Whakaiti i te Waro + Te Whakamahana Iti: He "Paruru Whakapakari" mō te Ātete ki te Pakaru o te Mata

Kaupapa Tukanga: Ka whakanohoia ngā wāhanga mekameka (e aro ana ki ngā wāhanga whatunga me te waku pēnei i ngā roera me ngā pine) ki roto i tētahi reo whakapūkara (pēnei i te hau māori, i te hau pakaru hinu rānei) ā, ka puritia ki te 900-950°C mō ētahi hāora, ka taea ai e ngā ngota waro te uru ki te mata o te wāhanga (ko te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakapūkara he 0.8-2.0mm te tikanga). Whai muri i tēnei ko te tinei (e whakamahi ana i te hinu hei reo whakamatao), ka hanga he hanganga martensite pakeke-teitei i runga i te mata, me te pupuri tonu i te hanganga pearlite, sorbite rānei i roto i te matua. Hei whakamutunga, mā te whakamahana pāmahana iti i te 150-200°C ka whakakore i ngā ahotea tinei, ā, ka whakau i te pakeke o te mata. Ngā Painga Mahi: Ko ngā wāhanga i muri i te whakapūkara me te tinei e whakaatu ana i tētahi āhuatanga mahi piki haere o te "pakeke i waho, pakari i roto" - ka taea e te pakeke o te mata te tae ki te HRC58-62, ka whakapai ake i te ātete kakahu me te ātete hopu, ka whawhai pai ki te waku me te kakahu i te wā e hono ana te sprocket. Ka noho tonu te pakeke matua ki te HRC30-45, ka whakarato i te pakari hei ārai i te pakaru o te wāhanga i raro i ngā kawenga pānga.

Ngā Whakamahinga: Mō ngā roera me ngā pine tino pakari i roto i ngā mekameka hiki, inā koa ko ērā e tīmatahia ana, e mutuhia ana, me te honoa taumaha (hei tauira, ngā mekameka mō ngā kerene tauranga me ngā hiki maina). Hei tauira, ko ngā roera o ngā mekameka hiki kaha-teitei 120-tohu ka whakakāhia, ka whakawetohia, ka roa ake te ora ratonga neke atu i te 30% ki te whakataurite ki te maimoatanga wera tikanga. (III) Te Whakamārō Whakaoho + Te Whakamārō Iti: "Te Whakakaha Ā-Rohe" Whai Hua me te Tika

Kaupapa Tukanga: Mā te whakamahi i tētahi papa aukume tauutuutu i hangaia e tētahi koiri whakapūmau auau-tiketike, auau-waenga rānei, ka whakamahanahia ā-rohe ngā wāhi motuhake o ngā wāhanga mekameka (pērā i te diameter o waho o ngā roera me ngā mata pine). He tere te whakamahana (he torutoru hēkona ki te tekau hēkona te nuinga), ka taea anake te mata te tere ki te tae ki te pāmahana austenitizing, ko te pāmahana matua ia kāore i tino rerekē. Kātahi ka werohia te wai whakamatao hei tinei tere, ā, muri iho ka whakamahanahia i te pāmahana iti. Mā tēnei tukanga ka taea te whakahaere tika i te wāhi wera me te hohonu o te paparanga whakapakeke (he 0.3-1.5mm te nuinga).

Ngā Painga Mahi: ① Teitei o te Whai Hua me te Penapena Pūngao: Mā te whakamahana ā-rohe ka karohia te moumou pūngao o te whakamahana whānui, ka piki ake te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga mā te neke atu i te 50% ki te whakataurite ki te tinei whānui. ② Te Iti o te Hurihanga: Mā te poto o ngā wā whakamahana ka whakaitihia te hurihanga wera o te wāhanga, ka kore e hiahiatia te whakatikatika whānui, ā, he tino pai mō te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o ngā roera tika. ③ Te Mahi Whakahaere: Mā te whakarerekē i te auau whakapūngao me te wā whakamahana, ka taea te whakarerekē ngāwari i te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakapakeke me te tohatoha pakeke.
Ngā Whakamahinga: He pai mō te whakapakari ā-rohe i ngā roera tika i hangaia i te papatipu, ngā pine poto, me ētahi atu wāhanga, inā koa mō ngā mekameka hiki e hiahia ana ki te tika o ngā āhuatanga (pēnei i ngā mekameka hiki tuku tika). Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te whakapakeketanga whakapūmau mō te whakatika me te whakahou i ngā mekameka, te whakapakari anō i ngā mata kua pakaru.

(IV) Te Whakapūmau i te Whakapūmau: "Te Tiaki Pānga" Te Whakatairanga i te Pakari

Mātāpono Tukanga: Whai muri i te whakamahana i te wāhanga mekameka ki te pāmahana austenitizing, ka hohoro te whakanoho ki roto i te kaukau tote, kawakore rānei i runga ake i te pūwāhi M s (te pāmahana tīmatanga o te whakawhiti martensitic). Ka puritia te kaukau mō tētahi wā kia taea ai e te austenite te huri hei bainite, ā, muri iho ka whakamataohia e te hau. Ko te Bainite, he hanganga i waenganui i te martensite me te pearlite, ka whakakotahi i te kaha teitei me te pakari tino pai.

