He tirohanga whānui mō te whakamātautau pakeke o te mekameka roera tika

1. Tirohanga whānui mō te whakamātautau pakeke o te mekameka roera tika

1.1 Ngā āhuatanga taketake o te mekameka roera tika
Ko te mekameka roera tika he momo mekameka e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tuku miihini. Ko ōna āhuatanga taketake koia ēnei:
Hanganga Hanganga: Ko te mekameka roera tika he pereti mekameka o roto, he pereti mekameka o waho, he pou titi, he ringaringa me te roera. Ka honoa te pereti mekameka o roto me te pereti mekameka o waho e te pou titi, ka herea te ringaringa ki te pou titi, ā, ka tāutahia te roera ki waho o te ringaringa. Mā tēnei hanganga ka taea e te mekameka te tu atu i ngā kaha kume me ngā kaha pānga nui i te wā e tukuna ana.
Kōwhiringa rauemi: Ko te mekameka roera tika he mea hanga ki te maitai waro kounga teitei, ki te maitai koranu rānei, pērā i te maitai 45, te 20CrMnTi, me ētahi atu. He kaha teitei, he pakari teitei, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga o te mekameka i raro i ngā tikanga mahi uaua.
Te tika o ngā āhuatanga: He teitei ngā whakaritenga tika o ngā āhuatanga o te mekameka roera tika, ā, ko ngā āheinga āhuatanga o te piko, te matotoru o te pereti mekameka, te diameter o te rakau pine, me ētahi atu, e whakahaeretia ana i roto i te ±0.05mm. Mā ngā āhuatanga tino tika ka taea te whakarite i te tika o te whatunga o te mekameka me te porotiti, me te whakaiti i ngā hapa tuku me te haruru.
Te maimoatanga mata: Hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te kakahu me te ātete ki te waikura o te mekameka, ka rongoatia ngā mekameka roera tino tika ki te mata, pērā i te whakakāpūhau, te whakaniwha, te whakapūhau, me ētahi atu. Ka taea e te whakakāpūhau te whakapiki i te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka ki te 58-62HRC, ka taea e te whakaniwha te whakapiki i te pakeke o te mata ki te 600-800HV, ā, ka taea e te whakapūhau te ārai i te waikura o te mekameka.
1.2 Te hiranga o te whakamātautau mārō
He mea tino nui te whakamātautau pakeke i roto i te whakahaere kounga o ngā mekameka roera tino tika:
Kia kaha te mekameka: Ko te pakeketanga tētahi o ngā tohu nui mō te ine i te kaha o te rauemi. Mā te whakamātautau pakeketanga, ka taea te whakarite kei te tutuki te pakeketanga o te rauemi o te mekameka roera tika i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, kia taea ai te tu atu i te taumahatanga me te pānga i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, kia kore ai e whati, e pakaru rānei te mekameka nā te kore e ranea te kaha o te rauemi.
Arotakehia ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi: Ka taea e te whakamātautau pakeke te whakaata i ngā huringa hanganga moroiti me te mahi o te rauemi. Hei tauira, he teitei ake te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka i muri i te maimoatanga waro, engari he iti noa te pakeke o te matua. Mā te whakamātautau pakeke, ka taea te aromatawai i te hohonutanga me te ōritetanga o te paparanga waro, kia taea ai te whakatau mena he tika te tukanga maimoatanga wera o te rauemi.
Te whakahaere i te kounga whakaputa: I roto i te tukanga whakaputa o ngā mekameka roera tino tika, he huarahi whai hua te whakamātautau pakeketanga hei whakahaere kounga. Mā te whakamātautau i te pakeketanga o ngā rauemi mata, ngā hua haurua-oti me ngā hua kua oti, ka taea te kimi i ngā raruraru ka puta i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, pērā i ngā hapa rauemi, te maimoatanga wera hē, me ētahi atu, i roto i te wā tika, kia taea ai te mahi i ngā mahi e rite ana hei whakapai ake me te whakarite i te pumau me te ōritetanga o te kounga hua.
Whakaroa i te roa o te mahi: Mā te whakamātautau pakeke ka āwhina i te arotau i ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga hanga o ngā mekameka roera tino tika, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete ki te kakahu me te ātete ki te ngenge o te mekameka. Ka taea e te mata mekameka pakeke-teitei te ātete pai ake i te kakahu, te whakaiti i te ngaronga waku i waenga i te mekameka me te porotiti, te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi o te mekameka, me te whakaiti i te utu tiaki o ngā taputapu.
Te tutuki i ngā paerewa ahumahi: I roto i te umanga hanga mīhini, me tutuki te pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika i ngā paerewa ā-motu, ā-ao rānei e tika ana. Hei tauira, e whakatau ana a GB/T 1243-2006 "Mekameka Roera, Mekameka Roera Bushing me ngā Mekameka Niho" i te whānuitanga pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika. Mā te whakamātautau pakeke, ka taea te whakarite kei te tutuki te hua i ngā whakaritenga paerewa, ā, ka whakapai ake i te whakataetae mākete o te hua.

