Me pēhea te whakarite i te ātete o ngā rauemi mata o ngā mekameka roera ki te waikura?

Me pēhea te whakarite i te ātete o ngā rauemi mata o ngā mekameka roera ki te waikura?

1. Kōwhiringa rauemi
1.1 Kōwhiria he maitai kaha te ātete ki te waikura
Ko te rino te rauemi matua o ngā mekameka roera, ā, ko tōna ātete ki te waikura ka pā tika ki te roa o te mahi me te mahi a ngā mekameka roera. Ko te whiriwhiri i te rino he kaha te ātete ki te waikura te taahiraa tuatahi hei whakarite i te ātete ki te waikura omekameka roera.
Te Whakamahinga o ngā Rauemi Kowiri tira: Ko te kowiri tira tētahi o ngā maitai ātete-waikura e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Kei roto he wāhanga motuhake o ngā huānga chromium, ka taea te hanga i tētahi kiriata chromium oxide matotoru i runga i te mata hei ārai i te pa o te mea waikura ki roto i te maitai. Hei tauira, ko te ihirangi chromium o te kowiri tira 304 he tata ki te 18%, he ātete pai ki te waikura, ā, he pai mō ngā taiao waikura whānui. I ētahi taiao motuhake, pērā i ngā taiao wai moana he nui te ihirangi katote chloride, he kaha ake te ātete o te kowiri tira 316 ki te pakaru nā te tāpiri o ngā huānga molybdenum, ā, ko tōna ātete waikura he tata ki te 30% teitei ake i te kowiri tira 304.
Te ātete ki te waikura o te maitai koranu: Ka taea e te maitai koranu te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura o te maitai mā te tāpiri i ngā momo huānga koranu, pērā i te nikara, te parahi, te taitaniuma, me ētahi atu. Hei tauira, mā te tāpiri i te nikara ka taea te whakapai ake i te pumau o te kiriata whakakorekore o te maitai, ā, ka taea e te parahi te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te maitai i roto i te taiao hau. I muri i te maimoatanga wera tika, ka taea e ētahi maitai koranu kaha-teitei te hanga i tētahi kiriata waikura ōrite ki runga i te mata, ka whakanui ake i tō rātou ātete waikura. Hei tauira, he maitai koranu kei roto te nikara me te parahi, ko tōna tere waikura i roto i te taiao hau ahumahi he 1/5 noa iho o te tere waikura o te maitai waro noa.
Te pānga o te maimoatanga mata maitai ki te ātete waikura: Haunga te whiriwhiri i te maitai e tika ana, he huarahi nui anō hoki te maimoatanga mata hei whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te maitai. Hei tauira, ka pania he paparanga konutea, nikara me ētahi atu konganuku ki te mata o te maitai mā te hangarau paninga hei hanga i tētahi ārai ā-tinana hei ārai i te pānga o ngā mea waikura ki te maitai. He pai te ātete waikura o te paparanga konukōre i roto i te taiao hau, ā, ka taea e tōna roanga ātete waikura te eke ki ngā tekau tau. He nui ake te pakeke o te paparanga paninga-nikara me te ātete kakahu pai ake, ā, ka taea hoki e ia te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te maitai. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te maimoatanga kiriata hurihanga matū, pērā i te whakapūkara, te hanga i tētahi kiriata hurihanga matū ki te mata o te maitai hei whakapai ake i te ātete waikura me te piri o te paninga o te maitai.

2. Te maimoatanga mata
2.1 Te whakapūmau
Ko te whakapūkara tētahi o ngā tikanga nui mō te maimoatanga mata maitai mekameka roera. Mā te paninga i te mata maitai ki tētahi paparanga konutea, ka taea te whakapai ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura.
Te mātāpono tiaki o te paparanga konukōre: Ka hangaia e te konutea he kiriata konukōre matotoru i roto i te taiao hau, ka taea te ārai i te pa o te mea waikura ki te maitai. Ina pakaru te paparanga konukōre, ka mahi anō te konutea hei anode patunga tapu hei tiaki i te maitai mai i te waikura. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka taea e te ātete waikura o te paparanga konukōre te eke ki ngā tekau tau, ā, ko tōna tere waikura i roto i te taiao hau whānui he tata ki te 1/10 noa iho o te maitai noa.
