He kupu whakataki ki ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera noa mō ngā mekameka roera

He kupu whakataki ki ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera noa mō ngā mekameka roera
I roto i te tukanga hanga o ngā mekameka roera, ko te tukanga maimoatanga wera he hononga matua hei whakapai ake i tā rātou mahi. Mā te maimoatanga wera, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha, te pakeke, te ātete ki te kakahu me te pakari o ngā mekameka roera, ā, ka roa ake te ora o tā rātou mahi me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua. Anei tētahi whakataki taipitopito ki ētahi tukanga maimoatanga wera noa mō ngā mekameka roera:

I. Te tukanga tinei me te whakamahana
(I) Te tinei
Ko te tinei he tukanga whakamahana i te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana (i runga ake i te Ac3, i te Ac1 rānei), kia mahana tonu mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao tere. Ko tana kaupapa he hanga i te mekameka roera kia pakari, kia kaha hoki te hanganga martensitic. Ko ngā mea tinei e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te wai, te hinu me te wai tote. He tere te whakamatao o te wai, ā, he pai mō ngā mekameka roera he āhua māmā, he iti hoki te rahi; he puhoi te tere whakamatao o te hinu, ā, he pai mō ngā mekameka roera he āhua uaua, he nui hoki te rahi.
(II) Te whakamahana
Ko te whakamahana i te mekameka roera kua tineia he tukanga whakamahana anō i te mekameka roera kua tineia ki tētahi pāmahana (i raro iho i te Ac1), kia mau tonu te mahana, kātahi ka whakamatao. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakakore i te ahotea o roto i te tukanga tineia, te whakatikatika i te pakeketanga, me te whakapai ake i te pakari. E ai ki te pāmahana whakamahana, ka taea te wehewehe ki te whakamahana pāmahana-iti (150℃-250℃), te whakamahana pāmahana-waenga (350℃-500℃) me te whakamahana pāmahana-tiketike (500℃-650℃). Ka taea e te whakamahana pāmahana-iti te whiwhi hanganga martensite whakamahana me te pakeketanga teitei me te pakaritanga pai; ka taea e te whakamahana pāmahana-waenga te whiwhi hanganga troostite whakamahana me te kaha whakaputa teitei me te kirihou me te pakaritanga pai; ka taea e te whakamahana pāmahana-tiketike te whiwhi hanganga troostite whakamahana me ngā āhuatanga miihini whānui pai.

2. Te tukanga whakakākahu
Ko te whakakāpūtanga he mea kia uru ngā ngota waro ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakakāpūtanga waro-nui, kia pai ake ai te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu, i te mea kei te mau tonu te uaua o te matua o te maitai waro-iti. Ko ngā tukanga whakakāpūtanga ko te whakakāpūtanga totoka, te whakakāpūtanga hau me te whakakāpūtanga wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te whakakāpūtanga hau te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Mā te whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau whakakāpūtanga, ka uru ngā ngota waro ki roto i te mata i tētahi pāmahana me tētahi wā. I muri i te whakakāpūtanga, me tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana iti hei whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu.

3. Te tukanga whakanitoria
Ko te whakanitiriti he whakaurunga i ngā ngota hauota ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā nitride, ā, mā reira ka whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata, te ātete ki te kakahu me te kaha o te ngenge. Kei roto i te tukanga whakanitiriti te whakanitiriti hau, te whakanitiriti katote me te whakanitiriti wai. Ko te whakanitiriti hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te hauota, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā, ka taea e ngā ngota hauota te uru ki roto i te mata. He pakari teitei te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakanitiriti, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ā, he iti te whakarerekētanga, he pai mō ngā mekameka roera he āhua uaua.

4. Te tukanga whakapūkara waro
Ko te whakapūtanga waro he whakauru i te waro me te hauota ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera i te wā kotahi hei hanga i ngā waro, kia pai ake ai te pakeke o te mata, te ātete ki te kakahu me te kaha o te ngenge. Kei roto i te tukanga whakapūtanga waro te whakapūtanga waro hau me te whakapūtanga waro wai. Ko te whakapūtanga waro hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te āhuarangi kei roto te waro me te hauota, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā kua whakaritea, ka taea e te waro me te hauota te whakauru ki roto i te mata i te wā kotahi. He pakari teitei te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakapūtanga waro, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ā, he pai te mahi ārai-ngau.

5. Tukanga whakamahana
Ko te whakamahana i te mekameka roera he tukanga e whakamahanahia ai te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana (te nuinga o te wā 30-50℃ i runga ake i te Ac3), ka pupuri kia mahana mō tētahi wā, ka whakamatao mārire ki raro iho i te 500℃ ki roto i te oumu, kātahi ka whakamataohia ki te hau. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakaiti i te pakeketanga, he whakapai ake i te kirihou me te pakari, me te whakahaere i te tukatuka me te whakamahana i muri mai. He hanganga ōrite te mekameka roera i muri i te whakamahanatanga, ā, he pakeke taurite, ka taea ai te whakapai ake i te mahi tapahi.

