He whakamārama taipitopito mō te tukanga maimoatanga wera mekameka roera: he hangarau matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi

He whakamārama taipitopito mō te tukanga maimoatanga wera mekameka roera: he hangarau matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi

Kupu Whakataki
Hei wāhanga miihini e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha tuku me te kawe waka ahumahi, ko te mahi me te roa o te ora omekameka roeraHe mea nui ēnei mō te pumau o te mahi a ngā taputapu. Ko te tukanga maimoatanga wera he hononga matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā mekameka roera. Mā te whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti o te rauemi, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha, te pakeke, te ātete ki te kakahu me te roa o te ora o ngā mekameka roera.

1. Ngā ariā taketake o te maimoatanga wera mekameka roera
Ko te whakamahana i ngā mekameka he tikanga tukatuka e whakarerekē ana i te hanganga o roto o ngā rauemi whakarewa mā te whakamahana, te whakamarumaru me te whakamatao kia whiwhi ai i te mahi e hiahiatia ana. Mō ngā mekameka roera, kāore e taea e te whakamahana te whakapai ake i ō rātou āhuatanga miihini anake, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i tō rātou ātete ki te kakahu me te roa o te ora o te ngenge, kia taea ai e rātou te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua.

2. Ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā mekameka roera
(I) Te whakamātao me te whakamahana
Te tukanga tinei
Te Whakamahana: Whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki te pāmahana e tika ana, i runga ake i te Ac3, i te Ac1 rānei. Ko te whiriwhiri i te pāmahana whakamahana ka whakawhirinaki ki te hanganga rauemi o te mekameka roera me ngā tohu mahi e hiahiatia ana.
Te whakamarumaru: Kia tae ki te pāmahana tinei, kia mau tonu te wā whakamarumaru kia rite te pāmahana o roto o te mekameka roera.
Te Whakatio: Ka tere te rumakina o te mekameka roera ki roto i tētahi reo whakatio pērā i te wai, te hinu, te wai tote rānei. Ka pā te kōwhiringa o te reo whakatio ki te tere whakamatao me te tohatoha pakeke i muri i te whakatio. Ko te wai te tere whakamatao tere rawa atu, engari ka nui ake te ahotea o roto; he puhoi ake te tere whakamatao o te hinu, ā, he iti ake te ahotea o roto i muri i te whakatio.
Mahi: Ko te kaupapa matua o te tinei he whakapai ake i te pakeke me te kaha o te mekameka roera. Mā te whakamatao tere, ka hangaia he kiko whakapakeke ki te mata me roto o te mekameka roera, ā, ka whakapai ake i tōna ātete ki te kakahu me te pānga.
Te tukanga whakamahana
Te Whakamahana: Ka whakamahanahia te mekameka roera kua tineia ki te pāmahana i raro iho i te Ac1. Ko te whiriwhiri i te pāmahana whakamahana ka whakawhirinaki ki te taurite e hiahiatia ana o te pakeke me te pakari. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te teitei ake o te pāmahana whakamahana, ko te iti ake o te pakeke me te pai ake o te pakari.
Tiaki wera: Puritia kia mau ki te pāmahana whakamātao mō tētahi wā hei whakau i te whakaritenga o roto o te mekameka roera.
Whakamatao: Whakamatao mārire ki te pāmahana rūma i muri i te whakamahana.
Mahi: Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakamahana he whakaiti i te ahotea o roto e puta ana i te wā e tinei ana, me te whakatika i te pakeke me te pakari o te mekameka roera. Mā te maimoatanga whakamahana, ka taea e te mekameka roera te whakatutuki i te mahi whānui me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te ngatata me te whati i te wā e whakamahia ana.
(II) Te maimoatanga whakapakeketanga o te mata
Te tinei mata
Te tinei i te mata whakamahana arataki: Mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa o te arataki hikohiko, ka tukuna te iahiko auau-teitei mā roto i te koiri arataki hei whakaputa i tētahi papa aukume tauutuutu, kia puta ai ngā iahiko hurihuri i te mata o te mekameka roera, kia tere ai te wera. Ko ngā painga o te whakamahana arataki ko te tere o te whakamahana, te whakahaere pāmahana tika, me te tinei tere o ngā mata o te rohe.
Te whakamahana mura o te mata: Whakamahia he pū rehu mura hei whakamahana i te mata o te mekameka roera, kātahi ka whakamatao wawe. Ko ngā painga o te whakamahana mura ko ngā taputapu māmā me te ngāwari o te whakahaere, he pai mō te whakamahana mata o ngā mekameka roera nui, o ngā rohe rānei.