Te pānga o te tukanga whakapūmau ki te ātete ki te waikura: Ko ngā tukanga whakapūmau noa ko te whakapūmau wera-tuku, te whakapūmau hiko, me ētahi atu. He matotoru ake te paparanga konutea i hangaia e te whakapūmau wera-tuku, ā, he pai ake te ātete ki te waikura, engari tera pea ka puta he āhua kore taurite ki te mata. Ka taea e te whakapūmau hiko te whakahaere i te matotoru o te paparanga konutea kia ōrite ake, kia maeneene ake ai te mata. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te tukanga whakapūmau hiko, ka taea te whakahaere i te matotoru o te paparanga konutea i waenga i te 5-15μm, ā, he rite tonu tōna ātete ki te waikura o te whakapūmau wera-tuku, ā, he pai ake te kounga o te mata, he pai mō ngā hua mekameka roera he nui ngā whakaritenga mata.
Te tiaki me ngā whakatūpato o te paparanga kua whakakikoruatia: Me tiaki te paparanga kua whakakikoruatia i te wā e whakamahia ana hei karo i ngā kino ā-mīhini. Mena ka pakaru te paparanga kua whakakikoruatia, me whakatika i te wā tika kia kore ai te maitai e pāngia e te waikura. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ētahi taiao motuhake, pērā i ngā taiao waikawa kaha, ka pāngia te ātete waikura o te paparanga kua whakakikoruatia ki tētahi taumata, ā, me whiriwhiri he tukanga whakakikoruatia e tika ana me ngā mahi tiaki i muri mai i runga i te taiao motuhake.
2.2 Te maimoatanga whakakikorua nikara
Ko te whakakikorua nikara tētahi atu tikanga whai hua hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura o te maitai mekameka roera. He pai te ātete ki te waikura me te ātete ki te kakahu o te paparanga whakakikorua nikara.
Te ātete ki te waikura o te whakakikorua nikara: He pumau ngā āhuatanga hikohiko o te nikara, ā, ka taea e ia te hanga i tētahi kiriata whakangāwari pumau i roto i ngā momo waikura maha, ā, ka ārai i te hononga o te waikura ki te maitai. He pai ake te ātete waikura o te paparanga whakakikorua nikara i te paparanga whakakikorua konutea, inā koa i roto i tētahi taiao kei roto ngā iona kōhaita, ā, he kaha ake tōna ātete ki te pakaru. Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi taiao wai moana kei roto ngā iona kōhaita, ko te roa o te ātete waikura o te paparanga whakakikorua nikara e 3-5 ngā wā i tērā o te paparanga whakakikorua konutea.
Te tukanga whakakikorua nikara me tōna pānga ki te mahi: Ko ngā tukanga whakakikorua nikara noa ko te whakakikorua hiko me te whakakikorua nikara matū. He pakeke te paparanga nikara hiko me te ātete pai ki te kakahu, engari he nui ngā whakaritenga mō te papatahi o te mata o te papa. Ka taea e te whakakikorua nikara matū te hanga i tētahi paninga ōrite ki runga i te mata o tētahi papa kore-arataki, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te matotoru me te hanganga o te paninga mā roto i ngā tawhā tukanga. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te tukanga whakakikorua nikara matū, ka taea te hanga i tētahi paparanga whakakikorua nikara he matotoru 10-20μm ki runga i te mata o te maitai mekameka roera, ā, ka taea e tōna pakeke te eke ki runga ake i te HV700, ehara i te mea he ātete pai ki te waikura anake, engari he ātete pai ki te kakahu.
Te Whakamahinga me ngā Here o te Whakakikorua Nikara: He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te whakakikorua nikara i roto i ngā hua mekameka roera he nui ngā whakaritenga mō te ātete ki te waikura me te ātete ki te kakahu, pērā i roto i te umanga matū, te tukatuka kai me ētahi atu umanga. Heoi, he uaua, he utu nui hoki te tukanga whakakikorua nikara, ā, i roto i ētahi taiao waikawa kaha me te kawakore kaha, ka whakawhāitihia hoki te ātete waikura o te paparanga whakakikorua nikara ki tētahi taumata. Hei tāpiri, me tino tukatuka te wai para e puta ana i te wā o te tukanga whakakikorua nikara kia kore ai e poke te taiao.

