Tātaritanga Ōhanga o te Kōwhiringa Mekameka Roera

Tātaritanga Ōhanga o te Kōwhiringa Mekameka Roera

I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku ahumahi, ko ngā mekameka roera, hei wāhanga matua e whakakotahi ana i te pono me te urutau, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā momo mara pēnei i te hanga mīhini, ngā taputapu ahuwhenua, me te kawe waka. I te wā e whiriwhiri anamekameka roera, he maha ngā wā ka taka ngā kamupene ki roto i te mahanga o te kōwhiringa "utu-anake"—me te whakapono ko te iti o te utu hoko tuatahi, ko te nui ake o te ōhanga, me te kore e aro ki ngā whakapaunga huna pēnei i te ngaronga o te wā kore mahi, te pikinga o ngā utu tiaki, me te maumau pūngao ka puta mai i te kōwhiringa hē. Ko te kōwhiringa ōhanga pono e arotahi ana ki te neke atu i te taha utu kotahi me te whakamahi i te "Uara Huringa Ora (LCC)" hei kaupapa matua hei whakatutuki i te utu tino pai puta noa i te tukanga katoa o te hoko, te whakamahi, me te tiaki. Ka wehewehea e tēnei tuhinga te kaupapa matua o te whai huatanga ōhanga i roto i te kōwhiringa mekameka roera mai i ngā taumata e toru: te arorau kōwhiringa, ngā āhuatanga awe matua, me ngā mātāpono mahi.

I. Te Kaupapa Matua o te Kōwhiringa Ōhanga: Te Mawhiti i te Mahanga "Utu Tīmatanga"

Ko te "whai hua ōhanga" o ngā mekameka roera ehara i te mea ko te utu hoko anake, engari he tatau whānui o te "haumitanga tuatahi + ngā utu whakahaere + ngā mate huna." He maha ngā kamupene e whiriwhiri ana i ngā mekameka tuku iti te utu hei whakahaere i ngā utu mō te wā poto, engari he nui te auau whakakapinga "ia toru marama", me te kati i ngā raina whakaputa nā te tiaki me te pikinga o ngā utu mahi, ā, ko te mutunga iho ko te tapeke o ngā whakapaunga he nui ake i ērā o ngā mekameka tuku kounga teitei.

Hei tauira, he wheketere tukatuka wāhanga waka: Ko te roanga o te ora o tētahi mekameka roera kore-paerewa i hokona mō te 800 yuan, e 6 marama noa iho te roanga o te mahi, ā, e rua ngā wā e hiahiatia ana kia whakakapia i te tau. Ko te roanga o ia wā tiaki he 4 hāora. I runga i te uara putanga ia hāora o tētahi raina whakaputa he 5000 yuan, ko te ngaronga huna ā-tau ka eke ki te 40,000 yuan (tae atu ki te mahi tiaki me te ngaronga putanga wā-kore), me te haumitanga ā-tau katoa o te 800×2+40000=41600 yuan. He rerekē, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi mekameka roera kounga teitei e rite ana ki ngā paerewa DIN, me te utu hoko tuatahi o te 1500 yuan, he roanga o te ora o te 24 marama, kotahi noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana ia tau me te 2 hāora o te wā-kore, ka hua ake he haumitanga ā-tau katoa o te 1500÷2+20000=20750 yuan. Ko te whakahekenga utu whānui mō ngā tau e rua neke atu i te 50%.

Nō reira, ko te take matua o te kōwhiringa ehara i te "utu nui me te iti o te utu," engari ko te taurite i waenga i te "haumitanga poto" me te "uara roa." Te Utu Katoa mō te Huringa Ora (LCC) = Te Utu Hokonga Tuatahi + Te Utu Tāutanga + Te Utu Tiaki + Te Ngaronga Wā Whakamutu + Te Utu Pūngao + Te Utu Whakakorenga. Mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi mekameka e hangai ana ki tēnei tātai ka taea te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga ōhanga pono.

