Te Kōwhiringa Rauemi mō ngā Mekameka Roera i ngā Taiao Pāmahana-Tiketike
I roto i ngā taiao ahumahi pēnei i te maimoatanga wera whakarewa, te tunu kai, me ngā matū hinu,mekameka roera, hei wāhanga matua o te tuku hiko, he maha ngā wā ka mahi tonu i roto i ngā taiao neke atu i te 150°C. Ka taea e ngā pāmahana tino wera te whakangawari, te waikura, te waikura, me te kore e whakahinuhinu i ngā mekameka tuku iho. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga ahumahi ka taea e ngā mekameka roera te whakapoto i te roa o te ora neke atu i te 50% i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei, tae atu ki te wā kore mahi o ngā taputapu. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki ngā whakaritenga mahi o ngā mekameka roera i roto i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei, me te tātari pūnaha i ngā āhuatanga me te arorau kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi matua hei āwhina i ngā tohunga ahumahi ki te whakatutuki i ngā whakapainga pumau ki ā rātou pūnaha tuku hiko.
I. Ngā Wero Matua o ngā Taiao Pāmahana-Teitei ki ngā Mekameka Roera
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te kino o ngā mekameka roera i puta mai i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei. Ko ngā wero matua kei roto i ngā āhuatanga e rua: te hekenga o te mahi rauemi me te hekenga o te pumau hanganga. Koinei anō hoki ngā arai hangarau me wikitoria e te kōwhiringa rauemi:
- Te Whakahekenga o ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau o te Rauemi: Ka tino ngohengohe te maitai waro noa i runga ake i te 300℃, ka heke te kaha kume mā te 30%-50%, ka pakaru te pereti mekameka, ka rerekē te āhua o te pine, me ētahi atu ngoikoretanga. I tētahi atu taha, ka tere ake te pakaru o te maitai iti-koranu nā te waikura intergranular i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka nui ake te roa o te mekameka i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana.
- Te Pikinga o te Waikura me te Waikura: Ka tere ake te waikura o te mata mekameka i te hāora, te mamaoa wai, me ngā mea ahumahi (pērā i ngā hau waikawa me ngā hinu) i roto i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei. Ka taea e te unahi waikura te whakararu i ngā hononga, ā, ka whakaitihia e ngā hua waikura te hinu whakahinuhinu.
- Te Raru o te Pūnaha Whakahinuhinu: Ka mimiti te hinu whakahinuhinu kohuke tuku iho, ka waro i runga ake i te 120℃, ka ngaro tōna pānga whakahinuhinu. Ka hua ake tēnei i te pikinga o te tauwehenga waku i waenga i ngā roera me ngā pine, ka piki ake te tere kakahu mā te 4-6 ngā wā.
- Te Wero ki te Whakaōrite i te Whānuitanga Wera: Mena he rerekē rawa ngā tauwehenga o te whānuitanga wera o ngā wāhanga mekameka (ngā pereti mekameka, ngā pine, ngā roera), ka whānui ake pea ngā āputa, ka mau rānei te mekameka i te huringa pāmahana, ka pā ki te tika o te tuku.
II. Ngā Momo Rauemi Matua me te Tātari Mahi o ngā Mekameka Roera Pāmahana-Tiketike
Nā ngā āhuatanga motuhake o ngā āhuatanga mahi pāmahana teitei, kua hangaia e ngā rauemi mekameka roera matua e toru ngā pūnaha matua: te maitai kore waikura, te maitai ātete wera, me ngā koranu nikara. He kaha motuhake tō ia rauemi e pā ana ki te ātete pāmahana teitei, te kaha, me te ātete waikura, me te whakataurite tika i runga i ngā āhuatanga mahi motuhake.
1. Raupapa Kowiri tira: Kōwhiringa whai hua mō ngā āhuatanga whakahaere pāmahana waenga me te pāmahana teitei
Ko te maitai kore waikura, me tōna ātete pai ki te waikura me te waikura, kua noho hei rauemi pai mō ngā taiao pāmahana reo-tiketike me te pāmahana teitei i raro i te 400℃. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā momo 304, 316, me te 310S ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga mekameka roera. Ko ngā rerekētanga mahi te nuinga o te take mai i te ōwehenga o te ihirangi chromium me te nickel.