3. Tukanga maimoatanga wera
3.1 Te maimoatanga tinei me te whakamahana
Ko te tinei me te whakamahana he tukanga matua mō te whakamahana i ngā rauemi mata o te mekameka roera. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei, ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi whānui o te maitai, ā, ka whakanui ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura.
Te tūranga o te tinei me te whiriwhiri i ngā tawhā: Ka taea e te tinei te whakamatao tere i te maitai, te hanga i ngā hanganga kaha-teitei pēnei i te martensite, me te whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me te kaha o te maitai. Mō ngā rauemi mata o te mekameka roera, ko te hinu me te wai te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Hei tauira, mō ētahi maitai koranu waro-waenga, ka taea e te tinei hinu te karo i te hanga o ngā kapiti tinei me te whiwhi i te pakeketanga teitei ake. He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te pāmahana tinei, i waenga i te 800℃-900℃, ā, ka taea e te pakeketanga i muri i te tinei te eke ki te HRC45-55. Ahakoa he teitei te pakeketanga o te maitai tinei, he nui te ahotea toenga ā-roto, ā, he ngoikore te pakari, nō reira me whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei hei whakapai ake i ēnei āhuatanga.
Te arotau i te whakamahana pāmahana teitei: Ko te whakamahana pāmahana teitei te tikanga e mahia ana i waenga i te 500℃-650℃, ā, ko te wā whakamahana he 2-4 hāora te roa. I roto i te tukanga whakamahana, ka tukuna te ahotea toenga i roto i te maitai, ka heke paku te pakeke, engari ka tino pai ake te pakari, ā, ka taea te hanga i tētahi hanganga troostite whakamahana pumau, he pai ngā āhuatanga miihini whānui me te ātete waikura. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te maitai i muri i te tinei me te whakamahana mā te 30%-50%. Hei tauira, i roto i te taiao hau ahumahi, ko te tere waikura o ngā rauemi mata o ngā mekameka roera kua tinei me te whakamahana he tata ki te 1/3 noa iho o te maitai kāore i rongoatia. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e te tinei me te whakamahana te whakapai ake i te mahi ngenge o te maitai, he mea nui mō te whakamahinga roa o ngā mekameka roera i raro i ngā kawenga hihiri.
Te tikanga o te awe o te tinei me te whakamahana ki te ātete waikura: Mā te tinei me te whakamahana ka whakapai ake i te hanganga moroiti o te maitai, ka whakapai ake i tōna pakeke me tōna pakari o te mata, ā, ka whakarei ake i tōna kaha ki te ātete i te horo o te waikura. I tetahi taha, mā te pakeke teitei ake ka whakaiti i te kakahu ā-pūkaha o te waikura i runga i te mata o te maitai me te whakaiti i te tere waikura; i tetahi atu taha, mā te hanganga whakahaere pumau ka whakaroa i te tere horapa o te waikura me te whakaroa i te putanga mai o ngā tauhohenga waikura. I taua wā anō, mā te tinei me te whakamahana ka whakapai ake i te ātete o te maitai ki te pakaru o te hauwai. I roto i ētahi taiao waikura kei roto ngā katote hauwai, ka taea e ia te ārai i te pakaru wawe o te maitai nā te pakaru o te hauwai.

4. Tirotiro Kounga
4.1 Tikanga Whakamātautau Ātete Waikura
Ko te whakamātautau ātete waikura o ngā rauemi mata o te mekameka roera he hononga matua ki te whakarite i tōna kounga. Mā ngā tikanga whakamātautau pūtaiao me te whaitake, ka taea te aromatawai tika i te ātete waikura o te rauemi i roto i ngā taiao rerekē, ā, mā reira ka whakaratohia he taurangi mō te pono o te hua.
1. Whakamātautau Rehu Tote
Ko te whakamātautau rehu tote he tikanga whakamātautau waikura tere e whaihanga ana i te moana, i te taiao makuku rānei, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei aromatawai i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā rauemi whakarewa.
