Tukanga Hanga Mekameka Roera 12B

Te Tukanga Hanga Mekameka Roera 12B: Te Whakakitenga i te Arorau Whakaputa Tika o ngā Wāhanga Tuku Ahumahi Matua

I roto i te rāngai tuku me te whakahaere rauemi ahumahi o te ao, ko ngā mekameka roera 12B, me tōna whānuitanga mana, tōna kaha kawenga pumau, me te ngāwari o te tāutanga me te tiaki, kua noho hei tuku nui mō ngā mīhini keri, ngā taputapu ahuwhenua, me ngā pūnaha kawe raina huihuinga. Ko te pono mō te wā roa o ngā mekameka roera 12B i raro i te mahi kawenga teitei, auau teitei e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi tukanga hanga pakari me te matatau. Mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi mata ki te tuku hua kua oti, he mea nui te whakahaere tupato i ia wāhanga o te tukanga ki te whakatau i te roa o te mekameka, te whai huatanga o te tuku, me te manawanui mō ngā mōrearea. I tēnei rā, ka rukuhia e tātou te tukanga hanga katoa o ngā mekameka roera 12B, me te whakamārama i ngā taipitopito hangarau kei muri i tēnei "mekameka kounga teitei."

1. Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Tukanga: Te Tūnga Paerewa me te Arorau Kōwhiri Rauemi mō te Mekameka Roera 12B

I mua i te ruku hohonu ki ngā taipitopito o te tukanga, he mea nui kia whakamāramahia te "paerewa tukanga" mō te mekameka roera 12B. Hei mekameka tuku e tutuki ana i te ANSI B29.1 (paerewa mekameka Amerikana) me te ISO 606 (paerewa mekameka o te ao), ko ōna inenga matua, pērā i te piko (19.05mm), te whānui roera (11.91mm), me te whānui wāhanga o roto (12.57mm), kua whakapūmautia, kua whakaritea hoki. Ko te whāinga matua o te tukanga ko te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai mā roto i ngā rauemi me te hangarau tukatuka me te whakatutuki i ēnei paerewa.

1. Te Kōwhiringa Hototahi Tukanga o ngā Rauemi Matua

Ko ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mekameka roera 12B e hiahia ana kia rerekē ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga maimoatanga i mua i te whakamahi nā runga i ngā āhuatanga kawenga rerekē:

Ngā pine me ngā roera: Hei wāhanga matua o te mekameka tuku e ātete ana ki te pānga me te waku, ka tīpakohia te maitai SUJ2 waro-teitei e mau ana i te chromium (he rite ki te maitai GCr15 o te kāinga). Me mātua whai i te "whakamahanatanga porowhita" te rauemi i mua i te whakamahanatanga - te whakamahana i te maitai ki te 780-820°C mō te 4-6 hāora, kātahi ka whakamatao mārire ki raro iho i te 500°C. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei tukanga te pakeke o te rauemi (te pakeke Brinell ≤ 207 HB), ka whakapai ake i te kaha ki te miihini, ā, ka whakatakoto i te turanga mō te hanganga moroiti ōrite i te wā o te whakamahanatanga wera i muri mai, ka ārai i te pakaru i te wā e tinei ana.

Ngā pereti mekameka me ngā pūwero: Me tū atu ngā pereti mekameka ki ngā kawenga kume, nō reira ka whakamahia te maitai hanganga waro-iti ST52-3 (kaha kume ≥ 520 MPa). Mā te tukanga "whakamātautau me te whakamahana" (whakamātautau i muri mai ka whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei) ka puta te pakeke ki te HB220-250, kia mau ai te kaha kume me te pakari hei ārai i te pakaru. He mea hanga ngā pūwero ki te maitai waro 20CrMnTi, me te tukanga whakamahana i muri mai hei whakanui ake i te pakeke o te mata hei tū atu i te waku reti me ngā pine.