Me mōhio ko ngā mekameka kowiri tira ehara i te mea "tino hē". Ka pāngia te kowiri tira 304 i te pāmahana neke atu i te 450℃, ka hua ake te waikura intergranular. Ahakoa he ātete wera te 310S, ko tōna utu he tata ki te 2.5 ngā wā i tērā o te 304, me whai whakaaro whānui ki ngā whakaritenga roa o te ora.
2. Raupapa Rino Ātete-Wera: Ngā Kaiārahi Kaha i ngā Pāmahana Tino Nui
Ina neke atu i te 800℃ te pāmahana whakahaere, ka tino heke te kaha o te maitai kore waikura noa. I tēnei wā, ko te maitai ātete wera me te nui ake o te chromium me te nickel te mea matua hei whiringa. Mā te whakarerekētanga i ngā ōwehenga o te huānga koranu, ka hangaia he kiriata waikura pumau i ngā pāmahana teitei me te pupuri tonu i te kaha ngoki pai:
- 2520 Rino Ātete-Wera (Cr25Ni20Si2): Hei rauemi pāmahana teitei e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ka taea e tōna pāmahana ratonga roa te eke ki te 950℃, e whakaatu ana i te mahi tino pai i roto i ngā hau whakapūkara. I muri i te maimoatanga horapa chromium mata, ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura mā te 40%. He mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā kawe mekameka oumu maha-kaupapa me ngā pūnaha kawe oumu mua-waikura taputapu. Ko tōna kaha kume ≥520MPa me te roa ≥40% ka ātete pai ki te whakarerekētanga hanganga i ngā pāmahana teitei.
- Rino ātete wera Cr20Ni14Si2: He iti iho i te 2520 te ihirangi nikara, ā, he kōwhiringa utu iti ake. Ka taea e tōna pāmahana mahi tonu te eke ki te 850℃, he mea e tika ana mō ngā tono pāmahana teitei e aro nui ana ki te utu pērā i te hanga karāhe me te kawe rauemi ātete. Ko tōna āhuatanga matua ko tōna tauwehenga pumau o te whakawhānui wera, ka hua ake he hototahi pai ake ki ngā rauemi sprocket me te whakaiti i te ru tuku.
3. Raupapa koranu e hangai ana ki te nikara: Ko te otinga tino pai mō ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua
I ngā āhuatanga tino kino rawa atu i te 1000℃, i te aroaro rānei o ngā mea tino waikura (pēnei i te maimoatanga wera o ngā wāhanga rererangi me ngā taputapu ahumahi karihi), he rauemi kore e taea te whakakapi i ngā koranu nikara nā te mea he pai ake te mahi pāmahana teitei. Ko ngā koranu nikara, hei tauira mō te Inconel 718, kei roto ko te 50%-55% nikara, ā, ka whakapakaritia ki ngā huānga pēnei i te niobium me te molybdenum, e mau tonu ana ngā āhuatanga miihini pai rawa atu ahakoa i te 1200℃.
Ko ngā painga matua o ngā mekameka roera koranu nikara: ① Ko te kaha ngoki e toru ngā wā neke atu i te kaha o te maitai kore waikura 310S; i muri i te 1000 hāora o te mahi tonu i te 1000℃, ko te āhua tuturu he ≤0.5%; ② He tino kaha te ātete ki te waikura, ka taea te tu atu ki ngā mea waikura kaha pērā i te waikawa whanariki me te waikawa hauota; ③ He tino pai te mahi ngenge i te pāmahana teitei, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga huringa pāmahana maha. Heoi, ko te utu he 5-8 ngā wā neke atu i te utu o te maitai kore waikura 310S, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha tuku tino tika.