Mātāpono Whakamātautau: Ka whakatakotoria te tauira mekameka roera ki roto i tētahi rūma whakamātautau rehu tote kia noho tonu ai te mata o te tauira ki tētahi taiao rehu tote kukū. Mā ngā katote kōhaita i roto i te rehu tote ka tere ake te tauhohenga waikura o te mata whakarewa. Ka aromatawaihia te ātete waikura o te tauira mā te tirotiro i te nui o te waikura o te tauira i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Hei tauira, e ai ki te paerewa o te ao ISO 9227, ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau rehu tote kūpapa me te rehu tote kukū o te 5% NaCl, he pāmahana e whakahaeretia ana i te 35°C pea, ā, ko te wā whakamātautau he 96 hāora te nuinga.
Aromatawai Hua: Ka aromatawaihia te ātete waikura i runga i ngā tohu pēnei i ngā hua waikura, te hohonutanga o te poka, me te tere waikura i runga i te mata tauira. Mō ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira, i muri i te whakamātautau rehu tote 96-hāora, me iti iho te hohonutanga o te poka i te mata i te 0.1mm, ā, me iti iho te tere waikura i te 0.1mm/tau kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga o ngā taiao ahumahi whānui. Mō ngā mekameka roera koranu, i muri i te whakapūmau, i te whakakikorua rānei i te nikara, me tutuki ngā hua o te whakamātautau rehu tote i ngā paerewa teitei ake. Hei tauira, i muri i te whakamātautau rehu tote 96-hāora, kāore he waikura kitea i runga i te mata o te mekameka roera whakakikoruatia ki te nikara, ā, he iti iho te hohonutanga o te poka i te 0.05mm.
2. Whakamātautau hikohiko
Mā te whakamātautau hikohiko e mārama ake ai te ātete ki te waikura o ngā rauemi mā te ine i te whanonga hikohiko o ngā konganuku i roto i ngā pāpāho waikura.
Whakamātautau pihi whakapūmau: Ka whakamahia te tauira mekameka roera hei hiko mahi, ka rumakina ki roto i te reo waikura (pēnei i te otinga 3.5% NaCl, i te otinga 0.1mol/L H₂SO₄ rānei), ā, ka tuhia tōna pihi whakapūmau e te teihana mahi hiko. Ka taea e te pihi whakapūmau te whakaata i ngā tawhā pēnei i te kiato o te ia waikura me te pūmanawa waikura o te rauemi. Hei tauira, mō te mekameka roera kowiri tira 316, me iti iho i te 1μA/cm² te kiato o te ia waikura i roto i te otinga 3.5% NaCl, ā, me tata te pūmanawa waikura ki te -0.5V (e pā ana ki te hiko calomel kua mākū), e tohu ana he pai te ātete ki te waikura.
Whakamātautau irahiko ātete hiko (EIS): Ka taea e te whakamātautau EIS te ine i te ātete whakawhiti utu me te ātete horapa o te rauemi i roto i te reo waikura hei aromatawai i te pono me te pumau o tōna kiriata mata. Ka taea te aromatawai i te ātete waikura o te rauemi mā te tātari i ngā tawhā pēnei i te pewa capacitive me te pūmau wā i roto i te irahiko ātete. Hei tauira, ko te ātete whakawhiti utu o te maitai mekameka roera kua tineia me te whakamahana me nui ake i te 10⁴Ω·cm² i roto i te whakamātautau EIS, e tohu ana he pai te pānga tiaki o tōna kiriata mata.
3. Whakamātautau rumaki
He tikanga whakamātautau waikura te whakamātautau rumaki e whaiwhakaaro ana i te taiao whakamahinga tuturu. Ka rumakina te tauira mekameka roera ki roto i tētahi reo waikura motuhake mō te wā roa hei tirotiro i tōna whanonga waikura me ngā huringa mahi.
Ngā tikanga whakamātautau: Kōwhiria he pāpāho waikura e tika ana kia rite ki te taiao whakamahinga tūturu o te mekameka roera, pērā i te otinga waikawa (waikawa whanariki, waikawa hauwaiora, me ētahi atu), te otinga kawakore (waikawa konutai, me ētahi atu) te otinga kūpapa rānei (pērā i te wai moana). Ko te pāmahana whakamātautau ka whakahaerehia i te pāmahana rūma, i te awhe pāmahana whakamahinga tūturu rānei, ā, ko te wā whakamātautau he maha wiki ki te maha marama. Hei tauira, mō ngā mekameka roera e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiao matū, ka rumakina ki roto i te otinga 3% H₂SO₄ i te 40°C mō ngā rā 30.