2. Ngā paerewa whakamātautau mārō

2.1 Ngā paerewa whakamātautau ā-rohe
Kua whakatakotohia e tōku whenua he raupapa paerewa mārama, tino pakari hoki mō te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika hei whakarite kia tutuki i te kounga o te hua ngā whakaritenga.
Pūtake paerewa: Ko te nuinga e hangai ana ki te GB/T 1243-2006 "Mekameka roera, mekameka roera pūwero me te mekameka niho" me ētahi atu paerewa ā-motu e tika ana. E tohu ana ēnei paerewa i te whānuitanga pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika. Hei tauira, mō ngā mekameka roera tino tika i hangaia ki te maitai 45, ko te pakeke o ngā pine me ngā pūwero me whakahaere i te 229-285HBW; mō ngā mekameka warowaihā, me eke te pakeke o te mata ki te 58-62HRC, ā, me mārama hoki te hohonu o te paparanga warowaihā, ko te tikanga 0.8-1.2mm.
Tikanga whakamātautau: E taunaki ana ngā paerewa ā-rohe kia whakamahia te whakamātautau pakeke Brinell, te whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell rānei hei whakamātautau. He pai te whakamātautau pakeke Brinell mō te whakamātautau i ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua haurua-oti he iti te pakeke, pērā i ngā pereti mekameka kāore i whakamahanatia. Ka tatauhia te uara pakeke mā te whakamahi i tētahi kawenga ki runga i te mata o te rauemi me te ine i te diameter kōhao; he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell hei whakamātautau i ngā mekameka kua whakamahanatia, pērā i ngā pine me ngā ringaringa kua whakakākahuria. He tere te kite, he ngāwari te whakahaere, ā, ka taea te pānui tika i te uara pakeke.
Te whakamātautau me te tauira i ngā wāhanga: E ai ki ngā whakaritenga paerewa, me whiriwhiri matapōkeretia he maha o ngā tauira hei whakamātautau mai i ia puranga o ngā mekameka roera tika. Mō ia mekameka, me whakamātautau motuhake te pakeke o ngā wāhanga rerekē pēnei i te pereti mekameka o roto, te pereti mekameka o waho, te pine, te ringaringa me te roera. Hei tauira, mō te pine, me tango tētahi pūwāhi whakamātautau ki waenganui me ngā pito e rua hei whakarite i te whānui me te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau.
Te whakatau hua: Me whakatau ngā hua whakamātautau kia rite tonu ki te whānuitanga pakeke kua tohua i roto i te paerewa. Mena ka nui ake te uara pakeke o te wāhanga whakamātautau i te whānuitanga kua tohua i roto i te paerewa, pēnei i te iti iho o te pakeke o te pine i te 229HBW, teitei ake rānei i te 285HBW, ka kiia te mekameka he hua kāore i te tika, ā, me whakamahana anō, me ētahi atu tikanga maimoatanga e rite ana kia tutuki rā anō te uara pakeke i ngā whakaritenga paerewa.

2.2 Ngā Paerewa Whakamātautau o te Ao
Kei te ao katoa anō hoki ngā pūnaha paerewa e pā ana ki te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika, ā, he whānui te awe me te mōhiotia o ēnei paerewa i te mākete o te ao.
Paerewa ISO: ISO 606 "Mekameka me ngā pīkau – Ngā mekameka roera me ngā mekameka roera pū – Ngā rahinga, ngā tūponotanga me ngā āhuatanga taketake" tētahi o ngā paerewa mekameka roera tino tika e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te ao. Kei roto hoki i tēnei paerewa ngā whakaritenga taipitopito mō te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika. Hei tauira, mō ngā mekameka roera tino tika i hangaia ki te maitai koranu, ko te whānuitanga pakeke ko te 241-321HBW; mō ngā mekameka kua whakanitia, me eke te pakeke o te mata ki te 600-800HV, ā, me 0.3-0.6mm te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakanitia.
Tikanga whakamātautau: E taunaki ana hoki ngā paerewa o te ao kia whakamahia ngā whakamātautau pakeke Brinell, ngā whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell me ngā whakamātautau pakeke Vickers hei whakamātautau. He pai te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers mō te whakamātautau i ngā wāhanga he nui ake te pakeke o te mata o ngā mekameka roera tika, pērā i te mata roera i muri i te maimoatanga nitriding, nā te mea he iti te kōhao. Ka taea e ia te ine i te uara pakeke kia tika ake, inā koa i te whakamātautau i ngā wāhanga iti me ngā wāhanga angiangi.
Te wāhi whakamātautau me te tauira: He rite te rahinga tauira me te wāhi whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana e ngā paerewa o te ao ki ērā o ngā paerewa o te motu, engari he taipitopito ake te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhi whakamātautau. Hei tauira, i te whakamātautau i te pakeke o ngā roera, me tango tauira me te whakamātautau i te porowhita o waho me ngā mata pito o ngā roera kia arotakehia whānuitia ai te ōritetanga o te pakeke o ngā roera. Hei tāpiri, me whakamātautau anō hoki te pakeke mō ngā wāhanga hono o te mekameka, pērā i ngā pereti mekameka hono me ngā pine hono, kia mau ai te kaha me te pono o te mekameka katoa.
Te Whakataunga Hua: He pakari ake ngā paerewa o te ao ki te aromatawai i ngā hua o te whakamātautau pakeke. Mēnā kāore ngā hua o te whakamātautau e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga paerewa, ehara i te mea ka whakatauhia te mekameka he koretake anake, engari me whakamātautau takirua hoki ētahi atu mekameka o taua puranga hua. Mēnā kei te noho tonu ngā hua kāore i te tika i muri i te whakamātautau takirua, me tukatuka anō te puranga hua kia tutuki rā anō te pakeke o ngā mekameka katoa i ngā whakaritenga paerewa. Mā tēnei tikanga aromatawai pakari ka whakamanahia te taumata kounga me te pono o ngā mekameka roera tika i te mākete o te ao.