Mahi: Ka taea e te tinei mata te whakapai ake i te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mata o te mekameka roera. Ina pāngia e ngā kawenga tauutuutu me ngā kawenga pānga, ka taea e te mekameka roera te ātete pai ake i te kakahu me te kino o te ngenge i muri i te tinei mata.
Te whakakāpū me te whakanitā
Te tukanga whakakākahu: Ka whakanohoia te mekameka roera ki roto i tētahi reo kei roto ngā huānga waro, ā, ka kuhuhia ngā ngota waro ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera i te pāmahana teitei hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakapakeke waro-teitei. I muri i te whakakākahu, me tinei, me whakamahana hoki te mekameka roera kia pai ake ai tōna pakeketanga mata me tōna ātete ki te kakahu.
Te tukanga whakanitiriti: Whakanohoia te mekameka roera ki roto i tētahi reo kei roto te hauota, ā, tukua ngā ngota hauota kia uru ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera i tētahi pāmahana hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakamārō nitiriti. He pakari te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakanitiriti, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ā, he ātete pai ki te waikura.
Mahi: Ka taea e ngā tukanga whakapūkara me te whakanitiritiri te whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mekameka roera. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakamātao mata, he hohonu ake te paparanga whakapakeke i hangaia e te whakapūkara me te whakanitiritiri, ā, ka pai ake te ātete ki ngā kino o te kakahu me te ngenge.
(III) Te maimoatanga wera whānui
Te whakamahana
Tukanga: Whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki te 30-50 nekehanga ki runga ake i te Ac3, kia mahana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka āta whakamatao ki raro iho i te 500 nekehanga i roto i te oumu, ka whakamatao ki te hau.
Mahi: Ko te whāinga matua o te whakamahana he whakaiti i te pakeke o te mekameka roera me te whakapai ake i tōna kirihou me te mahi tapahi. Mā te whakamahana, ka māmā ake te hanga me te tukatuka i te mekameka roera i te tukatuka e whai ake nei.
Te Whakaōrite
Tukanga: Whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki runga ake i te Ac3, i te Acm rānei, kia mahana tonu, tangohia mai i te oumu ka whakamatao ki te hau.
Mahi: Mā te whakataurite ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā kakano, te hanga i te hanganga kia ōrite, me te whakapai ake i te mahi whānui o te mekameka roera. Ki te whakaritea ki te whakamahana, he nui ake te pakeke me te kaha o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakataurite.
Te maimoatanga tinei me te whakamahana
Tukanga: Ko te maimoatanga tinei me te whakamahana he whakakotahitanga o te tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei. Tuatahi, whakamahanahia te mekameka roera ki runga ake i te Ac3, tinei i muri i te tiakitanga o te wera, kātahi ka whakamahana i te pāmahana o te 500-650℃.
Mahi: Mā te tinei me te whakamahana ka taea te whakatutuki i te mahi whānui o te kaha teitei me te pakari pai. He pai ake te pumau me te pono o te mekameka roera i muri i te tinei me te whakamahana ina pāngia e ngā kawenga teitei me ngā kawenga pānga.
(IV) Te tukanga maimoatanga wera motuhake
Te whakapūmau i te kāponi
Tukanga: Whakamahanahia te mekameka roera me te pūtake waro me te hauota kia tae ki te pāmahana horapa-tahi, ka pupuri mō tētahi wā. I te wā o te tukanga horapa-tahi, ka uru tahi ngā ngota waro me te hauota ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakapakeke waroitiride.
Mahi: Ka taea e te whakakāponitāra te whakapai ake i te pakeketanga o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu o te mekameka roera. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakakāponitāra me te whakanitārara, he pai ake te mahi whānui o te paparanga whakapakeke i hangaia e te whakakāponitārara, ā, ka pai ake te ātete ki ngā kino o te kakahu me te ngenge.
Te whakapōrearea
Tukanga: Whakanohoia te mekameka roera ki roto i tētahi reo kei roto ngā huānga boron, ā, tukua ngā ngota boron kia uru ki roto i te mata o te mekameka roera i tētahi pāmahana kua whakaritea.
Mahi: He tino teitei te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka roera i muri i te whakaweto, ā, he tino pai te ātete ki te kakahu. He pai mō ngā mekameka roera e whakamahia ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua, pērā i te pāmahana teitei me te kawenga teitei.

