Te Whakataurite i ngā Utu Tiaki o ngā Mekameka Roera me ngā Puku Mekameka

Te Whakataurite i ngā Utu Tiaki o ngā Mekameka Roera me ngā Puku Mekameka

I roto i ngā mara maha pērā i te tuku hiko ā-umanga, ngā mīhini ahuwhenua, me te tuku hiko motopaika, kua noho ngā taraiwa mekameka hei wāhanga matua e kore e taea te whakarerekē nā te mea he pai te mahi, he ngāwari ki te urutau, me te ātete ki ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua. Ko ngā utu tiaki, hei wāhanga matua o te utu katoa o te mana (TCO), ka pā tika ki te pai o te mahi a te kamupene me ngā painga mō te wā roa. Ko ngā mekameka roera, hei tētahi o ngā momo taraiwa mekameka e whakamahia whānuitia ana, kua roa e arohia ana e ngā kaiwhakahaere taputapu me ngā kaiwhakatau hoko nā te mea he rerekē ngā utu tiaki ki ētahi atu pūnaha taraiwa mekameka (pērā i ngā mekameka pūmau, ngā mekameka puku, me ngā mekameka niho). Ka tīmata tēnei tuhinga mai i ngā wāhanga matua o ngā utu tiaki, ka hoatu ki ngā kaimahi ahumahi he tohutoro whai take me te whānui mā roto i ngā whakataurite taipitopito me te tātari i runga i ngā horopaki.

I. Te Whakamārama i ngā Wāhanga Matua o ngā Utu Tiaki

I mua i te whakataurite, me whakamārama tātou i ngā rohe katoa o ngā utu tiaki mekameka—ehara i te mea ko te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga anake, engari he whakapaunga whānui e kapi ana i ngā utu tika me ngā utu ā-kore, tae atu ki ngā taha e whā e whai ake nei:
Ngā Utu Whakapau: Ko te utu mō te hoko me te whakakapi i ngā taonga tiaki whakapau pērā i ngā hinu whakahinuhinu, ngā aukati waikura, me ngā hiri;
Ngā Utu Whakakapinga Wāhanga: Ko te utu mō te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga pakaru (ngā roera, ngā pū, ngā pine, ngā pereti mekameka, me ētahi atu) me te mekameka katoa, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te roa o te wā e whakamahia ana te wāhanga me te auau o te whakakapinga;
Ngā Utu Mahi me ngā Utauta: Ngā utu mahi a ngā kaimahi tiaki me ngā utu hoko me te whakahekenga uara o ngā taputapu motuhake (pērā i ngā taputapu whakapūmau mekameka me ngā taputapu wetewete);
Ngā Utu Ngaronga o te Wā Whakamutu: Ngā ngaronga ā-korekore pēnei i te aukati i te whakaputa me te whakaroa i ngā ota i puta mai i te wā whakamutu o ngā taputapu i te wā tiaki. He nui ake te utu o tēnei i ngā whakapaunga tiaki tika.

Ka arotahi ngā whakatairite i muri mai ki ēnei taha e whā, me te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga paerewa-ahumahi (pēnei i te DIN me te ANSI) me ngā raraunga tono mahi mō te tātari taipitopito.

II. Te Whakataurite i ngā Utu Tiaki o ngā Mekameka Roera me ētahi atu Puku Mekameka

1. Ngā Utu Whakamahi: He nui ake te ngāwari me te ōhanga o ngā mekameka roera
Ko te utu matua mō ngā puku mekameka kei roto i ngā hinu whakahinuhinu—he rerekē ngā whakaritenga whakahinuhinu mō ngā mekameka rerekē, ā, ka whakatau tika tēnei i ngā whakapaunga mō te wā roa.

Ngā Mekameka Rōra: Ko te nuinga o ngā mekameka rōra (ina koa ko ngā mekameka rōra ā-ahumahi e rite ana ki ngā paerewa ANSI me te DIN) he hototahi ki ngā hinu whakahinuhinu ā-ahumahi whānui, kāore e hiahiatia he hanganga motuhake. He whānuitia te wātea, ā, he iti ake te utu waeine (ko te utu mō ngā hinu whakahinuhinu ā-ahumahi noa he tata ki te 50-150 RMB ia rita). Hei tāpiri, ka tukuna e ngā mekameka rōra ngā tikanga whakahinuhinu ngāwari, tae atu ki te paninga ā-ringa, te whakahinuhinu maturuturu, te whakahinuhinu rehu noa rānei, ka whakakorea te hiahia mō ngā pūnaha whakahinuhinu uaua, ka whakaitihia anō hoki ngā utu e pā ana ki te paunga.

