Ngā hononga whakaputa matua o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira

Ngā hononga whakaputa matua o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira

I roto i te mākete ahumahi o te ao i ēnei rā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira hei wāhanga matua o te tuku miihini, i roto i te tukatuka kai, te ahumahi matū, te mīhini ahuwhenua, te kawe rauemi me ētahi atu mara. Nā tōna ātete pai ki te waikura, tōna kaha teitei me te mahi pono, koinei te whiringa tuatahi i roto i ngā otinga tuku miihini maha. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā hononga whakaputa matua o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira, me te whai kia whakaratohia he aratohu ahumahi taipitopito mō ngā tohunga ngaio i te mākete o te ao.

1. Whakataki
He tukanga uaua, he tukanga matatau hoki te hanga mekameka roera kowiri tira, e uru ana ki ngā hononga matua maha. Mai i te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi mata ki te whakahaere kounga o te hua whakamutunga, he mea nui ia taahiraa, ā, e pā tika ana ki te mahi me te roa o te ora o te hua. I te whakapai tonutanga o te taumata aunoatanga ahumahi huri noa i te ao, kei te piki haere hoki te hiahia mō ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira kounga teitei. Nō reira, he mea nui te māramatanga hōhonu ki ōna hononga whakaputa hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua me te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete.

2. Te whiriwhiri me te whakarite i ngā rauemi mata
(I) Ngā āhuatanga me te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi kowiri tira
Ko te rauemi matua o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira he kowiri tira, ko ōna wāhanga matua ko te rino, te chromium, te nickel, me ētahi atu. Ko te ihirangi chromium he nui ake i te 10.5%, ā, he pai te ātete ki te waikura o te kowiri tira. Mā te tāpiri i te nickel ka pai ake te ātete ki te waikura me te ātete ki te waikura o te rauemi. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga tono rerekē, ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā momo rauemi kowiri tira rerekē, pērā i te 304, 316, me ētahi atu. He pai ngā āhuatanga whānui o te kowiri tira 304, ā, he pai mō ngā taiao ahumahi whānui; ko te kowiri tira 316 ia e whakamahia ana i ngā taiao uaua pērā i te matū me te moana nā te mea he nui ake tōna ātete ki te waikura.
(II) Te whakahaere kounga o ngā rauemi mata
I te wā e hoko rauemi mata ana, me tirotirohia rawatia ngā kaiwhakarato kia mōhio ai kei te tutuki ngā rauemi kowiri tira e tukuna ana e rātou i ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te ASTM, DIN, me ētahi atu. I taua wā anō, ka tirotirohia ngā rauemi mata ki te hanganga matū me ngā whakamātautau āhuatanga miihini hei manatoko mēnā kei te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakaputa. Hei tauira, ka kitea te ihirangi o ngā huānga pēnei i te chromium me te nickel i roto i te rauemi e te ine mata hei whakarite kei roto i te awhe kua tohua. Hei tāpiri, ka tirohia te kounga o te mata me te tika o ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi mata hei karo i ngā hapa pēnei i te pakaru me ngā whakaurunga.

3. Te tukanga tā me te hanga
(I) He tirohanga whānui mō te tukanga tā
He hononga nui te tā i roto i te hanga mekameka roera kowiri tira, e whakamahia ana hei tā i ngā rau kowiri tira ki roto i ngā roera, ngā pine, ngā pereti mekameka o roto me ētahi atu wāhanga. Ko te mea nui ki te tukanga tā kei roto i te hoahoa me te hanga o te pokepokea ai. Ka taea e ngā pokepokea ai kounga teitei te whakarite i te tika o ngā āhuatanga me te ōritetanga o te āhua o ngā wāhanga. I te wā o te tukanga tā, me tino whakahaere te pēhanga, te tere me te whiu o te tā kia kore ai e nui rawa te whakarerekētanga o te rauemi, e pakaru rānei.
(II) Ngā taipitopito o te tukanga hanga
Mō ētahi wāhanga uaua, pērā i ngā roera, me maha ngā tukanga hanga. Hei tauira, ka tāia tuatahitia te pepa maitai kore waikura ki roto i te porotaka porotaka, kātahi ka hurihia, ka whakaputaia ki waho, me ētahi atu tukanga hei whakatutuki i te āhua me te rahi e hiahiatia ana. I te wā o te tukanga hanga, me tino whakahaere ngā tawhā pāmahana me te pēhanga kia rite ai te āhua o te rauemi. I taua wā anō, ka whakamahanahia ngā wāhanga kua hangaia hei whakakore i te ahotea o roto, hei whakapai ake hoki i ō rātou āhuatanga miihini.

