Me pēhea te whakatau i te tauwehenga haumaru o te mekameka roera
I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku ahumahi, ko te āhuatanga haumaru o te mekameka roera te mea e whakatau tika ana i te pumau o te mahi a te taputapu, te roa o te ratonga, me te haumaru o te kaiwhakahaere. Ahakoa he tuku taumaha i roto i ngā mīhini keri, he kawe tika rānei i roto i ngā raina whakaputa aunoa, mā te whakatakoto hē i ngā āhuatanga haumaru ka pakaru wawe te mekameka, ka roa te wā e kore ai e mahi ngā taputapu, tae atu ki ngā aituā. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga me pēhea te whakatau i te āhuatanga haumaru o te mekameka roera, mai i ngā ariā taketake, ngā mahi matua, ngā āhuatanga awe, tae atu ki ngā taunakitanga mahi, hei āwhina i ngā kaihangarau, ngā kaihoko, me ngā kaitiaki taputapu ki te whakatau tika i ngā whiringa.
I. Te Māramatanga Taketake mō te Take Haumaru: He aha i waiho ai hei "Raina Ora" mō te Kōwhiringa Mekameka Roera
Ko te tauwehenga haumaru (SF) ko te ōwehenga o te kaha tuturu o te mekameka roera ki tana kawenga mahi tuturu. Ko te tikanga, ka whakaratohia he "tawhiti haumaru" mō te whakahaere mekameka. Ehara i te mea ka whakakore noa i ngā āwangawanga pēnei i ngā rerekētanga kawenga me te pokanoa taiao, engari ka hipokina hoki ngā mōrearea pea pēnei i ngā hapa hanga mekameka me ngā rerekētanga tāutanga. He tohu matua tēnei mō te whakataurite i te haumaru me te utu.
1.1 Te Whakamāramatanga Matua o te Tauwehe Haumaru
Ko te tātai mō te tatau i te tauwehenga haumaru koia tēnei: Tauwehenga Haumaru (SF) = Te Kaha o te Utaina Whakatauranga o te Mekameka Roera (Fₙ) / Te Utaina Mahi Tuturu (F_w).
Te kaha kawenga whakatauranga (Fₙ): Ka whakatauhia e te kaihanga mekameka i runga i te rauemi, te hanganga (pēnei i te piko me te diameter o te roera), me te tukanga hanga, ko te tikanga kei roto ko te whakatauranga kawenga hihiri (te kawenga e rite ana ki te roa o te ngenge) me te whakatauranga kawenga pumau (te kawenga e rite ana ki te whati ohorere). Ka kitea tēnei i roto i ngā rārangi hua, i roto rānei i ngā paerewa pēnei i te GB/T 1243 me te ISO 606.
Taumaha Mahi Tuturu (F_w): Ko te kawenga mōrahi ka taea e te mekameka te tu atu i te wā e mahi ana. Ka whakaarohia e tēnei āhuatanga ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te ru tīmatanga, te taumaha rawa, me ngā rerekētanga o te āhua mahi, kaua ko te kawenga tatau noa iho.
1.2 Ngā Paerewa Ahumahi mō ngā Āhuatanga Haumaru e Whakaaetia ana
He rerekē rawa ngā whakaritenga mō te tauwehenga haumaru puta noa i ngā horopaki tono rerekē. He mea nui te kōrero tika ki te "tauwehenga haumaru e whakaaetia ana" kua tohua e ngā paerewa ahumahi, e ngā paerewa ahumahi rānei, hei karo i ngā hapa kōwhiringa. Ko te mea e whai ake nei he tohutoro mō ngā tauwehenga haumaru e whakaaetia ana mō ngā āhuatanga whakahaere noa (i runga i te GB/T 18150 me ngā mahi ahumahi):
II. Tukanga Matua 4-Hipanga mō te Whakatau i ngā Āhuatanga Haumaru o te Mekameka Roera
Ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakatau i te tauwehenga haumaru; me whai whakamārama taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa i runga i ngā āhuatanga mahi tuturu kia tika ai, kia pono ai hoki ngā raraunga kawenga i ia taahiraa. E tika ana te tukanga e whai ake nei mō te nuinga o ngā tono mekameka roera ahumahi.