3. Tikanga whakamātautau mārō

3.1 Tikanga whakamātautau mārō o Rockwell
Ko te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell tētahi o ngā tikanga whakamātautau pakeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei wā, he tino pai mō te whakamātautau i te pakeke o ngā rauemi whakarewa pēnei i ngā mekameka roera tino tika.
Mātāpono: Ka whakatauhia e tēnei tikanga te uara pakeke mā te ine i te hohonutanga o te kōhao (te kōne taimana, te pōro karāhe rānei) kua pēhia ki te mata o te rauemi i raro i tētahi kawenga. He māmā, he tere hoki te mahi, ā, ka taea te pānui tika i te uara pakeke me te kore he tātaitanga uaua me ngā taputapu ine.
Te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga: Mō te kimi i ngā mekameka roera tino tika, ko te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell te mea matua e whakamahia ana hei ine i te pakeke o ngā mekameka kua oti i muri i te maimoatanga wera, pērā i ngā pine me ngā ringaringa. Nā te mea he nui ake te pakeke o ēnei wāhanga i muri i te maimoatanga wera, ā, he nui te rahi, he pai mō te whakamātautau me te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell.
Te tika o te kitenga: He tino tika te whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell, ā, ka taea e ia te whakaata tika i ngā huringa pakeke o te rauemi. Ko tōna hapa ine i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ±1HRC, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te whakamātautau pakeke o te mekameka roera.
Te Whakamahinga Whaihua: I roto i ngā whakamātautau tūturu, ka whakamahia e te kaiwhakamātautau pakeke Rockwell he tauine HRC, he mea e tika ana mō te whakamātautau i ngā rauemi me te whānuitanga pakeke o te 20-70HRC. Hei tauira, mō te pine o te mekameka roera tika kua whakakāhia ki te waro, ko tōna pakeke mata kei waenganui i te 58-62HRC. Ka taea e te kaiwhakamātautau pakeke Rockwell te ine tere me te tika i tōna uara pakeke, ka whakarato i tētahi pūtake pono mō te whakahaere kounga.

3.2 Tikanga whakamātautau pakeke Brinell
Ko te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke a Brinell he tikanga whakamātautau pakeke matarohia, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ine i te pakeketanga o ngā rauemi whakarewa, tae atu ki ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua haurua-oti o ngā mekameka roera tino tika.
Mātāpono: Mā tēnei tikanga ka pēhia he pōro maitai whakapakeke, he pōro carbide rānei o tētahi diameter ki roto i te mata o te rauemi i raro i te mahi a tētahi kawenga kua tohua, ka puritia mō tētahi wā kua tohua, kātahi ka tangohia te kawenga, ka ine i te diameter o te kōhao, ā, ka whakatauhia te uara pakeke mā te tatau i te pēhanga toharite i runga i te horahanga mata porowhita o te kōhao.
Whānuitanga o te whakamahinga: He pai te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke Brinell mō te whakamātautau i ngā rauemi whakarewa he iti ake te pakeke, pērā i ngā rauemi mata o ngā mekameka roera tino tika (pērā i te maitai 45) me ngā hua haurua-oti kāore anō kia whakamahanatia. Ko ōna āhuatanga he kōhao nui, ka taea te whakaata i ngā āhuatanga pakeke nui o te rauemi, ā, he pai hoki mō te ine i ngā rauemi i roto i te awhe pakeke waenga.
Te tika o te kitenga: He tino teitei te tika o te kitenga pakeke o Brinell, ā, ko te hapa ine i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ±2%. Ka pā tika te tika o te ine o te diameter o te kōhao ki te tika o te uara pakeke, nō reira me whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine tino tika pērā i te karu hiko pānui i roto i te mahi tūturu.
Te Whakamahinga Whaihua: I roto i te tukanga whakaputa o ngā mekameka roera tika, ka whakamahia te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke Brinell hei whakamātautau i te pakeke o ngā rauemi mata kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hoahoa. Hei tauira, mō ngā mekameka roera tika i hangaia ki te maitai 45, me whakahaere te pakeke o ngā rauemi mata i waenga i te 170-230HBW. Mā te whakamātautau pakeke Brinell, ka taea te ine tika i te uara pakeke o ngā rauemi mata, ā, ka taea te kimi i te pakeke kore-tohu o ngā rauemi i te wā tika, kia kore ai e uru atu ngā rauemi kore-tohu ki ngā hononga whakaputa e whai ake nei.