II. Ngā Take Matua e Whā e Pā Ana ki te Whai Huatanga Ōhanga o te Kōwhiringa Mekameka

1. Te Whakataurite Tika i te Kawenga me te Kaha: Te Karo i te "Hoahoa Nui" me te "Hoahoa Kore" Me tino ōrite te kaha o te mekameka roera ki te kawenga tuturu; koinei te pūtake o te whai huatanga ōhanga. Mā te whai i te "kaha teitei" me te whiriwhiri i tētahi tauira mekameka e nui atu ana i ngā hiahia tuturu (hei tauira, te whiriwhiri i tētahi mekameka me te kawenga whakatauranga o te 100kN mō te kawenga tuturu o te 50kN) ka piki ake ngā utu hoko mā te neke atu i te 30%. I te wā kotahi, ka piki ake te ātete tuku i te taumaha mekameka kua piki ake, ka piki ake te whakapaunga pūngao ā-tau mā te 8%-12%. I tetahi atu taha, mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi mekameka kāore i te tino kaha ka pakaru te ngenge, ka tere rawa te pakaru o ngā hononga mekameka, ā, ko te ngaronga o te uara putanga mō ia haora o te wā whakatā ka rite pea ki te maha o ngā wā o te utu hoko o te mekameka tonu.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi tauira, me tatau te tauwehenga haumaru i runga i te whakarōpūtanga kaha o ngā paerewa o te ao (pēnei i te DIN, ASIN) me ngā tawhā pēnei i te kawenga whakatauranga, te kawenga pānga, me te kawenga tihi inamata i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi tūturu (e taunakitia ana he tauwehenga haumaru ≥1.5 mō ngā āhuatanga ahumahi me ≥2.0 mō ngā āhuatanga mahi taumaha). Hei tauira, he pai te mekameka roera raupapa 12A (piko 19.05mm) mō te tuku kawenga-waenga, ko te raupapa 16A (piko 25.4mm) he pai mō ngā āhuatanga mahi taumaha. Mā te taurite tika ka taea te whakahaere i ngā utu tīmatanga me te karo i ngā ngaronga huna i puta mai i te kore kaha.

2. Te Whakarerekētanga Āhua Mahi: Te Kōwhiringa Rauemi me te Hanganga kua Whakaritea He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō te rauemi me te hanganga o ngā mekameka roera nā ngā āhuatanga mahi rerekē. Mā te kore e aro ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga mahi i te wā e tīpakohia ana ka whakapoto tika i te roa o te mekameka, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu tiaki: Mō ngā āhuatanga mahi noa (pāmahana noa, maroke, kawenga māmā ki te taumaha waenga): he rawaka ngā mekameka roera maitai waro, e tuku ana i te ōwehenga utu-mahi pai rawa atu, he iti te utu hoko tuatahi, he ngāwari te tiaki, ā, he roa te ora ratonga mō te 1-2 tau; Mō ngā āhuatanga mahi waikura/makuku (matū, tukatuka kai, taputapu o waho): me whakamahi ngā mekameka roera maitai kore waikura, ngā mekameka rānei me te maimoatanga ā-mata ārai-waikura (whakakikoruatia, whakakikoruatia ki te kōrome). Ko te utu hoko tuatahi o ēnei mekameka he 20%-40% teitei ake i te utu hoko tuatahi o ngā mekameka maitai waro, engari ka taea te whakaroa ake i te roa o te ora ratonga mō te 3-5 ngā wā, ka karohia te ngaronga wā kore mahi me ngā utu mahi nā te whakakapinga pinepine.
Mō ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei/puehu (whakarewa, rauemi hanga, keri maina): me whiriwhiri ngā mekameka roera i hangaia ki ngā koranu ātete pāmahana teitei, me ngā hanganga hiri rānei. Mā te hoahoa hiri ka whakaitihia te puehu e tomo ana ki ngā āputa hononga mekameka, ka whakaitihia te tere pakaru, ka roa ake te huringa tiaki mai i te 3 marama ki te 12 marama, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu tiaki ā-tau neke atu i te 60%.
Mō ngā āhuatanga kawe tawhiti (te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mahi kawe, ngā mīhini ahuwhenua): He pai ake te whakamahi i ngā mekameka kawe takirua. He nui ake te piko, he māmā ake te taumaha, he iti ake te ātete ki te tuku, he 15% te iti ake o te whakapaunga pūngao i ngā mekameka roera noa, he ōrite ake te tohatoha kawenga, ā, he 20% te roa ake o te ora.