4. Ngā Rauemi Āwhina me te Hangarau Maimoatanga Mata
Haunga te whiriwhiri i te papa, he mea nui te hangarau maimoatanga mata hei whakapai ake i te mahi pāmahana teitei. I tēnei wā, ko ngā tukanga matua ko: ① Te urunga o te Chromium: te hanga i tētahi kiriata waikura Cr2O3 ki runga i te mata mekameka, te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura mā te 40%, he pai mō ngā taiao matū pāmahana teitei; ② Te paninga rehu koranu nikara: mō ngā wāhanga ngāwari te pakaru pērā i ngā pine me ngā roera, ka taea e te pakeke o te paninga te eke ki te HRC60, teitei ake rānei, ka roa ake te ora ratonga mā te 2-3 ngā wā; ③ Te paninga uku: e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga neke atu i te 1200℃, e wehea ana te waikura pāmahana teitei, he pai mō te umanga whakarewa.
III. Te Arorau Kōwhiringa Rauemi me ngā Whakaaro Whaihua mō ngā Mekameka Roera Pāmahana-Teitei
Ehara i te mea ko te whiriwhiri rauemi anake te whai i te "ko te teitei ake o te ātete pāmahana, ko te pai ake," engari me whakatū he pūnaha aromatawai e whā-i-te-kotahi o te "pāmahana-kawenga-waenga-utu." Ko ngā whakaaro whai hua e whai ake nei mō te whiriwhiri i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē:
1. Whakamāramahia ngā Tawhā Whakahaere Matua
I mua i te kōwhiringa, me kohikohi tika ngā tawhā matua e toru: ① Te whānuitanga pāmahana (te pāmahana mahi tonu, te pāmahana tihi, me te auau huringa); ② Ngā āhuatanga kawenga (te mana whakatauranga, te tauwehenga kawenga pānga); ③ Te reo taiao (te noho o te mamaoa wai, ngā hau waikawa, te hinu, me ētahi atu). Hei tauira, i roto i te umanga tunu kai, hei tāpiri atu ki te tu atu ki ngā pāmahana teitei o te 200-300℃, me tutuki hoki i ngā mekameka ngā paerewa akuaku a te FDA. Nō reira, ko te maitai kore waikura 304, 316 rānei te whiringa pai, ā, me karo i ngā paninga kei roto he mata.
2. Kōwhiringa mā te Awhe Pāmahana
- Awhe Pāmahana Waenga (150-400℃): Ko te maitai kore waikura 304 te mea pai rawa atu; ki te puta he waikura iti, whakapai ake ki te maitai kore waikura 316. Mā te whakamahi i te hinu pāmahana teitei kounga kai (e tika ana mō te umanga kai) te hinu rānei kei roto i te karāpeti (e tika ana mō ngā mahi ahumahi) ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te mekameka ki te neke atu i te toru ngā wā i ngā mekameka noa.
- Awhe Pāmahana Teitei (400-800℃): Ko te maitai kore waikura 310S, ko te maitai ātete wera Cr20Ni14Si2 rānei te mea matua. E taunakihia ana kia pania te mekameka ki te chromium me te whakamahi i te hinu karāti pāmahana teitei (ātete pāmahana ≥1000℃), me te whakakī anō i te hinu i ia 5000 huringa.
- Te awhe pāmahana tino teitei (neke atu i te 800℃): Kōwhiria te maitai ātete wera 2520 (waenganui ki te teitei) te koranu Inconel 718 nikara rānei (teitei) i runga i te tahua utu. I tēnei wā, me whakamahi he hoahoa kore-hinuhinu, he hinu totoka rānei (pēnei i te paninga molybdenum disulfide) hei karo i te rahunga hinu.
3. Whakanuia te ōritetanga o ngā rauemi me te hanganga
He mea nui te ōritetanga o te whānui wera o ngā wāhanga mekameka katoa i ngā pāmahana tiketike. Hei tauira, ina whakamahia ana ngā pereti mekameka kowiri tira 310S, me hanga ngā pine ki te rauemi kotahi, me rite rānei te tauwehenga o te whānui wera ki te maitai ātete wera 2520 kia kore ai e rerekē te tawhiti i puta mai i ngā huringa pāmahana. I te wā kotahi, me whiriwhiri ngā roera totoka me ngā hanganga pereti mekameka matotoru hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga i ngā pāmahana tiketike.