6. Te tukanga whakataurite
Ko te whakaōrite he tukanga e whakamahanahia ai te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana (i runga ake i te Ac3, i te Acm rānei), ka pupuri kia mahana, ka tangohia mai i te oumu, ka whakamatao ki te hau. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakamahine i ngā kakano, he hanga kia ōrite te hanganga, he whakapai ake i te pakeke me te kaha, me te whakapai ake i te mahi tapahi. I muri i te whakaōrite, he hanganga ōrite te mekameka roera, ā, he pakeke taurite, ka taea te whakamahi hei maimoatanga wera whakamutunga, hei maimoatanga wera tuatahi rānei.

7. Te tukanga maimoatanga koroheketanga
Ko te maimoatanga koroheketanga he tukanga e whakamahanatia ai te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana, ka pupuri kia mahana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakakore i te ahotea toenga, he whakau i te rahi, he whakapai ake i te kaha me te pakeke. Ka wehea te maimoatanga koroheketanga ki te koroheketanga tūturu me te koroheketanga horihori. Ko te koroheketanga tūturu ko te whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki te pāmahana rūma, ki ngā āhuatanga tūturu rānei mō te wā roa kia āta whakakorea ai tōna ahotea toenga; ko te koroheketanga horihori ko te whakamahana i te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana teitei ake, ā, ka mahi i te maimoatanga koroheketanga i roto i te wā poto ake.

8. Tukanga tinei mata
Ko te tinei mata he tukanga whakamahana i te mata o te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana me te whakamatao tere. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu, i te mea kei te mau tonu te pakari o te uho. Ko ngā tukanga tinei mata ko te whakamahana arataki i te tinei mata, te whakamahana mura i te mata, me te whakamahana pā hiko i te mata. Ka whakamahia e te tinei mata whakamahana arataki te wera i hangaia e te iahiko i hangaia hei whakamahana i te mata o te mekameka roera, he painga o te tere whakamahana tere, te kounga tinei pai, me te iti o te whakarerekētanga.

9. Te tukanga whakapakari mata
Ko te tukanga whakapakari mata he hanga i tētahi paparanga whakapakari me ngā āhuatanga motuhake ki runga i te mata o te mekameka roera mā roto i ngā tikanga ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei, kia pai ake ai te pakeke o te mata, te ātete ki te kakahu me te kaha o te ngenge. Ko ngā tukanga whakapakari mata noa ko te pupuhi-whakaiti, te whakakaha hurihuri, te whakakaha whakauru whakarewa, me ētahi atu. Ko te pupuhi-whakaiti he whakamahi i te pupuhi tere-teitei hei pā ki te mata o te mekameka roera, kia puta ai te ahotea pēhi toenga ki runga i te mata, kia pai ake ai te kaha o te ngenge; ko te whakakaha hurihuri he whakamahi i ngā taputapu hurihuri hei huri i te mata o te mekameka roera, kia puta ai te āhua kirihou o te mata, kia pai ake ai te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu.

10. Te tukanga whakatō
Ko te whakapōro he kuhu i ngā ngota boron ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā borida, ā, mā reira ka whakapai ake i te pakeketanga o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu. Kei roto i ngā tukanga whakapōro ko te whakapōro hau me te whakapōro wai. Ko te whakapōro hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te boron, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā kua whakaritea, ka taea e ngā ngota boron te kuhu ki roto i te mata. He pakari teitei te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakapōro, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ā, he pai te mahi ārai-ngau.

11. Tukanga maimoatanga wera tinei tuarua hiato
Ko te maimoatanga wera tinei tuarua matū he tukanga maimoatanga wera matatau, e whakapai ake ana i te mahi a ngā mekameka roera mā roto i ngā tukanga tinei me te whakamahana e rua. Ko te tikanga kei roto i tēnei tukanga ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
(I) Te tineitanga tuatahi
Ka whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana teitei ake (he nui ake i te pāmahana tinei tikanga) kia tino whakaaustenitihia tōna hanganga o roto, kātahi ka tere te whakamatao kia hanga he hanganga martensitic. Ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi he whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te kaha o te mekameka roera.
(II) Te whakamahana tuatahi
I muri i te tineitanga tuatahi, ka whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki te pāmahana reo (i waenga i te 300℃-500℃), ka pupuri kia mahana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei mahi he whakakore i te ahotea o roto e puta ana i te wā o te tineitanga, me te whakatikatika i te pakeketanga me te whakapai ake i te pakari.
(III) Te tinei tuarua
I muri i te whakamahanatanga tuatahi, ka whakamahanahia anō te mekameka roera ki tētahi pāmahana teitei ake, engari he iti iho i te pāmahana tinei tuatahi, kātahi ka tere te whakamatao. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei mahi he whakapai ake i te hanganga martensitic me te whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mekameka roera.
(IV) Te whakamahana tuarua
I muri i te tinei tuarua, ka whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki te pāmahana iti iho (i waenga i te 150℃-250℃), ka pupuri kia mahana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei mahi he whakakore atu i te ahotea o roto, he whakau i te rahi, me te pupuri i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu.