4. Hangarau whakarewa me te tono
(I) Te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakarewa
Ko te whakarewatanga o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira te nuinga e pā ana ki te hononga i waenga i te roera me te pereti mekameka o roto, me te rakau pine me te pereti mekameka o waho. Ko ngā tikanga whakarewatanga noa ko te whakarewatanga ātete, te whakarewatanga taiaho me te whakarewatanga TIG. He pai ngā painga o te whakarewatanga ātete, he pai te whakaputa me te iti o te utu, ā, he pai mō te whakaputa nui; ka taea e te whakarewatanga taiaho te whakarato i te kounga whakarewatanga teitei ake me te tika, ā, he tino pai mō ngā hua he nui ngā whakaritenga tika; he pai ake ngā hua whakarewatanga TIG i te whakarewatanga o ngā pereti matotoru.
(II) Te whakahaere kounga whakarewa
Ka pā tika te kounga o te whakarewa ki te kaha me te pono o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira. I te wā o te tukanga whakarewa, me tino whakahaere ngā tawhā whakarewa pēnei i te iahiko, te ngaohiko, me te tere whakarewa. I taua wā anō, ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau kore-whakangaro ki ngā whakarewa i muri i te whakarewa, pēnei i te whakamātautau ultrasonic me te whakamātautau hihi-X, kia kore ai he hapa o ngā whakarewa pēnei i te kapiti me ngā pūwero. Hei tāpiri, ka tiakina, ka whakatikatikaina hoki ngā taputapu whakarewa kia mau tonu ai te mahi.

5. Tukanga maimoatanga wera
(I) Te kaupapa me te momo maimoatanga wera
He hononga tino nui te whakamahana i roto i te hanga mekameka roera kowiri tira. Ko tōna kaupapa matua he whakapai ake i te pakeketanga, te kaha me te ātete ki te kakahu o te rauemi, me te whakakore i te ahotea o roto me te whakapai ake i te pakari o te rauemi. Ko ngā tukanga whakamahana noa ko te whakamahana, te tinei me te whakamahana. Ka whakamahia te whakamahana hei whakakore i te ahotea o roto i te rauemi i te wā tukatuka; ka whakanui ake te tinei i te pakeketanga o te rauemi mā te whakamatao tere; ka mahia te whakamahana i muri i te tinei hei whakakore i te pakarukaru i te wā tinei me te whakahoki mai i te pakari o te rauemi.
(II) Te whakahaere i ngā tawhā tukanga maimoatanga wera
He mea nui te whakahaere tika i ngā tawhā tukanga maimoatanga wera hei whakarite i te kounga o te hua. I te wā e whakamahana ana, me tino whakahaere te pāmahana whakamahana me te wā pupuri kia tino ngawari te rauemi. I te wā e tinei ana, ko te whiriwhiri i te reo whakamatao me te whakahaere i te tere whakamatao ka pā tika ki te pakeke me te hanganga whakarewa o te rauemi. Mā te whakatakoto tika i te pāmahana me te wā whakamahana ka taea e te rauemi te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai. I taua wā anō, ka whakahaerehia te whakamātautau pakeke me te tātari whakarewa ki ngā wāhanga kua whakamahanahia hei manatoko i te pānga maimoatanga wera.