II. Tukanga Hanga Matua: Te Whakawhitinga Tika Mai i ngā "Rauemi Mata" ki ngā "Hononga Mekameka"

E waru ngā tukanga matua o te hanga mekameka roera 12B, ā, e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere pakari i ngā tawhā tukanga kia tika ai, kia whai hua ai hoki:

1. Te Maimoatanga o ngā Rauemi Mata: Te Whakawātea i te Ara mō te Tukatuka

Te Tango Waikura me te Hinu: I te taenga atu ki te awheawhe, ka tukuna tuatahitia te maitai katoa ki roto i te kaukau tango hinu kawakore (50-60°C, ka rumakina mō te 15-20 meneti) hei tango i te hinu o te mata. Kātahi ka tāpirihia ki te waikawa hauwai (15%-20% te kukū, ka rumakina i te pāmahana rūma mō te 8-12 meneti) hei tango i te unahi. Hei whakamutunga, ka horoia ki te wai ma, ka whakamarokehia kia kore ai e pāngia te tika o te tukatuka i muri mai e ngā poke.

Te Tapahi Tika: I runga i te rahi o te wāhanga, ka whakamahia te kani CNC, te tapahi laser rānei mō te tapahi. Me whakahaere te roa o te tapahi pine i roto i te ±0.1mm, ko te tapahi pereti mekameka me pupuri i te ōwehenga āhua rerekē o te ≤0.05% hei ārai i te rerekētanga i te wā e tāia ana i muri mai.

2. Te Mīhini Tika o ngā Wāhanga Matua: Te Tika Taumata-Mirimita

Te tā me te wero i te pereti mekameka: Ka mahia te tā me te wero i te pereti mekameka i runga i te mīhini tā CNC mā te whakamahi i te "matē haere tonu." Ka werohia tuatahitia te āhua o te pereti mekameka, ā, muri iho ka werohia ngā kōhao titi i ngā pito e rua. Me whakahaere ngā ātete tūnga kōhao ki te H7 (te awhe ātete 0-0.018mm), me te hapa tawhiti pokapū kōhao o te ≤0.05mm kia tika ai te uru ki ngā titi. Me tango te pakaru (mā te whakamahi i te wira huri, te huri wiri rānei) i muri i te tā hei ārai i ngā taha koi kei whara i ngā kaiwhakahaere, kei whakararuraru rānei i te huihuinga. Te Hanga Matao Roera: Ka hangaia te maitai SUJ2 i te taahiraa kotahi mā te whakamahi i te mīhini hanga matao maha-teihana. Ka werohia tuatahitia te waea, kātahi ka tukuna ki roto i te āhua roera, ā, ka werohia i te mutunga (hei whakauru ki roto i te ringaringa). I te wā e hanga matao ana, me whakahaere te pāmahana o te mate (≤200°C) me te pēhanga (300-400 MPa) kia ≤0.03mm te hapa porowhita o te roera hei ārai i te kakahu rerekē i te wā e whakamahia ana.
Te Whakaoti i te Pine: Ka hurihia te pine ki te taratara i te tuatahi mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini huri kore-waenga (me te whānui o waho o te ±0.05mm), kātahi ka hurihia ki te parakore tae noa ki ōna rahinga whakamutunga (te manawanui H8, 0-0.022mm) mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini huri porotaka. Ka mau tonu te taratara o te mata o Ra ≤0.8μm. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei mata maeneene te waku reti ki te ringaringa, ka roa ake tōna roanga mahi.