3.3 Tikanga whakamātautau mārō a Vickers
He tikanga e tika ana te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke a Vickers mō te ine i te pakeke o ngā wāhanga iti me ngā wāhanga angiangi, ā, he painga motuhake tōna i roto i te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika.
Mātāpono: I raro i tētahi kawenga, ka pēhia e tēnei tikanga he tapatoru taimana me te koki tihi o te 136° ki te mata o te rauemi hei whakamātautau, ka pupuri i te kawenga mō tētahi wā kua tohua, kātahi ka tangohia te kawenga, ka ine i te roa whakarara o te kōhao, ā, ka whakatauhia te uara pakeke mā te tatau i te pēhanga toharite i runga i te horahanga mata kōniko o te kōhao.
Whānuitanga o te whakamahinga: He pai te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke Vickers mō te ine i ngā rauemi he whānui te whānuitanga o te pakeketanga, inā koa mō te kimi i ngā wāhanga he nui te pakeketanga o te mata o ngā mekameka roera tika, pērā i te mata o ngā roera i muri i te maimoatanga nitriding. He iti tōna kōhao, ā, ka taea te ine tika i te pakeketanga o ngā wāhanga iti me ngā wāhanga angiangi, he pai mō te kimi me ngā whakaritenga teitei mō te ōritetanga o te pakeketanga o te mata.
Te tika o te kitenga: He tino tika te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers, ā, ko te hapa ine i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ±1HV. He mea nui te tika o te ine o te roa hauroki o te kōhao ki te tika o te uara pakeke, nō reira me whakamahi i tētahi karu ine tino tika mō te ine.
Te Whakamahinga Whaihua: I roto i te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika, ka whakamahia pinepine te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke Vickers hei kimi i te pakeke o te mata o ngā roera. Hei tauira, mō ngā roera kua whakanitrihia, me eke te pakeke o te mata ki te 600-800HV. Mā te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers, ka taea te ine tika i ngā uara pakeke i ngā tūranga rerekē i runga i te mata roera, ā, ka taea te aromatawai i te hohonu me te ōritetanga o te paparanga whakanitrihia, kia mōhio ai kei te tutuki te pakeke o te mata o te roera i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete kakahu me te roa o te mahi o te mekameka.

4. Taputapu whakamātautau mārō

4.1 Momo taputapu me te kaupapa
He taputapu matua te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke hei whakarite i te tika o te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika. Ko ngā momo taputapu whakamātautau pakeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ēnei:
Whakamātautau pakeke Brinell: Ko tōna kaupapa matua he pēhi i tētahi pōro maitai whakapakeke, pōro carbide rānei o tētahi diameter ki roto i te mata o te rauemi i raro i tētahi kawenga kua tohua, ka pupuri mō tētahi wā kua tohua, kātahi ka tangohia te kawenga, ka tatau i te uara pakeke mā te ine i te diameter kōhao. He pai te whakamātautau pakeke Brinell mō te whakamātautau i ngā rauemi whakarewa he iti ake te pakeke, pērā i ngā rauemi mata o ngā mekameka roera tika me ngā hua haurua-oti kāore i whakamahanahia. Ko ōna āhuatanga he kōhao nui, ka taea te whakaata i ngā āhuatanga pakeke nui o te rauemi. He pai mō te ine i ngā rauemi i roto i te awhe pakeke waenga, ā, ko te hapa ine i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ±2%.
Whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell: Ka whakatauhia e tēnei taputapu te uara pakeke mā te ine i te hohonutanga o te kōhao (te kōne taimana, te pōro carbide rānei) i pēhia ki te mata o te rauemi i raro i tētahi kawenga. He ngāwari, he tere hoki te whakahaere i te whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell, ā, ka taea te pānui tika i te uara pakeke me te kore he tatau uaua me ngā taputapu ine. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei ine i te pakeke o ngā mekameka kua oti te whakaoti i muri i te maimoatanga wera, pērā i ngā pine me ngā ringaringa. Ko te hapa ine i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ±1HRC, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te whakamātautau pakeke mekameka roera tika.
Whakamātautau pakeke Vickers: Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers he pēhi i te piramita tapawhā taimana me te koki tihi o te 136° i raro i tētahi kawenga ki roto i te mata o te rauemi hei whakamātautau, ka pupuri mō tētahi wā kua tohua, ka tangohia te kawenga, ka ine i te roa whakarara o te kōhao, ka whakatau i te uara pakeke mā te tatau i te pēhanga toharite e mau ana i te horahanga mata kōniko o te kōhao. He pai te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers mō te ine i ngā rauemi me te whānuitanga pakeke, inā koa mō te whakamātautau i ngā wāhanga me te pakeke mata teitei ake o ngā mekameka roera tika, pērā i te mata roera i muri i te maimoatanga nitriding. He iti tōna kōhao, ā, ka taea e ia te ine tika i te pakeke o ngā wāhanga iti me te angiangi, ā, ko te hapa ine i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ±1HV.

4.2 Te whiriwhiri me te whakatikatika i ngā taputapu
Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi taputapu whakamātautau pakeke e tika ana, me te whakatikatika tika i taua taputapu te pūtake mō te whakarite i te pono o ngā hua whakamātautau:
Kōwhiringa taputapu: Kōwhiria he taputapu whakamātautau pakeke e tika ana kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau o ngā mekameka roera tino tika. Mō ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua haurua-oti kāore anō kia whakamahanatia, me whiriwhiri he taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Brinell; mō ngā mekameka kua oti kua whakamahanatia, pērā i ngā pine me ngā ringaringa, me whiriwhiri he taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell; mō ngā wāhanga he nui ake te pakeke o te mata, pērā i te mata roera i muri i te maimoatanga nitriding, me whiriwhiri he taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Vickers. Hei tāpiri, me whai whakaaro hoki ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tika, te whānuitanga ine, me te ngāwari o te whakahaere o te taputapu hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ngā hononga whakamātautau rerekē.
Te Whakataurite i te Taputapu: Me whakataurite te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke i mua i te whakamahinga kia tika ai ngā hua ine. Me mahi te whakataurite e tētahi tari whakataurite whai tohu, e ngā kaimahi ngaio rānei, kia rite ki ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga e tika ana. Kei roto i ngā ihirangi whakataurite te tika o te kawenga o te taputapu, te rahi me te āhua o te kōhao, te tika o te taputapu ine, me ētahi atu. Ko te huringa whakataurite ka whakatauhia i runga i te auau o te whakamahinga me te pumau o te taputapu, ko te tikanga mai i te 6 marama ki te 1 tau. Me haere tahi ngā taputapu kua whakatauritea whai tohu me tētahi tiwhikete whakataurite, ā, me tohu te rā whakataurite me te wā whai mana ki te taputapu kia pono ai, kia taea ai hoki te whai i ngā hua whakamātautau.