Ko ētahi atu mekameka taraiwa, pērā i ngā mekameka puku (mekameka niho), me tino tika te honohono, ā, me whakamahi hoki i ngā hinu whakahinuhinu motuhake mō te pāmahana teitei, ā-kore-pakaru (tata ki te 180-300 RMB/rita te utu). Me nui ake te hipoki whakahinuhinu, ā, i ētahi wā, me whai pūnaha whakahinuhinu aunoa (te haumitanga tuatahi o ngā mano RMB). Ahakoa ka taea e ngā mekameka ringaringa te whakamahi i te hinu whakahinuhinu noa, ko te whakamahinga o te hinu whakahinuhinu he 20%-30% teitei ake i ngā mekameka roera nā te hoahoa hanganga, ka hua ake he rerekētanga nui mō te wā roa i roto i ngā utu pau.

Whakatau matua: He kaha te whakamahinga o ngā mekameka roera ki te whakahinuhinu, ā, he iti hoki te whakamahinga o ngā mekameka, ka hoatu he painga nui ki ngā utu whakamahinga.

2. Ngā Utu Whakakapinga Wāhanga: He Mea Nui Ngā Painga o Ngā Mekameka Roera, arā, "He Ngāwari te Tiaki me te Iti o te Pakakahu"

Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki ngā utu whakakapinga wāhanga ko te roa o te wā me te ngāwari o te whakakapinga o ngā wāhanga kua pakaru:

Te Whakataurite i te Roa o te Wāhanga Kakahu:
Ko ngā wāhanga matua o ngā mekameka roera ko ngā roera, ngā pū, me ngā pine. He mea hanga ki te maitai kounga teitei (pērā i te maitai hanganga koranu) ā, he mea whakamahana (e rite ana ki ngā paerewa DIN mō te whakakā me te tinei), ko tōna roanga mahi i raro i ngā tikanga mahi noa (pērā i te tuku ahumahi me ngā mīhini ahuwhenua) ka eke ki te 8000-12000 hāora, ā, neke atu i te 5000 hāora i ētahi wā taumaha.

Ka tere ake te memeha o ngā pū me ngā pine o ngā mekameka pū, ā, ko te roa o te ora mahi he 30%-40% te poto ake i te mekameka roera. Ko ngā mata whatunga o ngā pereti mekameka me ngā pine o ngā mekameka wahangu he ngāwari ki te pakaru, ā, ko te huringa whakakapinga he tata ki te 60%-70% o te huringa whakakapinga o ngā mekameka roera. Te Whakataurite i te Ngāwari o te Whakakapinga: He hoahoa āhua-rua ngā mekameka roera, me ngā hononga takitahi ka taea te wetewete me te hono. Ko te tiaki he whakakapi noa i ngā hononga kua tawhito, i ngā wāhanga ngoikore rānei, ka kore e hiahiatia te whakakapinga mekameka katoa. Ko te utu whakakapinga mō ia hononga he tata ki te 5%-10% o te mekameka katoa. He hanganga whakauru ngā mekameka wahangu me ētahi mekameka roera tino tika. Mena ka puta he memeha ā-rohe, me whakakapi te mekameka katoa, ka piki ake te utu whakakapinga ki te 2-3 ngā wā o ngā mekameka roera. Hei tāpiri, he hoahoa hononga paerewa ā-ao ngā mekameka roera, e whakarite ana i te maha o ngā mahi. Ka taea te hoko tere me te taurite i ngā wāhanga ngoikore, ka kore e hiahiatia te whakaritenga me te whakaiti i ngā utu tatari.

Whakatau Matua: He roa ake te ora o ngā mekameka roera mō ngā wāhanga e mau ana, ā, he ngāwari ake hoki ngā kōwhiringa whakakapinga, ā, he iti ake ngā utu whakakapinga tika ki te whakatauritea ki te nuinga o ngā pūnaha taraiwa mekameka kē atu.