3. Te awe o te tukanga maimoatanga wera ki te mahi a ngā mekameka roera
Te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu
Ka taea te whakapai ake i te pakeketanga o te mata o te mekameka roera mā te tinei, te tinei mata, te whakakāpūhau, te whakanitō me ētahi atu tukanga. Ka taea e te mata pakeke teitei te ātete pai ake i te kakahu me te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi a te mekameka roera.
Te kaha me te pakari
Mā te tinei me te whakamahana, te maimoatanga tinei me te whakamahana me ētahi atu tukanga ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha me te pakari o te mekameka roera. Ina pāngia e ngā kawenga nui me ngā kawenga pānga, ka taea e ngā mekameka roera kua tukatukahia ki te wera te pupuri i te pumau me te pono.
Te ora ngenge
Ka taea e te maimoatanga wera te whakapai ake i te hanganga moroiti o te mekameka roera, te whakaiti i ngā hapa o roto, ā, ka roa ake te ora o te mekameka roera. Ka pai ake te ātete o ngā mekameka roera kua rongoatia ki te wera ki ngā kino o te ngenge ina tukuna tonutia ki ngā kawenga tauutuutu.
Ātete ki te waikura
Ka taea e ngā tukanga pēnei i te nitriding me te boronizing te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā mekameka roera. Ka taea e ngā mekameka roera e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiao makuku, waikura rānei te ātete pai ake i te waikura i muri i ēnei tukanga maimoatanga wera.

4. Te whiriwhiri me te arotau i ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera
Kōwhiria ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera kia rite ki te rauemi o te mekameka roera
He rerekē te urutau o ngā mekameka roera o ngā rauemi rerekē ki ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera. Hei tauira, ko ngā mekameka roera maitai waro he tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā tukanga pēnei i te tinei me te whakamahana, te whakakāpūhau, me ētahi atu; ko ngā mekameka roera maitai kore waikura he pai ake mō ngā tukanga pēnei i te nitriding me te carbonitriding.
Kōwhiria ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga o ngā mekameka roera
Mena ko te mekameka roera te mea nui hei tu atu i ngā kawenga nui me ngā kawenga pānga, me whiriwhiri he tukanga maimoatanga wera hei whakapai ake i te kaha me te pakari; mena ko te mekameka roera te mea nui hei ātete i te kakahu, me whiriwhiri he tukanga maimoatanga wera hei whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete kakahu.
Arotauhia ngā tawhā tukanga maimoatanga wera
He nui te awe o te kōwhiringa o ngā tawhā tukanga maimoatanga wera ki te mahi a ngā mekameka roera. Hei tauira, ko te kōwhiringa koretake o ngā tawhā pēnei i te pāmahana tinei, te wā pupuri, te tere whakamatao, me ētahi atu, ka arahi pea ki te kore e ranea te pakeke, te nui rawa rānei o te ahotea o roto o te mekameka roera. Nō reira, me arotau te arotau i ngā tawhā tukanga maimoatanga wera mā te whakamātautau me te wheako e ai ki ngā whakaritenga rauemi me te whakamahinga o te mekameka roera.