12. Te tukanga whakapūkara wai
Ko te whakakākā wai he tukanga whakakākā motuhake e āhei ai ngā ngota waro ki te uru ki te mata mā te tuku i te mekameka roera ki roto i te reo whakakākā wai. He painga tēnei tukanga ko te tere whakakākā tere, te paparanga whakakākā ōrite, me te ngāwari ki te whakahaere. He pai mō ngā mekameka roera he uaua ngā āhua me ngā whakaritenga tika teitei. I muri i te whakakākā wai, me tinei me te whakamahana pāmahana iti hei whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu.

13. Te tukanga whakapakeke
Ko te whakapakeketanga e pā ana ki te whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu mā te whakapai ake i te hanganga o roto o te mekameka roera. Ko ngā mahi motuhake koia ēnei:
(I) Te whakamahana
Ka whakamahanatia te mekameka roera ki te pāmahana whakapakeke hei whakarewa me te hora i ngā huānga pēnei i te waro me te hauota i roto i te mekameka.
(ii) Te whakamarumaru
I muri i te taenga ki te pāmahana whakapakeke, puritia he wā whakamahana kia ōrite te horapa o ngā huānga, kia hanga ai he wairewa totoka.
(iii) Te Whakamatao
Kia tere te whakamatao i te mekameka, ka hangaia he hanganga angiangi e te wairewa totoka, ka whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu.

14. Te Tukanga Whakaurunga Konganuku
Ko te tukanga whakaurunga whakarewa he whakaurunga i ngā huānga whakarewa ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū whakarewa, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu. Ko ngā tukanga whakaurunga whakarewa noa ko te whakakōrome me te whakaurunga vanadium. Ko te tukanga whakakōrome he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te kōrome, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā kua whakaritea, ka uru ngā ngota kōrome ki roto i te mata hei hanga i ngā matū kōrome, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu.

15. Tukanga Whakakotahitanga
Ko te tukanga whakakoi konumohe he whakauru i ngā ngota konumohe ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū konumohe, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete waikura me te ātete waikura o te mata. Kei roto i ngā tukanga whakakoi ko te whakakoi hau me te whakakoi waikura. Ko te whakakoi hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto konumohe, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me tētahi wā, ka uru ngā ngota konumohe ki roto i te mata. He pai te ātete waikura me te ātete waikura o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakaurunga konumohe, ā, he pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei me te waikura.

16. Te tukanga whakauru parahi
Ko te tukanga whakaurunga parahi he kuhu i ngā ngota parahi ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū parahi, ā, ka pai ake te ātete kakahu o te mata me te mahi ārai-ngau. Kei roto i te tukanga whakaurunga parahi te whakaurunga parahi hau me te whakaurunga parahi wai. Ko te whakaurunga parahi hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto he parahi, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā, ka kuhu ngā ngota parahi ki roto i te mata. He pai te ātete kakahu me te mahi ārai-ngau o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakaurunga parahi, ā, he pai mō te whakamahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga tere me te kawenga taumaha.

17. Te tukanga whakaurunga titanium
Ko te tukanga whakaurunga titanium he kuhu i ngā ngota titanium ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū titanium, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu. Kei roto i te tukanga whakaurunga titanium te whakaurunga titanium hau me te whakaurunga titanium wai. Ko te whakaurunga titanium hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te titanium, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā, ka kuhu ngā ngota titanium ki roto i te mata. He pai te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakaurunga titanium, ā, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga mahi me te pakeke teitei me ngā whakaritenga ātete kakahu teitei.

18. Te tukanga whakakoi
Ko te tukanga whakakopa he whakauru i ngā ngota kopa ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū kopa, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata. Kei roto i te tukanga whakakopa te whakakopa hau me te whakakopa wai. Ko te whakakopa hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te kopa, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā, ka whakaurua ngā ngota kopa ki roto i te mata. He pai te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakakopa, ā, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga mahi he pakeketanga teitei me ngā whakaritenga ātete kakahu teitei.

19. Te tukanga whakahāngaitanga
Ko te tukanga whakahāngaitanga he whakauru i ngā ngota zirconium ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū zirconium, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata. Kei roto i te tukanga whakahāngaitanga te whakahāngaitanga hau me te whakahāngaitanga wai. Ko te whakahāngaitanga hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te zirconium, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā, ka whakaurua ngā ngota zirconium ki roto i te mata. He pai te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakahāngaitanga, ā, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga mahi me te pakeketanga teitei me ngā whakaritenga ātete kakahu teitei.

20. Te tukanga whakaurunga molybdenum
Ko te tukanga whakaurunga molybdenum he whakaurunga i ngā ngota molybdenum ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i ngā matū molybdenum, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata. Kei roto i te tukanga whakaurunga molybdenum te whakaurunga molybdenum hau me te whakaurunga molybdenum wai. Ko te whakaurunga molybdenum hau he whakanoho i te mekameka roera ki roto i te hau kei roto te molybdenum, ā, i tētahi pāmahana me te wā, ka taea e ngā ngota molybdenum te whakaurunga ki roto i te mata. He pai te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakaurunga molybdenum, ā, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga mahi e hiahia ana ki te pakeketanga teitei me te ātete ki te kakahu teitei.