Hipanga 1: Whakatauhia te kaha kawenga kua whakatauria o te mekameka roera (Fₙ).
Whakaritea te tiki raraunga mai i te rārangi hua a te kaihanga. Kia aro ki te "whakatauranga kawenga hihiri" (e rite ana ki te 1000 hāora o te ora ngenge) me te "whakatauranga kawenga tūmau" (e rite ana ki te whati kume tūmau) kua tohua ki te rārangi. Me whakamahi motuhake ēnei e rua (whakatauranga kawenga hihiri mō ngā āhuatanga kawenga hihiri, te whakatauranga kawenga tūmau mō ngā āhuatanga kawenga tūmau, ngā āhuatanga tere-iti rānei).
Mena kāore he tauira raraunga, ka taea te tatau i runga i ngā paerewa ā-motu. Hei tauira, mā te GB/T 1243, ka taea te whakatau tata i te taumahatanga hihiri (F₁) o te mekameka roera mā te whakamahi i te tātai: F₁ = 270 × (d₁)¹.⁸ (ko d₁ te diameter o te pine, i roto i te mm). Ko te taumahatanga kawenga pumau (F₂) he tata ki te 3-5 ngā wā o te taumahatanga hihiri (i runga i te rauemi; 3 ngā wā mō te maitai waro me te 5 ngā wā mō te maitai koranu).
Whakatikatika mō ngā āhuatanga whakahaere motuhake: Mena ka mahi te mekameka i te pāmahana taiao neke atu i te 120°C, mena kei te waikura (pērā i te taiao matū), mena kei te pakū te puehu, me whakaiti te kaha kawenga kua whakatauria. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakaitihia te kaha kawenga mā te 10%-15% mō ia pikinga pāmahana 100°C; i roto i ngā taiao waikura, ko te whakahekenga he 20%-30%.
Hipanga 2: Tātaihia te Kawenga Mahi Tuturu (F_w)
Ko te kawenga mahi tuturu te taurangi matua o te tatau i te tauwehenga haumaru, ā, me tatau whānuitia i runga i te momo taputapu me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Kaua e whakamahi i te "kawenga ariā" hei whakakapi. Whakatauhia te kawenga turanga (F₀): Tātaihia te kawenga ariā i runga i te whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana mō te taputapu. Hei tauira, ko te kawenga turanga o te mekameka kawe = te taumaha rauemi + te taumaha mekameka + te taumaha whitiki kawe (ka tatau katoa ia mita); ko te kawenga turanga o te mekameka taraiwa = te mana motuka × 9550 / (tere pīkau × pai o te tuku).
Tauwehenga Kawenga Taupokina (K): Ka whakaarohia e tēnei tauwehenga ngā kawenga tāpiri i te wā e mahi ana. Ko te tātai ko F_w = F₀ × K, ko K te tauwehenga kawenga whakakotahi, ā, me tīpako i runga i ngā tikanga whakahaere:
Tauwehenga Ru Tīmatanga (K₁): 1.2-1.5 mō ngā taputapu tīmata-ngāwari me te 1.5-2.5 mō ngā taputapu tīmata-tika.
Tauwehenga Taumahatanga (K₂): 1.0-1.2 mō te mahi pumau tonu me te 1.2-1.8 mō te taumahatanga wā-poto (hei tauira, te kuru).
Tauwehenga Āhua Whakahaere (K₃): 1.0 mō ngā taiao ma, maroke, 1.1-1.3 mō ngā taiao makuku me te puehu, me te 1.3-1.5 mō ngā taiao waikura.
Tauwehenga Utaina Whakakotahi K = K₁ × K₂ × K₃. Hei tauira, mō te whitiki kawe keri tīmatanga-tika, K = 2.0 (K₁) × 1.5 (K₂) × 1.2 (K₃) = 3.6.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-27-2025