3. Ngā Utu Mahi me ngā Utauta: He iti ngā arai tiaki mō ngā mekameka roera, ā, he nui te whai huatanga. Ko te ngāwari o te tiaki te mea e whakatau tika ana i ngā utu mahi me ngā taputapu: Ngā mekameka roera: He hanganga māmā; kāore e hiahiatia he tohunga hangarau motuhake mō te tāutanga me te wetewete. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi tiaki taputapu noa te whakahaere i ēnei i muri i te whakangungu taketake. Ko ngā taputapu paerewa anake e hiahiatia ana mō ngā taputapu tiaki pērā i ngā pliers wetewete mekameka me ngā kī kume (ko te utu katoa o tētahi huinga taputapu he tata ki te 300-800 RMB), ā, ko te wā tiaki mō te wā kotahi he tata ki te 0.5-2 hāora (ka whakarerekētia kia rite ki te rahi o ngā taputapu).

Ētahi atu taraiwa mekameka: Ko te tāutanga o ngā mekameka puku me tino whakatikatika i te tika o te whatunga, me mahi e ngā tohunga hangarau (he 50%-80% teitei ake te utu mahi i ngā kaimahi tiaki whānui), me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakatikatika motuhake (tata ki te 2000-5000 RMB te utu mō te huinga taputapu). Ko te wetewete i ngā mekameka ringaringa me wetewete i ngā whare whāriki me ētahi atu hanganga āwhina, ā, ko te wā tiaki kotahi e tata ana ki te 1.5-4 hāora, ka nui ake te utu mahi i ngā mekameka roera.

Whakatau matua: He iti noa te arai mō te tiaki mekameka roera, he iti noa te haumitanga ki ngā taputapu, ā, he tere hoki, ko te utu mahi me ngā taputapu he 30%-60% noa iho i ērā mō ētahi mekameka taraiwa tino tika.

4. Ngā Utu Ngaronga o te Wā Whakamutu: Ka Whakaitihia e te "Tere" o te Tiaki Mekameka Roera ngā Whakamutu Whakaputa

Mō ngā mahi ahumahi me ngā mahi ahuwhenua, ka taea e te wā whakatā kotahi haora te hua ake he mate mano, tae atu ki ngā tekau mano yuan. Ko te wā tiaki te mea e whakatau tika ana i te nui o ngā mate wā whakatā:

Ngā Mekameka Rōra: Nā te ngāwari o te tiaki me te tere o te whakakapinga, ka taea te mahi tiaki auau (pēnei i te whakahinuhinu me te tirotiro) i ngā wā okiokinga taputapu, ā, ka kore e hiahiatia he wā whakatā roa. Ahakoa te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga pakaru, ko te wā whakatā kotahi kāore e neke atu i te 2 hāora, ka whakaiti i te pānga ki te tere o te whakaputa.

Ngā Puku Mekameka Kē: Me whakatikatika tika te tiaki me te whakakapi i ngā mekameka puku, ā, ka hua ake he wā whakatā tata ki te 2-3 ngā wā i ngā mekameka roera. Mō ngā mekameka ringaringa, mēnā ka wetewetehia ngā hanganga āwhina, ka taea e te wā whakatā te tae ki te 4-6 hāora. Ina koa mō ngā wheketere e mahi tonu ana te mahi (pērā i ngā raina huihuinga me ngā taputapu hanga rauemi hanga), ka taea e te wā whakatā nui te arahi ki ngā whakaroa nui o ngā ota me te ngaronga o te kaha.

Whakatau Matua: He tino pai te tiaki i ngā mekameka roera, ā, he poto te wā whakatā, ā, he iti ake te ngaronga wā whakatā ā-kore i ērā atu pūnaha taraiwa mekameka.

III. Ngā Akoranga Take mō ngā Rerekētanga Utu i roto i ngā Horopaki Taupānga o te Ao Tūturu

Take 1: Pūnaha Taraiwa Raina Huihuinga Ahumahi
Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha taraiwa raina huihuinga o tētahi wheketere wāhanga waka ngā mekameka roera (paerewa ANSI 16A) me ngā mekameka puku. Ko ngā tikanga whakahaere: 16 hāora ia rā, tata ki te 5000 hāora ia tau.

Mekameka Roera: Ko te utu whakahinuhinu ā-tau tata ki te 800 RMB; ko te whakakapinga o ngā hononga mekameka ngoikore i ia 2 tau (tata ki te 1200 RMB te utu); ko te utu mahi tiaki ā-tau tata ki te 1000 RMB; he iti noa iho ngā ngaronga wā whakatā; ko te utu tiaki ā-tau katoa tata ki te 2000 RMB.