Tātari Hua: Ka aromatawaihia te ātete waikura mā te ine i ngā tohu pēnei i te ngaronga papatipu, te huringa āhua, me te huringa āhuatanga miihini o te tauira. He tohu nui te tere ngaronga papatipu hei ine i te nui o te waikura. Mō ngā mekameka roera maitai kore waikura, me iti iho i te 0.5% te tere ngaronga papatipu i muri i te 30 rā o te whakamātautau rumaki. Mō ngā mekameka roera maitai koranu, me iti iho i te 0.2% te tere ngaronga papatipu i muri i te maimoatanga mata. Hei tāpiri, me whakamātautau hoki ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga miihini pēnei i te kaha kume me te pakeke o te tauira kia tino tutuki tonu ai ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga i roto i te taiao waikura.
4. Whakamātautau whakairi i runga i te papaanga
Ko te whakamātautau iri i te papaanga ko te whakaatu tika i te tauira mekameka roera ki te taiao whakamahinga tuturu me te aromatawai i te ātete ki te waikura mā te tirotiro i tōna waikura mō te wā roa.
Whakaritenga whakamātautau: Kōwhiria he taiao whakamahinga tūturu e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te taiao, pērā i te awheawhe matū, te papaaho moana, te wheketere tukatuka kai, me ētahi atu, ka whakairihia, ka whakapiri rānei i te tauira mekameka roera ki runga i te taputapu i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Ko te wā whakamātautau he maha ngā marama ki ētahi tau hei whakarite kia tino kitea te whanonga waikura o te tauira i roto i te taiao tūturu.
Te tuhi me te tātari i ngā hua: Mātakitaki me te whakamātautau i ngā tauira i ia wā, me te tuhi i ngā mōhiohio pēnei i te waikura o te mata me te āhua o te hua waikura. Hei tauira, i roto i te taiao awheawhe matū, i muri i te 1 tau o te whakamātautau iri, kāore he tohu waikura e kitea ana i runga i te mata o te mekameka roera whakakikoruatia ki te nikara, engari ka puta pea he iti o ngā poka i runga i te mata o te mekameka roera kua whakakikoruatia. Mā te whakatairite i te waikura o ngā tauira o ngā rauemi rerekē me ngā tukanga maimoatanga i roto i te taiao tūturu, ka taea te aromatawai tika ake i tōna ātete waikura, ka waiho hei pūtake nui mō te kōwhiringa rauemi me te hoahoa o te hua.

5. Whakarāpopototanga
He kaupapa pūnaha te whakarite i te ātete waikura o ngā rauemi mata o te mekameka roera, e uru ana ki ngā hononga maha pēnei i te kōwhiringa rauemi, te maimoatanga mata, te tukanga maimoatanga wera me te tirotiro kounga tino pakari. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi maitai e tika ana me te ātete waikura kaha, pēnei i te maitai kowiri tira me te maitai koranu, me te whakakotahi i ngā tukanga maimoatanga mata pēnei i te whakapūmau me te whakakikorua nikara, ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o ngā mekameka roera. Ko te maimoatanga tinei me te whakamahana i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga wera ka whakarei ake i te mahi whānui o te maitai mā te arotau i ngā tawhā tinei me te whakamahana, kia pai ake ai te ātete waikura me ngā āhuatanga miihini i roto i ngā taiao uaua.
Mō te tirotiro kounga, mā te whakamahi i ngā momo tikanga whakamātautau pēnei i te whakamātautau rehu tote, te whakamātautau hikohiko, te whakamātautau rumaki me te whakamātautau whakairi i te papaanga ka whakaratohia he pūtake pūtaiao mō te aromatawai whānui i te ātete waikura o ngā rauemi mata mekameka roera. Ka taea e ēnei tikanga whakamātautau te whakatauira i ngā taiao whakamahinga tūturu rerekē, me te kite tika i te whanonga waikura me ngā huringa mahi o ngā rauemi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, kia mau ai te pono me te pakari o te hua i roto i ngā tono tūturu.
I te nuinga o te wā, mā te arotautanga kua whakaritea o ngā hononga o runga ake nei, ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā rauemi mata o te mekameka roera, ka taea te whakaroa i tōna roanga mahi, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi rerekē.