4. Te tātai whai hua-utu mō te whakataurite i te mahi me te utu
I ngā āhuatanga mahi kāore i te tino kino, kāore he take ki te whiriwhiri matapo i ngā rauemi kounga teitei. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā oumu whakamahana tikanga i roto i te umanga whakarewa (te pāmahana 500℃, kāore he waikura kaha), ko te utu mō te whakamahi i ngā mekameka maitai kore waikura 310S he tata ki te 60% o te utu mō te maitai ātete wera 2520, engari ka whakaitihia te roa o te ora mā te 20% noa iho, ka hua ake he nui ake te whai huatanga utu whānui. Ka taea te tatau i te whai huatanga utu mā te whakarea i te utu rauemi ki te tauwehenga roa o te ora, me te whakatau i te kōwhiringa me te utu iti rawa mō ia wae wā.
IV. Ngā Whakaaro Hē mō te Kōwhiringa me ngā Whakautu ki ngā Pātai Auau
1. Whakaaro hē: Mēnā he ātete te rauemi ki te wera, ka pai tonu te mekameka?
Kāore i te tika. Ko te rauemi anake te turanga. Ko te hoahoa hanganga o te mekameka (pēnei i te rahi o te āputa me ngā awa whakahinuhinu), te tukanga maimoatanga wera (pēnei i te maimoatanga otinga hei whakapai ake i te kaha pāmahana teitei), me te tika o te tāutanga ka pā katoa ki te mahi pāmahana teitei. Hei tauira, ka heke te kaha pāmahana teitei o te mekameka kowiri tira 310S mā te 30% mena kāore i tukatukahia te otinga i te 1030-1180℃.
2. Pātai: Me pēhea te whakaoti i te aukati mekameka i roto i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei mā te whakarerekē i ngā rauemi?
Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te kiriuhi o te unahi waikura, te koretake rānei o te horapa wera, te take o te kauae. Ngā otinga: ① Mēnā he raruraru waikura, whakapai ake i te maitai kore waikura 304 ki te 310S, mahi rānei i te maimoatanga whakakikorua chromium; ② Mēnā he raruraru horapa wera, whakakotahihia ngā rauemi o ngā wāhanga mekameka katoa, whiriwhiria rānei ngā pine koranu nikara me te tauwehenga horapa wera iti iho.
3. Pātai: Me pēhea te whakataurite i ngā mekameka pāmahana-tiketike i roto i te umanga kai i te ātete pāmahana-tiketike me ngā whakaritenga akuaku?
Whakamahia te maitai kore waikura 304, 316L rānei hei kaupapa matua, me te karo i ngā paninga kei roto ngā konganuku taumaha; whakamahia he hoahoa kore-awaawa kia māmā ai te horoi; whakamahia he hinu whakahinuhinu pāmahana teitei kua whakamanahia e te FDA, he hanganga whakahinuhinu-ake rānei (pērā i ngā mekameka kei roto he hinu whakahinuhinu PTFE).
V. Whakarāpopototanga: Mai i te Kōwhiringa Rauemi ki te Pono o te Pūnaha
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mekameka roera mō ngā taiao pāmahana teitei ko te kimi i te otinga tino pai i waenga i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere tino kino me ngā utu ahumahi. Mai i te whaihua ōhanga o te maitai kore waikura 304, ki te taurite mahi o te maitai kore waikura 310S, kātahi ki te putanga whakamutunga o ngā koranu nikara, ka rite ia rauemi ki ngā whakaritenga āhuatanga whakahaere motuhake. I te heke mai, me te whanaketanga o te hangarau rauemi, ka noho ko ngā rauemi koranu hou e whakakotahi ana i te kaha pāmahana teitei me te utu iti hei ia. Heoi, i tēnei wā, ko te kohikohi tika i ngā tawhā whakahaere me te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha aromatawai pūtaiao ngā whakaritenga matua mō te whakatutuki i ngā pūnaha tuku pumau me te pono.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-12-2025