3. Te Maimoatanga Wera: Te Whakawhiwhi i te "Mahinga Pakari" ki ngā Wāhanga
Te Whakamahana Pereti Mekameka: Whai muri i te tā, ka whakanohoia ngā pereti mekameka ki roto i te oumu whakamātao tonu, ka puritia ki te 850-880°C mō te 30 meneti, kātahi ka whakamātaohia ki te hinu. Kātahi ka whakanohoia ki roto i te oumu whakamātao i te 550-600°C mō te 2 hāora. Ka eke te pakeketanga whakamutunga ki te HB220-250, ā, ka whakanuia te kaha kume ki te ≥800 MPa, kia taea ai e rātou te tu atu i te kawenga kume kua whakatauria o te mekameka 12B (≥18.8 kN). Te Whakamātao Pine me te Roera + Te Whakamahana Iti: Ka whakamahanahia ngā pine me ngā roera SUJ2 ki te 830-850°C (kia mau te pāmahana mō te 25 meneti) i roto i te oumu whakamātao whitiki-mata, ka whakamātaohia ki te hinu, kātahi ka whakamātaohia ki te pāmahana iti ki te 160-180°C mō te 2 hāora, ka tutuki ai te pakeketanga o te mata o te HRC 58-62 me te pakeketanga matua o te HRC 30-35. Ka ātete tēnei hanganga "mārō o waho, mārō o roto" ki te kakahu me te ārai i te pānga, ka ārai i te pakaru. Te Whakapūmau me te Whakamate i te Pūwero: Ka whakatakotoria he pūwero 20CrMnTi ki roto i te oumu whakapūmau, ka whakamahanahia ki te 920-940°C mō ngā hāora 4-6 me te methanol me te propane (ngā kaihoko whakapūmau) kia eke ki te ihirangi waro mata o te 0.8%-1.2%. Kātahi ka whakamātaohia te pūwero (850°C te whakamatao ki te hinu) ka whakamahanahia ki te pāmahana iti (180°C). Ko te mārō o te mata ka puta ko te HRC 58-62, ā, ko te hohonu o te paparanga whakapūmau ko te 0.8-1.2mm, ka roa ake te ora o te waku o te pūwero ki te pine.

4. Huihuinga Modular: Te Whakarite i te Whakaritenga o te Mekameka Whānui

Huinga Hononga ā-Roto, ā-Waho: Kei roto i te hononga ā-roto he ringaringa, he roera, me te pereti hononga ā-roto. Tuatahi, pēhia te ringaringa ki roto i te kōhao titi o te pereti hononga ā-roto (taunga pokanoa, kaha pēhi-taunga 5-8kN). Kātahi, nekehia te roera ki runga i te ringaringa (taunga ātea, ātea 0.02-0.05mm). Kei roto i te hononga ā-waho he pine me te pereti hononga ā-waho. Ka pēhia te pine ki roto i te kōhao pereti hononga ā-waho (taunga pokanoa). I muri i te pēhi-taunga, tirohia mēnā he poutū (he rerekētanga ≤ 0.5°) hei ārai i te here i te wā e whakamahia ana.​
Te Huihuinga Mekameka Katoa me te Totoro-Mua: Ka whakapirihia ngā hononga o roto, o waho hoki hei hanga i tētahi mekameka katoa. Whai muri i tēnei ka "maimoatanga totoro-mua"—ka whakamahia he kaha kume o te 80% o te kawenga kua whakatauria (tata ki te 15kN) ki runga i tētahi mīhini whakamātautau kume motuhake mō te 30 meneti. Mā tēnei ka whakakorea te roanga tuatahi o te mekameka, ā, ka taea ai e ngā wāhanga te piri pai ake. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakahaere i te roanga o muri mai i roto i te 0.5% (ki te whakataurite ki te toharite ahumahi o te 1%-1.5%).

III. Tukanga Whakahaere Kounga: Tirotiro Tukanga Katoa hei Whakakore i ngā Hua Paerewa Kore

Ka whakamatautauria ngā mekameka roera 12B mō te kaweake kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa o te ao. Ko ngā mahi whakamātautau matua ko:

1. Tirotiro i te Tika o ngā Ahu

Ka whakamahia he mīhini ine taunga-toru (CMM) hei tirotiro i ngā ine matua pēnei i te tawhiti pokapū o te kōhao mekameka, te whānui o waho o te kakau pine, me te whānui o te roera. Ka tangohia he tauira matapōkere o te 20 ngā wahi mō ia puranga, me te reiti paahitanga 100%.