5. Tukanga whakamātautau pakeke

5.1 Te whakarite me te tukatuka tauira
Ko te whakarite tauira te hononga taketake o te whakamātautau pakeke o te mekameka roera tika, e pā tika ana ki te tika me te pono o ngā hua whakamātautau.
Te rahinga tauira: E ai ki ngā whakaritenga o te paerewa ā-motu GB/T 1243-2006 me te paerewa o te ao ISO 606, me tīpako matapōkeretia he maha o ngā tauira hei whakamātautau mai i ia puranga o ngā mekameka roera tika. I te nuinga o te wā, e 3-5 ngā mekameka ka tīpakohia mai i ia puranga hei tauira whakamātautau hei whakarite i te āhua o ngā tauira.
Tauwāhi tauira: Mō ia mekameka, me whakamātautau motuhake te pakeke o ngā wāhanga rerekē pēnei i te pereti hononga o roto, te pereti hononga o waho, te kakau pine, te ringaringa me te roera. Hei tauira, mō te kakau pine, me tango tētahi wāhi whakamātautau ki waenganui me ngā pito e rua; mō te roera, me tauira te porowhita o waho me te mata pito o te roera, ā, me whakamātautau motuhake kia arotakehia whānuitia ai te ōritetanga o te pakeke o ia wāhanga.
Te tukatuka tauira: I te wā e tangohia ana te tauira, me ma, me papatahi te mata o te tauira, karekau he hinu, he waikura, he poke rānei. Mō ngā tauira he tauine waikura, he paninga rānei kei runga i te mata, me horoi, me tango rānei i te maimoatanga tika i te tuatahi. Hei tauira, mō ngā mekameka piauau, me tango te paparanga piauau i runga i te mata i mua i te whakamātautau pakeke.

5.2 Ngā taahiraa whakahaere whakamātautau
Ko ngā mahi whakamātautau te uho o te tukanga whakamātautau pakeke, ā, me whakahaere kia tino rite ki ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga kia tika ai ngā hua o te whakamātautau.
Te whiriwhiri me te whakatikatika i ngā taputapu: Tīpakohia te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke e tika ana kia rite ki te whānuitanga pakeke me ngā āhuatanga rauemi o te mea whakamātautau. Hei tauira, mō ngā pine me ngā ringaringa kua whakakākahuria, me whiriwhiri ngā whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell; mō ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua haurua-oti kāore anō kia whakamahanatia, me whiriwhiri ngā whakamātautau pakeke Brinell; mō ngā roera he nui ake te pakeke o te mata, me whiriwhiri ngā whakamātautau pakeke Vickers. I mua i te whakamātautau, me whakatikatika te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga i te tika o te kawenga, te rahi me te āhua o te indentor, me te tika o te taputapu ine. Me haere tahi ngā taputapu kua whakatikatikaina me te tiwhikete whakatikatika, ā, me tohu te rā whakatikatika me te wā whai mana ki te taputapu.
Te whakamātautau: Whakatakotoria te tauira ki runga i te papa mahi o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke kia tino poutū te mata o te tauira ki te pūwero. E ai ki ngā tikanga whakahaere o te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke kua tohua, whakamahia te kawenga, ā, puritia mō te wā kua tohua, kātahi ka tangohia te kawenga, ā, inehia te rahi, te hohonu rānei o te pūwero. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell, ka pēhia he pūwero kōne taimana, he pūwero pōro kāpira rānei ki te mata o te rauemi e whakamātautauhia ana me te kawenga motuhake (pēnei i te 150kgf), ā, ka tangohia te kawenga i muri i te 10-15 hēkona, ā, ka pānuihia tika te uara pakeke; i roto i te whakamātautau pakeke o Brinell, ka pēhia he pōro maitai whakapakeke, he pōro kāpira rānei o te diameter kua tohua ki te mata o te rauemi e whakamātautauhia ana i raro i te kawenga kua tohua (pēnei i te 3000kgf), ā, ka tangohia te kawenga i muri i te 10-15 hēkona. Ka inehia te diameter pūwero mā te whakamahi i te karuārai pānui, ā, ka whiwhihia te uara pakeke mā te tatau.
Whakamātautau anō: Hei whakarite i te pono o ngā hua whakamātautau, me whakamātautau anō ia pūwāhi whakamātautau mō ngā wā maha, ā, ko te uara toharite te hua whakamātautau whakamutunga. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, me whakamātautau anō ia pūwāhi whakamātautau kia 3-5 ngā wā hei whakaiti i ngā hapa ine.