5. Te whakamātautau me te whakahaere kounga o te tukanga maimoatanga wera
Whakamātautau mārō
He tohu nui te pakeketanga hei ine i te kounga o te maimoatanga wera o te mekameka roera. Mā te whakamātautau pakeketanga, ka taea te aromatawai mēnā e tutuki ana ngā whakaritenga i te tohatoha pakeketanga i runga i te mata me roto o te mekameka roera. Ko ngā tikanga whakamātautau pakeketanga noa ko te whakamātautau pakeketanga Rockwell, te whakamātautau pakeketanga mata, me ētahi atu.
Whakamātautau whakarewa
Mā te whakamātautau whakarewa ka taea te tirotiro i te hanganga moroiti o te mekameka roera, me te whakatau mēnā kua tutuki i te tukanga maimoatanga wera te hua e tumanakohia ana. Hei tauira, mā te whakamātautau whakarewa, ka taea te tirotiro i te hanganga martensite i muri i te tineia me te tohatoha carbide i muri i te whakakāpura.
Whakamātautau āhuatanga mīhini
Kei roto i ngā whakamātautau āhuatanga mīhini te whakamātautau kume, te whakamātautau pānga, te whakamātautau ngenge, me ētahi atu. Mā roto i ēnei whakamātautau, ka taea te aromatawai whānui i te kaha, te pakari, te roa o te ora ngenge me ētahi atu tohu mahi o te mekameka roera kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga.
Pūnaha whakahaere kounga
Ko te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere kounga pai te mea nui hei whakarite i te kounga o te maimoatanga wera mekameka roera. Mai i te hoko rauemi mata, te whakahaere i te tukanga maimoatanga wera ki te tirotiro i ngā hua kua oti, me tino whakahaere ia hononga. Mā te pūnaha whakahaere kounga ka taea te whakarite kia pumau, kia pono hoki te kounga o te mekameka roera kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko rarawe o te ao.

6. Tātari Take
(I) Te Take Maimoatanga Wera o te Mekameka Roera i roto i tētahi Wāhi Hanga Waka
Papamuri
Me tu atu te mekameka roera e whakamahia ana i roto i tētahi wheketere hanga waka i ngā kawenga nui me ngā kawenga pānga, ā, me pai hoki te ātete ki te kakahu me te roa o te ora o te ngenge.
Te kōwhiringa o te tukanga maimoatanga wera
Ka whakamahia te tukanga tinei me te whakamahana, me te pāmahana tinei o te 850℃ me te wā pupuri o te 30 meneti, ā, muri iho ka whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei i te 550℃ me te wā pupuri o te 2 hāora.
Ngā hua whakamātautau
I muri i te tinei me te whakamahana, ka eke te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka roera ki te HRC45-50, ā, ko te pakeke matua ko te HRC30-35. E whakaatu ana te whakamātautau whakarewa he ōrite te hanganga martensite i muri i te tinei, ā, he pai te hanganga sorbite i muri i te whakamahana. E whakaatu ana te whakamātautau āhuatanga miihini ko te kaha kume o te mekameka roera he 1200MPa, ko te kaha hua he 1000MPa, ko te pakari pānga he 50J/cm², ā, kua tino pai ake te roa o te ora ngenge.
Pānga tono
Whai muri i te whakamahinga o te mekameka roera e te wheketere hanga waka i muri i te tinei me te whakamahana, ka pumau ake te mahi a te taputapu, ka roa ake te ora ratonga o te mekameka roera ma te 50%, ā, ka tino whakaitihia te utu tiaki.
(II) Te pouaka whakamahana o te mekameka roera o te taputapu keri
Papamuri
Me whakahaere te mekameka roera e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu keri i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua, ā, me tino ātete ki te kakahu me te waikura.
Kōwhiringa tukanga maimoatanga wera
Ka whakamahia te tukanga whakawātea waro, ko te pāmahana horapa tahi he 850℃, ko te wā pupuri he 4 hāora, kātahi ka mahia te tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana iti.
Ngā hua whakamātautau
I muri i te maimoatanga waro-itriding, ka eke te pakeke o te mata o te mekameka roera ki te HV1000-1200, ā, ka tino pai ake te ātete ki te kakahu. E whakaatu ana te whakamātautau whakarewa he ōrite te horapa o te paparanga whakapakeke waro-itride me te matotoru o te 0.5-0.8mm. E whakaatu ana te whakamātautau ātete waikura ka toru ngā wā ka pai ake te ātete waikura o te mekameka roera i roto i te taiao makuku.
Pānga tono
I muri i te whakamahinga o te mekameka roera i tukinotia ki te carbonitriding e ngā taputapu keri, ka tino whakaitihia te tere kakahu o te mekameka roera, ka roa ake te ora ratonga e 2 ngā wā, ā, ka tino pai ake te whai huatanga o te mahi a ngā taputapu.