Ngā Painga Mahi: He nui ake te pakari o ngā wāhanga Austempered i ngā wāhanga kua tineihia me te whakamakukuhia noa, ka eke ki te kaha mimiti pānga o te 60-100 J, ka taea te tu atu ki ngā kawenga pānga kino me te kore e whati. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te pakeke te eke ki te HRC 40-50, ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga kaha mō ngā tono hiki taumaha me te mahi reo, me te whakaiti i te hē o te tinei me te whakaiti i ngā ahotea o roto. Ngā Whakamahinga e Pā Ana: E whakamahia ana mō te hiki i ngā wāhanga mekameka e pāngia ana e ngā kawenga pānga taumaha, pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana hei hiki i ngā mea āhua koretake i roto i ngā ahumahi keri me te hanga, mō te hiki rānei i ngā mekameka e whakamahia ana i ngā taiao pāmahana iti (pērā i te rokiroki makariri me ngā mahi porowhita). He tino pakari me te pumau te Bainite ki te martensite i ngā pāmahana iti, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te whati pakarukaru pāmahana iti.

(V) Te Whakaiti i te Nitriding: He "Panihanga Roa-Whaiaro" mō te Ātete ki te Waikura me te Ātete ki te Kakahu
Mātāpono Tukanga: Ka whakanohoia ngā wāhanga mekameka ki roto i tētahi reo kei roto te hauota, pērā i te haukini, i te 500-580°C mō ngā hāora 10-50. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā ngota hauota te uru ki te mata o te wāhanga, ka hanga he paparanga nitride (ko te nuinga he mea tito mai i te Fe₄N me te Fe₂N). Kāore e hiahiatia he tineia i muri mai mō te nitride, ā, he "maimoatanga wera matū pāmahana-iti" me te iti o te pānga ki te mahi whānui o te wāhanga. Ngā Painga Mahi: ① He pai ake te ātete kakahu o te mata pakeke (HV800-1200) ki te maitai kua whakakākahuria me te rino kua whakakākahuria, me te tuku hoki i te tauwehenga waku iti, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga pūngao i te wā e honoa ana. ② He pai te ātete waikura o te paparanga nitride matotoru, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te waikura i roto i ngā taiao makuku me te puehu. ③ Ka whakaitihia e te pāmahana tukatuka iti te whakarerekētanga o te wāhanga, ka pai mō ngā roera tika kua hangaia i mua, ngā mekameka iti kua huihuia rānei.

Ngā Whakamahinga: He pai mō ngā mekameka hiki e hiahia ana kia ātete ki te pakaru me te waikura, pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga tukatuka kai (taiao ma) me te miihini moana (taiao rehu tote nui), mō ngā taputapu hiki iti rānei e hiahia ana kia "kore tiaki".

III. Te Kōwhiringa Tukanga Maimoatanga Wera: Ko te Whakataurite i ngā Āhuatanga Whakahaere te mea nui

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi tikanga maimoatanga wera mō tētahi mekameka hiki, whakaarohia ngā mea matua e toru: te whakatauranga kawenga, te taiao whakahaere, me te mahi a te wāhanga. Kaua e whai noa i te kaha nui, i te penapena utu nui rawa rānei:

Kōwhiria mā te whakatauranga kawenga: Ka taea e ngā mekameka kawenga māmā (≤ Tau 50) te tinei katoa me te whakamahana. Ko ngā mekameka kawenga waenga me te kawenga taumaha (80-100) me whakamahi i te whakakotahitanga o te whakakā me te tinei hei whakapakari i ngā wāhanga ngoikore. Ko ngā mekameka kawenga taumaha (kei runga ake i te Tau 120) me whakamahi i te tukanga tinei me te whakamahana ngātahi, te whakapakeketanga rānei hei whakarite i te tika.

Kōwhiria mā te taiao whakahaere: He pai ake te whakahāngai hauota mō ngā taiao makuku me te waikura; he pai ake te whakakaha i te werawera mō ngā tono he nui te pānga. Ko ngā tono honohono auau he mea nui ake te whakakāka, te whakapakeke rānei i te whakapūngao o ngā roera. Tīpakohia ngā wāhanga i runga i tā rātou mahi: Ko ngā pereti mekameka me ngā pine he mea nui ake te kaha me te pakari, me te whakamātao me te tinei. Ko ngā roera he mea nui ake te ātete ki te kakahu me te pakari, me te whakamātao, te whakapakeke rānei. Ka taea e ngā wāhanga āwhina pēnei i ngā pūangi te whakamahi i te tinei me te whakamātao whakauru iti te utu.

IV. Whakamutunga: Ko te Maimoatanga Wera te "Raina Parenga Kore e Kitea" mō te Haumarutanga o te Mekameka
Ehara te tukanga whakamahana mō ngā mekameka hiki i te tikanga kotahi; engari, he huarahi pūnaha e whakauru ana i ngā āhuatanga rauemi, ngā mahi wāhanga, me ngā whakaritenga whakahaere. Mai i te whakakā me te tinei i ngā roera tika ki te tinei me te whakamahana i ngā pereti mekameka, ko te whakahaere tika i roto i ia tukanga ka whakatau tika i te haumaru o te mekameka i te wā e hiki ana. I te heke mai, me te whānui o te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakamahana atamai (pēnei i ngā raina whakakā aunoa me ngā pūnaha whakamātautau pakeke ipurangi), ka whakarei ake i te mahi me te pumau o ngā mekameka hiki, ka whakarato i te taurangi pono ake mō te mahi haumaru o ngā taputapu motuhake.