5.3 Te tuhi me te tātari raraunga
Ko te tuhi me te tātari raraunga te hononga whakamutunga o te tukanga whakamātautau pakeke. Mā te whakarōpū me te tātari i ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ka taea te whakatau i ngā whakatau pūtaiao me ngā whakatau whaitake, hei pūtake mō te whakahaere kounga hua.
Te tuhi raraunga: Me tuhi taipitopito ngā raraunga katoa i kohia i te wā o te tukanga whakamātautau ki roto i te pūrongo whakamātautau, tae atu ki te tau tauira, te wāhi whakamātautau, te tikanga whakamātautau, te uara pakeke, te rā whakamātautau, ngā kaimahi whakamātautau me ētahi atu mōhiohio. Me mārama, me tika, me tino oti hoki ngā tuhinga raraunga hei āwhina i te tohutoro me te tātari i muri mai.
Tātaritanga raraunga: Tātaritanga tatauranga o ngā raraunga whakamātautau, tatau i ngā tawhā tatauranga pēnei i te uara pakeke toharite me te paerewa rerekētanga o ia pūwāhi whakamātautau, me te aromatawai i te ōritetanga me te ōritetanga o te pakeke. Hei tauira, mēnā ko te pakeke toharite o te pine o tētahi puranga mekameka roera tika he 250HBW, ā, ko te paerewa rerekētanga he 5HBW, ko te tikanga he ōrite te pakeke o te puranga mekameka, ā, he pai te whakahaere kounga; mēnā he nui te paerewa rerekētanga, tera pea he rerekētanga kounga i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, ā, me rangahau anō i te take me ngā mahi whakapai ake.
Te whakatau hua: Whakatauritehia ngā hua whakamātautau ki te whānuitanga pakeke kua tohua i roto i ngā paerewa ā-motu, ā-ao rānei, hei whakatau mēnā he tika te tauira. Mēnā he nui ake te uara pakeke o te wāhi whakamātautau i te whānuitanga kua tohua i roto i te paerewa, pērā i te iti iho o te pakeke o te pine i te 229HBW, i te teitei ake rānei i te 285HBW, ka whakatauhia te mekameka he hua kāore i te tika, ā, me whakamahana anō, me ētahi atu tikanga maimoatanga e rite ana kia tutuki rā anō te uara pakeke i ngā whakaritenga paerewa. Mō ngā hua kāore i te tika, me tuhi taipitopito ō rātou āhuatanga kāore i te tika, ā, me tātarihia ngā take kia taea ai te mahi i ngā mahi whakapai ake hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua.

6. Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakamātautau pakeke

6.1 Te pānga o te taiao whakamātautau

He mea nui te awe o te taiao whakamātautau ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika.

Te awe o te pāmahana: Ka pāngia te tika o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke me te mahi pakeke o te rauemi e ngā huringa pāmahana. Hei tauira, ina teitei rawa, ina iti rawa rānei te pāmahana o te taiao, ka whānui, ka kōpiri pea ngā wāhanga miihini me ngā wāhanga hiko o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke nā te wera, ka puta he hapa ine. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te awhe pāmahana mahi tino pai o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Brinell, te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell me te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Vickers he 10℃-35℃. Ina hipa atu i tēnei awhe pāmahana, ka piki pea te hapa ine o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke mā te ±1HRC, ±2HV rānei. I taua wā anō, kāore e taea te wareware i te awe o te pāmahana ki te pakeke o te rauemi. Hei tauira, mō te rauemi mekameka roera tika, pērā i te maitai 45#, ka piki ake pea tōna pakeke i te taiao pāmahana iti, engari i te taiao pāmahana teitei, ka heke te pakeke. Nō reira, i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te whakamātautau pakeke, me whakahaere i roto i te taiao pāmahana pumau i te mea ka taea, ā, me tuhi te pāmahana taiao i taua wā kia tika ai ngā hua o te whakamātautau.
Te awe o te haumākū: Ko te awe o te haumākū ki te whakamātautau pakeke ka kitea nuitia i roto i ngā wāhanga hiko o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke me te mata o te tauira. Mā te nui rawa o te haumākū ka mākū ngā wāhanga hiko o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke, ka pā ki te tika me te pumau o te ine. Hei tauira, ina neke atu te haumākū whanaunga i te 80%, ka piki ake pea te hapa ine o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke mā te ±0.5HRC, ±1HV rānei. Hei tāpiri, ka hanga pea te haumākū i tētahi kiriata wai ki runga i te mata o te tauira, ka pā ki te pa o te pūwero o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke me te mata o te tauira, ka hua ake he hapa ine. Mō te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika, e taunakihia ana kia mahia i roto i tētahi taiao he haumākū whanaunga o te 30%-70% hei whakarite i te pono o ngā hua whakamātautau.
Te awe o te wiri: Ka pāngia te whakamātautau pakeke e te wiri i roto i te taiao whakamātautau. Hei tauira, ko te wiri i puta mai i te whakahaere o ngā taputapu tukatuka miihini tata ka meinga pea te nekenekehanga iti o te kōhao o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke i te wā e ine ana, ka hua ake he hapa ine. Ka pā pea te wiri ki te tika o te tono kawenga me te pumau o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke, ka pā ki te tika o te uara pakeke. I te nuinga o te wā, i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te whakamātautau pakeke i roto i te taiao he nui te wiri, ka piki ake pea te hapa ine mā te ±0.5HRC, ±1HV rānei. Nō reira, i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te whakamātautau pakeke, me ngana koe ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi wāhi tawhiti atu i te pūtake wiri me te mahi i ngā mahi whakaiti wiri e tika ana, pēnei i te tāuta i tētahi papa whakaiti wiri ki raro o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke, hei whakaiti i te pānga o te wiri ki ngā hua whakamātautau.