7. Te au whanaketanga ā muri ake nei
Hangarau maimoatanga wera atamai
I te whanaketanga o te matauranga horihori me te hangarau aunoatanga, ka noho te hangarau maimoatanga wera atamai hei ia whanaketanga ā muri ake nei. Mā te pūnaha whakahaere atamai, ka taea te aro turuki me te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā tukanga maimoatanga wera i te wā tūturu kia tika ai te whakahaere me te whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai huatanga o te maimoatanga wera.
Te hangarau maimoatanga wera matomato me te taiao
Mā te whakanui ake i te mōhiotanga ki te taiao ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau maimoatanga wera matomato, ā-taiao hoki. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā mea whakamahana kore-parahanga me ngā taputapu whakamahana penapena-pūngao ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao me te parahanga taiao i te wā e tukatukahia ana.
Ngā rauemi maimoatanga wera mahi teitei
Ko te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi maimoatanga wera tino pai te mea nui ki te whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā mekameka roera. Hei tauira, mā te whakawhanake i ngā kaihopu waro hou, ngā kaihopu nitriding, me ētahi atu ka taea te whakapai ake i te pakeke o te mata me te ātete ki te kakahu o ngā mekameka roera.
Auahatanga me te arotautanga o ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera
I te whakakotahitanga me te pūtaiao rauemi matatau me te ariā miihini, ka arotauhia tonutia, ka auahatia hoki te tukanga maimoatanga wera. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia he tukanga maimoatanga wera whakakotahi hei whakakotahi i ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera maha kia tino whai hua ai ō rātou ake painga, kia pai ake ai te mahi a ngā mekameka roera.

8. Whakamutunga
Ko te tukanga whakamahana he hangarau matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā mekameka roera. Mā te tinei me te whakamahana, te whakamaroke mata, te whakamahana whānui me ētahi atu tukanga, ka taea te whakapai ake i te pakeke, te kaha, te ātete ki te kakahu me te roa o te ora o ngā mekameka roera. Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi tukanga whakamahana e tika ana me te arotau i ngā tawhā tukanga he hononga nui hei whakarite i te kounga o ngā mekameka roera. I taua wā anō, ko te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere kounga pai me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamātautau matatau te taurangi hei whakarite i te kounga o te whakamahana mekameka roera. I te heke mai, me te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi atamai, matomato me te mahi teitei, ka haere tonu te hangarau whakamahana mekameka roera ki te auaha me te arotau, ka whakarato i ngā wāhanga miihini pono ake mō ngā pūnaha tuku me te kawe ahumahi.