3. Te Hoahoa o te Tauwehenga Taputapu me te Whai Hua o te Tuku: Ngā Utu Pūngao Huna
Ko te ōritenga o te ōwehenga taputapu i waenga i te mekameka roera me te porotiti ka pā tika ki te pai o te tuku, ā, ko te ngaronga o te pai ka huri hei utu pūngao. Mā te hoahoa ōwehenga taputapu hē (pēnei i te kore ōritenga i waenga i te nekehanga mekameka me te maha o ngā niho porotiti) ka arahi pea ki te hononga ngoikore, te pikinga o te waku reti, me te hekenga 5%-10% o te pai o te tuku. Mō te taputapu 15kW e mahi ana mō te 8000 hāora ia tau, ko ia hekenga 1% o te pai ka hua ake he 1200kWh tāpiri o te whakapaunga hiko ia tau. I te utu hiko ahumahi o te 0.8 yuan/kWh, ko te tikanga o tēnei he 960 yuan tāpiri ia tau.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi porotiti, me whai i te "mātāpono hoahoa ōwehenga taputapu": ko te mea pai ko te maha o ngā niho porotiti kia 17 ki te 60 ngā niho hei karo i te nui o te pakaru o te mekameka nā te iti rawa o ngā niho, te nui ake rānei o te ātete tuku nā te maha rawa o ngā niho. I te wā kotahi, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi mekameka roera he tino tika te kōtaha niho me te iti o te hapa pitch (pērā i te mekameka roera hononga-rua tino tika o te pitch poto-raupapa A) ka taea te whakapai ake i te tika o te whatunga, te whakau i te pai o te tuku ki runga ake i te 95%, me te whakaiti nui i ngā utu pūngao i te wā roa.

4. Ngāwari o te Tiaki: Ko te "Painga Huna" o te Whakaiti i te Wā Whakamutu Ko te wā whakamutu mō te tiaki he "pōuri utu" i roto i te hanga ahumahi, ā, ko te hoahoa hanganga o ngā mekameka roera e pā tika ana ki te whai huatanga o te tiaki. Hei tauira, mā ngā mekameka roera me ngā hononga taurite ka taea te whakarerekē tere i te roa o te mekameka, ka whakaiti i te wā wetewete me te huihuinga, ā, ka whakapoto i te wā tiaki kotahi mai i te 2 hāora ki te 30 meneti. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā hoahoa hononga mekameka modular ka whakakorea te hiahia mō te whakakapinga mekameka katoa; ko ngā hononga tawhito anake me whakakapi, ka whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki mā te 70%.

Hei tāpiritanga, me whai whakaaro ki te maha o ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga kakahu: mā te whiriwhiri i ngā mekameka roera e rite ana ki ngā paerewa o te ao ka taea te hoko watea o ngā wāhanga kakahu pēnei i ngā hononga, ngā roera, me ngā pine puta noa i te ao, ka karohia te wā kore mahi roa nā te korenga o ngā wāhanga. Ka taea e ngā ratonga whakaritenga OEM/ODM e tukuna ana e ētahi waitohu te whakapai ake i te hanganga mekameka kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga taputapu, ka whakanui ake i te ngāwari o te tiaki.