6. Te huihuinga me te whakamātautau
(I) Te tukanga huihuinga
Ko te tukanga huihuinga o te mekameka roera kowiri tira he mea nui te tino tika me te ātaahua. Tuatahi, ka horoia, ka pania ki te hinu ngā roera kua whakamahanatia, ngā pine, ngā pereti hononga o roto me ngā pereti hononga o waho kia pai ai te haere o te tukanga huihuinga. Kātahi ka huihuia ēnei wāhanga ki roto i tētahi mekameka i runga i tētahi raupapa. I te wā o te huihuinga, me whakamahi taputapu huihuinga motuhake, pērā i te mīhini perehi, kia tika ai te ōrite i waenga i ngā wāhanga. I taua wā anō, ka totorohia te mekameka kua huihuia kia kore ai e pāngia e te ahotea huihuinga, kia pai ai hoki te mahi a te mekameka.
(II) Te tirotiro me te whakahaere kounga
Ko te tirotiro kounga te arai whakamutunga hei whakarite i te kounga o ngā hua mekameka roera kowiri tira. I roto i te tukanga whakaputa, me tino tirotiro te kounga o ngā hua i roto i ia hononga. Mō ngā mekameka kua oti, me maha ngā whakamātautau mahi e hiahiatia ana, pērā i te whakamātautau kaha kume, te whakamātautau roa o te ngenge, te whakamātautau kakahu, me ētahi atu. I taua wā anō, ka tirohia te kounga āhua me te tika o ngā āhuatanga o te hua kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki me ngā paerewa o te ao. Mō ngā hua kāore i te whai tohu, me whai i te whai me te tātari hei kimi i te pūtake o te raruraru me te mahi i ngā mahi whakapai ake e tika ana.

7. Te maimoatanga me te tiaki i te mata
(I) Tikanga maimoatanga mata
Hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura me te ataahua o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira, me whakamahi te maimoatanga mata. Ko ngā tikanga maimoatanga mata noa ko te whakakanapa, te whakakikorua hiko me te maimoatanga matū. Ka taea e te whakakanapa te whakangawari i te mata o te mekameka me te whakaiti i te tauwehenga waku; ka taea e te whakakikorua hiko te whakapai ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura me te whakapaipai mā te whakakikorua i tētahi paparanga konganuku, pērā i te nikara, te konukōmiuma, me ētahi atu i runga i te mata o te mekameka; ka hangaia e te maimoatanga matū he kiriata tiaki i runga i te mata o te mekameka mā te tauhohenga matū hei whakarei ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura.
(II) Ngā mahi tiaki me te takai
Haunga te maimoatanga o te mata, me whai tikanga tiaki tika hoki hei whakarite i te kounga o te hua i te wā e rongoa ana, e kawe ana hoki. Hei tauira, pania he hinu ārai-waikura ki te mata o te mekameka hei ārai i te pirau o te makuku me te hāora. I taua wā anō, whakamahia ngā rauemi takai e tika ana, pērā i te kiriata kirihou, ngā kātene, me ētahi atu, hei tākai i te hua kia kore ai e pakaru i te wā e kawe ana. Hei tāpiri, whakahaerea te taiao rokiroki o te hua, pērā i te pupuri kia maroke me te hauhautanga, kia roa ake ai te ora o te hua.