Ka whakamahia he ine ine i te piko hei tirotiro i te piko o te mekameka. Me ≤0.3mm te rerekētanga piko mō ia mita kia tika ai te hononga ki te porotiti.

2. Whakamātautau Āhuatanga Mīhini
Whakamātautau Kaha Kume: Ka tukuna te mekameka ki te kume i runga i te mīhini whakamātautau kume kia whati rā anō. Me ≥ 28.2kN te kawenga whati (neke atu i te kawenga kua whakatauria o te 18.8kN) hei whakarite i te haumaru mēnā ka nui rawa te uta.
Whakamātautau Roa o te Ngenge: Ka whakanohoia te mekameka ki runga i tētahi "mīhini whakamātautau ngenge mekameka" ā, ka tukuna ki te 50% o te kawenga kua whakatauria (tata ki te 9.4kN) i te tere o te 1500r/min. Me ≥ 500 hāora te roa o te ora ngenge (ko te paerewa ahumahi he 300 hāora), e whakaata ana i te pono i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawenga teitei mō te wā roa.

3. Tirotiro Kounga Mata

Whakamahia he taputapu whakamātautau taratara mata hei tirotiro i ngā mata o te pine me te roera; me ≤0.8μm te uara Ra.

Tirohia te maimoatanga mata (hei tauira, te whakapūmau, te whakapango): me ≥8μm te matotoru o te paparanga whakapūmau, ā, me kore e kitea he waikura i muri i te whakamātautau rehu tote 48-hāora (rehu tote kūpapa, 5% otinga NaCl). Me ōrite te maimoatanga whakapango, ā, me kore he ira, ā, me tutuki te piri ki te paerewa GB/T 10125.

IV. Uara o te Mahi Toi: He aha te take e whakarei ake ai te mahi toi kounga teitei i te whakataetae mākete o ngā mekameka roera 12B?

Ko ngā painga hangarau o te mekameka roera 12B e whai hua ana ki:

Roa ake te roa o te ora: Mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi SUJ2 me te maimoatanga wera tino tika, e whakamanamana ana te mekameka ki te roanga mahi toharite o te 8,000-10,000 hāora, neke atu i te 40% te roa ake i ngā mekameka tuku iho (5,000-6,000 hāora), ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakakapinga me te wā kore mahi.

Tuku pūmau ake: Mā te tika o ngā āhuatanga taumata-mirimita me te totoro-mua ka whakarite kia ≤0.1mm te oma o te mekameka i te wā e whakamahia ana, kia mau tonu ai te pai o te tuku ki runga ake i te 98%, kia pai ai mō ngā tono tere-teitei pēnei i te mīhini kakahu me ngā raina huihuinga aunoa.

He whānuitia te urutau: Ka tutuki i ngā maimoatanga mata whiriwhiri (te whakapūmau, te whakapango, me te whakapūmau) me ngā otinga maimoatanga wera ritenga (pēnei i te whakamātao pāmahana-iti mō ngā taiao pāmahana-iti) ngā whakaritenga whakahaere rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mekameka whakapūmau i roto i ngā whare tukatuka kai hei ārai i te waikura, ko ngā mekameka whakapūmau ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā taputapu keri hei ātete ki te puehu me te kakahu.

Whakatau: Ko te mahi toi te "Painga Whakataetae Huna" o ngā Mekameka Roera 12B

I te mākete mekameka roera 12B o te ao, kāore te "utu iti" i te painga matua. Engari, ko te "tika o te tukanga" me te "pūmautanga o te mahi" ngā mea matua hei whiwhi i te whakawhirinaki o ngā kiritaki o tāwāhi. Mai i ngā paerewa pakari mō te whiriwhiri rauemi mata, ki te whakahaere taumata-mirimita i roto i te tukanga hanga, ki ngā tirotiro whānui i mua i te tukunga, he whakapau kaha ia tukanga ki te pono o te hua.