6.2 Te awe o te kaiwhakahaere
He pānga nui tō te taumata ngaio o te kaiwhakahaere me ōna tikanga whakahaere ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika.
Ngā Pūkenga Whakahaere: Ka pā tika te matatau o te kaiwhakahaere ki ngā taputapu whakamātautau pakeke ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau. Hei tauira, mō te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Brinell, me ine tika te kaiwhakahaere i te diameter kōhao, ā, ka rerekē pea te uara pakeke nā te hapa ine. Mena kāore te kaiwhakahaere i te mōhio ki te whakamahinga o te taputapu ine, ka piki pea te hapa ine mā te ±2%. Mō ngā taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell me ngā taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Vickers, me whakamahi tika te kaiwhakahaere i te kawenga me te pānui i te uara pakeke. Ka piki pea te hapa ine mā te ±1HRC, ±1HV rānei mēnā he mahi hē. Nō reira, me whai whakangungu ngaio te kaiwhakahaere, ā, me mātau ki ngā tikanga whakahaere me ngā whakatūpato o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke kia tika ai ngā hua whakamātautau.
Wheako Whakamātautau: Ka pāngia hoki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke e te wheako whakamātautau a te kaiwhakahaere. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere mātau te aromatawai pai ake i ngā raruraru ka puta ake i te wā whakamātautau, me te mahi i ngā mahi e tika ana hei whakatika. Hei tauira, i te wā whakamātautau, ki te kitea he rerekē te uara pakeke, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere mātau te aromatawai mēnā he raruraru kei te tauira tonu, he rahua rānei te mahi whakamātautau, te taputapu rānei i runga i te wheako me te mōhiotanga ngaio, ā, ka whakatau i te wā tika. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere kore wheako te whakahaere i ngā hua rerekē i te hē, ka hua ake he whakatau hē. Nō reira, me arotahi ngā umanga ki te whakawhanake i te wheako whakamātautau o ngā kaiwhakahaere, me te whakapai ake i te taumata whakamātautau o ngā kaiwhakahaere mā te whakangungu me te mahi auau.
Te Kawenga: He mea nui hoki te kawenga o ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke. Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere whai mana nui ka tino whai i ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga, ka tuhi marie i ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ka tātari marie hoki i ngā hua whakamātautau. Hei tauira, i te wā o te whakamātautau, me whakahoki anō e te kaiwhakahaere te whakamātautau mō ia wāhi whakamātautau i ngā wā maha, ā, me tango te uara toharite hei hua whakamātautau whakamutunga. Ki te kore te kaiwhakahaere e whai kawenga, ka kore pea e whakamahia ngā mahi whakamātautau kua whakahokia, ka iti ake te pono o ngā hua whakamātautau. Nō reira, me whakapakari e ngā umanga te mātauranga kawenga o ngā kaiwhakahaere kia tika ai te mahi whakamātautau.

6.3 Te pānga o te tika o ngā taputapu
Ko te tika o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke he mea nui e pā ana ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika.
Te tika o te taputapu: Ka pā tika te tika o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau. Hei tauira, ko te hapa ine o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Brinell kei roto i te ±2%, ko te hapa ine o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell kei roto i te ±1HRC, ā, ko te hapa ine o te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Vickers kei roto i te ±1HV. Mena kāore te tika o te taputapu e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, kāore e taea te whakamana i te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau. Nō reira, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi taputapu whakamātautau pakeke, me whiriwhiri he taputapu he tino tika, he pai hoki te pumau, ā, me mahi tonu te whakatikatika me te tiaki kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau i te tika o te taputapu.
Te Whakataurite i te Taputapu: Ko te whakataurite i te taputapu whakamātautau pakeke te pūtake mō te whakarite i te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau. Me mahi te whakataurite i te taputapu e tētahi tari whakataurite whai tohu, e tētahi kaimahi ngaio rānei, ā, me whakahaere i runga anō i ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga e tika ana. Kei roto i ngā ihirangi whakataurite te tika o te kawenga o te taputapu, te rahi me te āhua o te kōhao, te tika o te taputapu ine, me ētahi atu. Ko te huringa whakataurite ka whakatauhia i runga i te auau o te whakamahinga me te pumau o te taputapu, ko te tikanga mai i te 6 marama ki te 1 tau. Me haere tahi mai ngā taputapu kua whakatauritea whai tohu me tētahi tiwhikete whakataurite, ā, me tohu te rā whakataurite me te wā whai mana ki te taputapu. Mena kāore te taputapu i whakatauritea, i kore rānei te whakataurite e angitu, kāore e taea te whakamana i te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau. Hei tauira, ka piki ake pea te hapa ine mā te ±2HRC, ±5HV rānei i tētahi taputapu whakamātautau pakeke kāore i whakatauritea.
Te tiaki i ngā taputapu: Ko te tiaki i ngā taputapu whakamātautau pakeke he hononga matua hoki hei whakarite i te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau. I te wā e whakamahia ana te taputapu, ka rerekē pea te tika nā te pakaru o te miihini, te tawhito o ngā wāhanga hiko, me ētahi atu. Nō reira, me whakatū e ngā umanga he pūnaha tiaki taputapu katoa, me te tiaki me te mahi i ia wā i ia wā i ia wā i ia wā i ia wā. Hei tauira, me horoi tonu te karāhe whatu o te taputapu, tirohia te pakaru o te indenter, whakatikatika i te pūoko kawenga, me ētahi atu. Mā te tiaki tonu, ka taea te kimi me te whakatau i ngā raruraru o te taputapu i te wā tika hei whakarite i te tika me te pumau o te taputapu.