8. Pūnaha whakahaere kounga me te whakapai tonu
(I) Te whakatūnga o te pūnaha whakahaere kounga
Hei whakarite kia tutuki i ngā paerewa o te ao te tukanga whakaputa me te kounga o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira, me whakatū e ngā umanga he pūnaha whakahaere kounga katoa, pērā i te ISO 9001. Ka hipokina e te pūnaha te tukanga katoa mai i te hoko rauemi mata ki te tuku hua, ka whakamāramahia ngā kawenga me ngā mana o ia tari me ngā kaimahi, ā, ka whakarite kia whai ture ia hononga. Mā te tiwhikete o te pūnaha whakahaere kounga, ka taea e ngā umanga te whakapai ake i tō rātou taumata whakahaere me te whakataetae mākete.
(II) Te whakapai tonu me te auahatanga
I roto i te whakataetae nui o te mākete, ko te whakapai tonu me te auahatanga te mea nui hei pupuri i te tūranga ārahi o ngā umanga. Me kohikohi tonu ngā umanga i ngā urupare a te kiritaki me ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te tono a te mākete, me te tātari me te whakapai ake i ngā raruraru o te tukanga whakaputa. Hei tauira, mā te arotau i te tukanga whakaputa, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa me te kounga o te hua; mā te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou me ngā hangarau hou, te whakawhanake i ngā hua mekameka roera maitai kore waikura teitei ake te mahi. I taua wā anō, me whakapakari te mahi tahi me ngā whare wānanga me ngā whare rangahau pūtaiao, me te whakahaere i ngā kaupapa mahi tahi ahumahi-whare wānanga-rangahau, me te whakatairanga i te ahunga whakamua hangarau i roto i te umanga.

9. Te tono mākete me te ia o te whanaketanga
(I) Mara tono mākete
Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira i roto i ngā mara maha nā te mea he tino pai te mahi. I roto i te umanga tukatuka kai, nā te mea he pai te ātete ki te waikura me ōna āhuatanga akuaku, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā raina kawe kai, ngā mīhini tākai me ētahi atu taputapu; i roto i te umanga matū, ka taea te ātete ki te waikura mai i ngā momo pāpāho matū, ā, he pai mō ngā tauhohenga matū, ngā papu kawe me ētahi atu taputapu; i roto i ngā mīhini ahuwhenua, ka whakamahia ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira i roto i ngā pūnaha tuku o ngā mīhini hauhake, ngā mīhini rui me ētahi atu taputapu hei whakapai ake i te pono me te roa o te mahi o ngā taputapu; i roto i ngā pūnaha kawe rauemi, pērā i ngā whitiki kawe i roto i ngā maina, ngā tauranga me ētahi atu wāhi, ko ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira, hei wāhanga tuku matua, ka whakarite i te tuku rauemi pai.
(II) Ngā Auahatanga me ngā Tirohanga Whakawhanake
I te whanaketanga tonu o te ahumahi o te ao, ka piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka whanake te ahumahi mekameka roera kowiri tira ki te huarahi mahi teitei, te tino tika, te tiaki taiao me te penapena pūngao. I tētahi taha, me te putanga tonu mai o ngā rauemi hou me ngā tukanga hou, ka whakapai ake te mahi a ngā mekameka roera kowiri tira, pērā i te kaha ake, te ātete pai ake ki te kakahu me te ātete ki te waikura; i tētahi atu taha, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao, ka aro nui ake ngā umanga ki te tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, ā, ka whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga e pai ake ana ki te taiao. I taua wā anō, me te whakamahi i te hangarau hanga atamai, ka nui ake te aunoa me te atamai o te hanga mekameka roera kowiri tira, ka whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa me te kounga o te hua, ka whakaiti hoki i ngā utu whakaputa.

10. Whakamutunga
Ko te hanga mekameka roera kowiri tira he tukanga hono maha, tino tika, e uru ana ki te whiriwhiri rauemi mata, te tā, te whakarewa, te maimoatanga wera, te whakamātautau huihuinga, te maimoatanga mata me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Mā te whakahaere me te arotautanga tino pakari o ia hononga, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā hua mekameka roera kowiri tira kounga teitei, mahi teitei hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia kanorau o te mākete o te ao. I taua wā anō, ko te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere kounga pai me te tikanga whakapai tonu, me te whakatairanga tonu i te auahatanga hangarau me ngā whakapainga hua koia te kī ki te kaha o te hinonga i roto i te whakataetae mākete nui. I te titiro whakamua, ka whai wāhi tonu te umanga mekameka roera kowiri tira ki te ngaru o te whanaketanga ahumahi o te ao, ā, ka whakarato i ngā otinga pono mō te tuku miihini i roto i ngā mara rerekē.