III. Ngā Whakaaro Hē e Toru i te Kōwhiringa i ngā Mekameka mō te Whai Huatanga Ōhanga, Te Taka ki roto i te Mahanga o te 90% o ngā Pakihi

1. Te Whai Matapō i ngā Utu Iti: Te Whakahē i ngā Paerewa me ngā Whakatutukitanga
He maha ngā wā ka whakaitihia e ngā mekameka roera utu iti te utu ngā rauemi (e whakamahi ana i te maitai waro iti iho) me ngā tukanga (maimoatanga wera iti iho i te paerewa). Ahakoa he 30%-50% te iti iho o te utu hoko tuatahi, he 1/3 noa iho te roa o te ora o te mekameka paerewa, ā, he ngāwari ki te whati, ki te aukati, me ētahi atu hapa, ka mutu ohorere te raina whakaputa. Ko ngā mate mai i te wā kotahi e kore ai e mahi ka nui ake i te utu hoko o te mekameka.

2. Te Hoahoa Nui Rawa: Te Whai i te Kaha "Nui Rawa"
Hei "whakaaro haumaru" mō ētahi umanga, ka whiriwhiri pōrangi noa iho rātou i ngā mekameka he nui ake ngā kawenga i ngā kaha tūturu. Ehara i te mea ka piki ake ngā utu hoko anake, engari ka piki ake hoki te whakapaunga pūngao nā te taumaha rawa o te mekameka me te ātete ki te tuku hiko, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu whakahaere mō te wā roa.

3. Te Whakahāwea i ngā Utu Tiaki: Te Arotahi ki te "Utu Whaitake" Anake, Kaua ki te "Tiaki"
Ki te kore e whai whakaaro ki te ngāwari o te tiaki me te uaua o te hoko i ngā wāhanga tāpui i te wā e whiriwhiria ana, ka roa te tiaki, ka nui hoki te utu. Hei tauira, i whakamahia e tētahi kamupene keri he mekameka roera motuhake. I muri i te pakaru me te haehae, me tono wāhanga whakakapinga mai i tāwāhi, me te wā tatari tae atu ki te kotahi marama, ka mutu te raina whakaputa me te nui o ngā mate.

IV. Ngā Mātāpono Whaihua mō te Kōwhiringa Ōhanga o ngā Mekameka Roera

Kōwhiringa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga: Tāutuhia mārama ngā tawhā matua pēnei i te kawenga kua whakatauria, te tere, te pāmahana, te haumākū, me te taiao waikura i roto i ngā āhuatanga mahi tūturu. Whakakotahitia tēnei me ngā tataunga ā-ringa taputapu hei whakatau i te kaha mekameka e hiahiatia ana, te piko, me ngā whakaritenga rauemi, me te karo i te kōwhiringa i runga i te wheako.

Whakaritea ngā Paerewa o te Ao: Kōwhiria ngā mekameka roera e rite ana ki ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te DIN me te ASIN kia tino tutuki ai ngā rauemi, ngā tukanga, me te tika o te mahi, kia roa ai te ora me te pono o te mahi, me te whakahaere hoki i te hoko o ngā wāhanga pakaru.

Tātaihia te Utu Katoa o te Huringa Ora: Whakatauritehia te utu hoko tuatahi, te huringa tiaki, te whakapaunga pūngao, me ngā ngaronga wā kore mahi o ngā mekameka rerekē, mā te whiriwhiri i te kōwhiringa me te LCC iti rawa, kaua e titiro noa ki te utu hoko.

Te Whakarerekētanga Whakaritenga mō ngā Āhuatanga Mahi: Mō ngā āhuatanga mahi motuhake (pēnei i te pāmahana teitei, te waikura, me te kawe tawhiti), tīpakohia ngā otinga whakarite (pēnei i ngā rauemi motuhake, ngā hanganga hiri, me ngā ōwehenga taputapu kua arotauhia) hei karo i te taurite o te mahi, te kore rānei e ranea o ngā mekameka mahi whānui.