7. Te whakatau me te whakamahi i ngā hua whakamātautau mārō

7.1 Paerewa whakatau hua
Ko te whakatau i ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tino tika ka tino whakahaerehia i runga anō i ngā paerewa e tika ana hei whakarite kia tutuki i te kounga o te hua ngā whakaritenga.
Whakatau paerewa ā-motu: E ai ki ngā paerewa ā-motu pērā i te GB/T 1243-2006 "Mekameka Roera, Mekameka Roera Puku me te Mekameka Niho", he mārama ngā whakaritenga mō te whānuitanga pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika o ngā rauemi rerekē me ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera. Hei tauira, mō ngā mekameka roera tika i hangaia ki te maitai 45, me whakahaere te pakeke o ngā pine me ngā puku ki te 229-285HBW; me eke te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka i muri i te maimoatanga waro ki te 58-62HRC, ā, ko te hohonutanga o te paparanga waro he 0.8-1.2mm. Mena ka nui ake ngā hua whakamātautau i tēnei awhe, pērā i te pakeke o te pine he iti iho i te 229HBW, he teitei ake rānei i te 285HBW, ka whakatauhia he kore tohu.
Whakataunga paerewa o te ao: E ai ki te ISO 606 me ētahi atu paerewa o te ao, ko te whānuitanga pakeke o ngā mekameka roera tika i hangaia ki te maitai koranu ko te 241-321HBW te tikanga, me eke te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka i muri i te maimoatanga nitriding ki te 600-800HV, ā, me 0.3-0.6mm te hohonutanga o te paparanga nitriding. He kaha ake te whakatau a ngā paerewa o te ao i ngā hua. Mena kāore ngā hua whakamātautau e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, ehara i te mea ka whakatauhia te mekameka he kore tohu, engari me takirua hoki te puranga hua kotahi mō te tauira. Mena kei te noho tonu ngā hua kāore i te tohu, me tukatuka anō te puranga hua.
Ngā whakaritenga mō te āheinga ki te tāruarua me te āheinga ki te tāruarua: Hei whakarite i te pono o ngā hua whakamātautau, me whakamātautau anō ia pūwāhi whakamātautau, 3-5 ngā wā, ā, ko te uara toharite te hua whakamutunga. Me whakahaere te rerekētanga o ngā hua whakamātautau o te tauira kotahi e ngā kaiwhakahaere rerekē i roto i tētahi whānuitanga, pērā i te rerekētanga o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell kāore e neke ake i te ±1HRC, te rerekētanga o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o Brinell kāore e neke ake i te ±2%, ā, ko te rerekētanga o ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke o Vickers kāore e neke ake i te ±1HV.

7.2 Te whakamahinga o ngā hua me te mana whakahaere kounga
Ehara i te mea ko ngā hua o te whakamātautau pakeke anake te pūtake mō te whakatau mēnā he tika te hua, engari he tohutoro nui anō hoki mō te whakahaere kounga me te whakapai ake i ngā tukanga.
Te whakahaere kounga: Mā te whakamātautau pakeke, ka taea te kimi i ngā raruraru o te tukanga whakaputa, pērā i ngā hapa o ngā rauemi me te maimoatanga wera hē, i roto i te wā tika. Hei tauira, ki te kitea e te whakamātautau he iti iho te pakeke o te mekameka i te whakaritenga paerewa, tera pea kāore i te rawaka te pāmahana maimoatanga wera, kāore rānei i te rawaka te wā pupuri; ki te teitei ake te pakeke i te whakaritenga paerewa, tera pea he nui rawa te tinei maimoatanga wera. E ai ki ngā hua o te whakamātautau, ka taea e te kamupene te whakarerekē i te tukanga whakaputa i roto i te wā tika kia mau ai te pumau me te ōrite o te kounga hua.
Whakapai ake i te tukanga: Ka āwhina ngā hua o te whakamātautau pakeke ki te arotau i te tukanga hanga o ngā mekameka roera tino tika. Hei tauira, mā te tātari i ngā huringa pakeke o te mekameka i raro i ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera rerekē, ka taea e te kamupene te whakatau i ngā tawhā maimoatanga wera tino pai me te whakapai ake i te ātete kakahu me te ātete ngenge o te mekameka. I taua wā anō, ka taea hoki e te whakamātautau pakeke te whakarato i tētahi pūtake mō te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mata hei whakarite kia tutuki i te pakeke o ngā rauemi mata ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, ā, mā reira ka whakapai ake i te kounga whānui o te hua.
Te whakaae me te tuku hua: I mua i te wehenga atu o te hua i te wheketere, he mea nui ngā hua o te whakamātautau pakeke hei pūtake mō te whakaae a te kiritaki. Mā te pūrongo whakamātautau pakeke e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga paerewa ka taea te whakarei ake i te whakapono o te kiritaki ki te hua me te whakatairanga i te hoko me te hokohoko hua. Mō ngā hua kāore e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa, me tukatuka anō e te kamupene kia paahitia rā anō te whakamātautau pakeke i mua i te tukunga atu ki ngā kiritaki, ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakapai ake i te ingoa mākete o te kamupene me te pai o te kiritaki.
Te whai i te kounga me te whakapai tonu: Mā te tuhi me te tātari i ngā hua whakamātautau pakeke ka taea te tautoko i te whai i te kounga. Ina puta he raruraru kounga, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whai i ngā hua whakamātautau kia kitea ai te pūtake o te raruraru me te mahi i ngā mahi whakapai ake. I taua wā anō, mā te kohikohi me te tātari i ngā raraunga whakamātautau mō te wā roa, ka taea e ngā kamupene te kite i ngā raruraru kounga pea me ngā huarahi whakapai ake tukanga, me te whakatutuki i te whakapai tonu me te whakarei ake i te kounga.