Mekameka Wahangu: Ko te utu whakahinuhinu ā-tau tata ki te 2400 RMB; ko te whakakapinga o te mekameka katoa i ia tau (tata ki te 4500 RMB); ko te utu mahi tiaki ā-tau tata ki te 2500 RMB; e rua ngā whakaweto tiaki (3 hāora ia hāora, ko te ngaronga wā whakatā tata ki te 6000 RMB); ko te utu tiaki ā-tau katoa tata ki te 14900 RMB.

Take 2: Pūnaha Tarakihana Ahuwhenua
Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha taraiwa tarakihana o te pāmu ngā mekameka roera (paerewa DIN 8187) me ngā mekameka pūwero. He ā-wā ngā āhuatanga mahi, me te tata ki te 1500 hāora mahi ia tau.

Mekameka roera: Ko te utu whakahinuhinu ā-tau tata ki te 300 RMB, te whakakapinga mekameka i ia 3 tau (tata ki te 1800 RMB), ko te utu mahi tiaki ā-tau tata ki te 500 RMB, ko te utu tiaki ā-tau katoa tata ki te 1100 RMB;
Mekameka porowhita: Ko te utu whakahinuhinu ā-tau tata ki te 450 RMB, te whakakapinga mekameka i ia 1.5 tau (tata ki te 2200 RMB), ko te utu mahi tiaki ā-tau tata ki te 800 RMB, ko te utu tiaki ā-tau katoa tata ki te 2400 RMB.

E whakaatu ana tēnei take, ahakoa he tono ahumahi, he tono ahuwhenua rānei, he iti ake te utu tiaki katoa mō ngā mekameka roera mō te wā roa i ērā atu pūnaha taraiwa mekameka. Hei tāpiri, ko te uaua ake o te horopaki tono me te roa ake o te wā whakahaere, ka nui ake te painga utu.

IV. Ngā Taunakitanga Whānui mō te Arotautanga: Ngā Tikanga Matua mō te Whakaiti i ngā Utu Tiaki o te Puku Mekameka

Ahakoa te pūnaha taraiwa mekameka kua whiriwhiria, ka taea e te whakahaere tiaki pūtaiao te whakaiti i te utu katoa o te mana whakahaere. Me mōhio ki ēnei taunakitanga whānui e toru:
Kōwhiringa Tika, Whakarerekē ki ngā Āhuatanga Whakahaere: I runga i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere pēnei i te kawenga, te tere, te pāmahana, me te puehu, tīpakohia ngā hua mekameka e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao (hei tauira, DIN, ANSI). He pono ake ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga hanga o ngā mekameka kounga teitei, ā, he roa ake te roa o te ora mō ngā wāhanga kakahu, ka whakaiti i te auau tiaki mai i te tīmatanga.
Te Whakahinuhinu Paerewa, Te Whakakī Anō i ngā Wā e Hiahiatia ana: Āraia te "whakahinuhinu nui rawa" me te "whakahinuhinu iti rawa" Whakatūria ngā huringa whakahinuhinu i runga i te momo mekameka me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere (e taunakihia ana kia whakahinuhinuhia ngā mekameka roera i ia 500-1000 hāora). Kōwhiria ngā whakahinuhinu tika, ā, kia tika te horoinga o te mekameka hei ārai i te puehu me ngā poke kei tere haere te pakaru.
Tirotiro Auau, Ko te Ārai te Mea Matua: Tirohia te kukū me te pakaru o te mekameka (hei tauira, te pakaru o te diameter o te roera, te roa o te hononga) i ia marama. Whakatikatikahia, whakakapia rānei ngā wāhanga pakaru i te wā tonu hei ārai i ngā hapa iti kei piki haere hei raruraru nui, me te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga ohorere i te wā e kore e mahi.

V. Whakamutunga: Mai i te tirohanga o ngā utu tiaki, he nui ngā painga whānui o ngā mekameka roera. Ehara te utu tiaki o ngā puku mekameka i te mea motuhake, engari he mea hono hohonu ki te kounga hua, te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga mahi, me te whakahaere tiaki. Mā roto i ngā whakatairite taipitopito me te tātari i runga i ngā horopaki, e kitea ana ko ngā mekameka roera, me ō rātou painga matua o "ngā mea pau whānui me te ohanga, te roa o te ora o ngā wāhanga kakahu, te tiaki watea me te whai hua, me te iti o ngā ngaronga wā kore mahi," he nui ake te pai o ngā pūnaha puku mekameka pērā i ngā mekameka ringaringa me ngā mekameka wahangu i runga i ngā utu tiaki roa.